Mineralogical and Geochemical Changes During Hydrothermal Alteration of Pyroclastic Rock in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP): Simulating Natural Formation Conditions

Abstract

The majority of the pyroclastic flow deposits in the Central Anatolia Volcanic Province (CAVP) have already been subjected to hydrothermal alteration. In this study, we aimed to identify the dominant alteration type under different conditions and reveal the physicochemical conditions and geological processes that influenced secondary mineral formation. The Zelve ignimbrite represents one of the most hydrothermally altered pyroclastic flow units in the study area. Juvenile pumice fragments from the Zelve ignimbrite were reacted with alkaline solutions under controlled experimental conditions, and reaction products in the form of zeolites were identified. Experimental studies were carried out under autogenic pressure and using alkaline solution activity agents such as NaOH, KOH, and NaHCO3 at a temperature of 150 °C, considering the most effective hydrothermal conditions in the region. The reaction products obtained in experimental studies were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, zeolite minerals such as phillipsite (K- and Na-), analcime, mordenite, and chabazite were synthesized. We concluded that NaOH alkaline solution is an effective activity agent in the formation of zeolite minerals during hydrothermal alteration of a juvenile volcanic product. In addition, zeolite phases naturally crystallizing in the region (analcime, phillipsite, chabazite, mordenite, clinoptilolite, and erionite) mostly coincide with the reaction products from experimental studies. Major and trace element compositions of reaction products exhibited distinct differences with respect to starting composition. Reaction products were enriched in major oxides of Na2O, K2O and CaO, whereas they were depleted in trace element concentrations of Rb, Ba and P. This indicates elemental exchange occurred between the solution and starting material to form zeolites.

Keywords

• Alteration
• experimental mineralogy
• hydrothermal reaction
• ignimbrite
• synthesis
• zeolites

Project Number

113Y439

Orta Anadolu Volkanik Bölgesi'nde (OAVB) Piroklastik Kayacın Hidrotermal Alterasyonu Sırasında Gözlenen Mineralojik ve Jeokimyasal Değişimler: Doğal Oluşum Koşullarının Simülasyonu

Abstract

Orta Anadolu Volkanik Bölgesi’nde (OAVB) geniş alanlarda yayılım gösteren piroklastik akıntı birimleri çoğu zaman hidrotermal alterasyona maruz kalmış şekilde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bölgede farklı koşullar altında gerçekleşen hâkim alterasyon tipini saptamak, ikincil mineral oluşumunu etkileyen fizikokimyasal koşulları ortaya koymak ve hâkim jeolojik süreçlere yaklaşımda bulunmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zelve ignimbiriti bölgede en fazla hidrotermal alterasyona uğramış piroklastik akıntı birimlerinden birini temsil etmektedir. Akıntı birimine ait ilksel pomza örnekleri, alkali çözeltiler ile kontrollü koşullar altında tepkimeye sokulmuş ve alterasyon sonucu oluşan zeolit mineralleri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda yürütülen deneysel çalışmalar, bölgede etkin hidrotermal koşullar göz önünde bulundurarak, otojenik basınç altında ve yaklaşık 150 ºC sıcaklıkta NaOH, KOH ve NaHCO3 gibi alkali çözelti aktivite ajanları kullanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneyler sonucunda elde edilen reaksiyon ürünleri X-ışını difraksiyonu (XRD) ile tanımlanmış ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) çalışmalarıyla oluşan ürünler karakterize edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, filipsit (K- ve Na-), analsim, mordenit ve şabazit gibi zeolit mineralleri sentezlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar, ilksel camdan itibaren gerçekleşen hidrotermal alterasyonda NaOH alkali çözeltisinin, zeolit mineralinin oluşumunda etkin aktivite ajanı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bölgede doğal olarak oluşan zeolit mineralleri (analsim, filipsit, şabazit, mordenit, klinoptilolit ve eriyonit) ile deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilen ürünlerin örtüştüğü belirlenmiştir. Alterasyon ürünleri ana ve iz element bileşimleri başlangıç malzemesine göre belirgin farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ürünlere ait CaO, K2O ve Na2O ana oksit bileşimlerinde zenginleşme, Rb, Ba ve P gibi elementlerde tüketilme gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, özellikle zeolit oluşumu sırasında başlangıç malzemesi ile çözelti arasında gerçekleşen element değişimleri ile açıklanabilmektedir.

Keywords

• Alterasyon
• deneysel mineraloji
• hidrotermal reaksiyon
• ignimbirit
• sentez
• zeolit

Supporting Institution

Tübitak

Project Number

113Y439

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