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Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:

Year 2015, , 39 - 60, 01.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.298483

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Soma ve Uşak-Güre havzalarındaki kömürlü Miyosen tortulların paleoekolojik özelliklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Soma Havzasındaki palinolojik örnekler Arabacıbozköy yakınındaki sondajdan elde edilmiştir. Sondaj karotunun kalınlığı 425 m olup, genellikle ince kırıntılı tortullar, linyit ve tüfitli seviyelerden oluşmaktadır. Kırıntılı ve linyitli seviyeler içeren bölüm Soma Formasyonuna, volkanik kırıntılı seviyeler içeren bölüm ise Deniş Formasyonuna karşılık gelmektedir. Soma Formasyonundan elde edilen palinolojik topluluk, ayırtlanmamış Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, herdem yeşil Quercus, Quercus spp. ve Alnus formlarını bol miktarda içermektedir. Toplulukta Poaceae ve Ephedra gibi otsul bitkiler düşük oranda gözlenmektedir. Deniş Formasyonu da Soma Formasyonda yüksek yüzdelerde kaydedilen sporomorfları içermektedir.
Toplulukta, Castanea ve Engelhardia formları da bol miktardadır. Ancak Soma polen topluluğunda düşük
yüzdelerle kaydedilen otsul bitkiler burada hem çeşit olarak hem de yüzdece daha fazla miktarda temsil

edilmektedir. Otsul bitkiler Poaceae, Asteraceae ve Amaranthaceae’den oluşmaktadır. Uşak-Güre Havzasındaki Miyosen yaşlı tortullar Hacıbekir Grubu içerisinde bulunmaktadır. İlyaslı, Banaz ve Büyükoturak lokasyonlarındaki linyitli istiflerden bölümsel kesitler alınmış ve palinolojik örnekler derlenmiştir. Herbir lokasyonun sporomorf toplulukları, Polypodiaceae/Telipteridaceae, ayrılmamış Pinaceae, herdem yeşil Quercus, Quercus spp. ve Alnus formlarının bol olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak miktarlarda yersel farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. İlyaslı polen topluluğunda, spor çeşitliliği ve yüzdesi en yüksektir. Ayrıca diğer topluluklarda çok düşük oranlarda gözlenenen Cupressaceae, burada çok yüksek miktarlardadır. Büyükoturak polen topluluğunda, Carya ve Sparganiaceae formları baskındır. Poaceae, Asteraceae ve Amaranthaceae gibi otsul bitkiler Büyükoturak ve Banaz polen topluluklarında yüksek miktarlarda gözlenmektedir. Polen konsantrasyonlarındaki bu değişimler yersel bitki örtüsündeki değişimle ilgili olmalıdır. Elde edilen paleoiklim verilerine göre Soma ve Uşak-Güre havzalarıdaki kömürlü tortullarının çökelimi nemli ve sıcak koşullarda gerçekleşmiş olmalıdır.


References

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  • Akgün, F., Alişan, C. ve Akyol, E., 1986. Soma Neojen stratigrafisine palinolojik bir yaklaşım Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 29, 13–25.
  • Akgün, F. and Akyol, E., 1999. Palynostratigraphy of the coal-bearing Neogene deposits Graben in Büyük Menderes Western Anatolia. Geobios, 32(3), 367-383.
  • Akgün, F. and Sözbilir, H., 2001. A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasses, Geodinamica Acta, 14, 71–93.
  • Akgün, F., Kaya, T., Forsten, A. and Atalay, Z., 2000. Biostratigraphic data (Mammalia and Palynology) from the Upper Miocene İncesu Formation at Düzyayla (Hafik Sivas, Central Anataloia). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 57–67.
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  • Akgün, F., Akkiraz, M. S., Üçbaş, S. D., Bozcu, M., Sevinç Kapan-Yeşilyurt, S. and Bozcu, A., 2013. Vegetation and Climate Characteristics of the Oligocene in Northwest Turkey: Data from the Southwestern Part of the Thrace Basin,
  • Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 277-303
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  • Province, Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 213-235.
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  • Ersoy, E.Y., Helvacı, C. ve Sözbilir, H., 2010. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the NE–SW- trending superimposed Selendi basin: Implications for late Cenozoic crustal extension in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 488, 210-232.
  • Ersoy, Y.E., Helvacı, C. and Palmer, M.R., 2011. Stratigraphic, structural and geochemical features of the NE–SW trending Neogene volcano-sedimentary basins in western Anatolia: implications for associations of supradetachment and transtensional strike-slip basin formation in extensional tectonic setting. Journal of Asian
  • Earth Sciences, 41, 159-183.
  • Ersoy, Y., Helvacı, C. ve Palmer, M.R., 2012. Petrogenesis of the Neogene volcanic units in the NE-SW-trending basins in western Anatolia, Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163, 379-401.
  • Ersoy, Y.E., Çemen, İ., Helvacı, C. and Billor, Z., 2014. Tectono-stratigraphy of the Neogene basins in Western Turkey: Implications for tectonic evolution of the Aegean Extended Region. Tectonophysics, 635, 33-58.
  • Gemici, Y., Akyol, E., Akgün, F. ve Seçmen, Ö., 1991. Soma kömür havzası fosil makro ve mikroflorası. Maden Tetkik Arama Dergisi, 112, 161-178.
  • Gemici, Y., Akgün, F. and Yılmazer, Ç., 1992. Akcaşehir (Tire-İzmir) Neojen Havzası fosil makro ve mikroflorası. Doğa Türk Botanik Dergisi, 16/3, S. 383-393
  • Ivanov, D., Utescher, T., Ashraf, A. R., Mosbrugger, V., Bozukov, V., Djorgova, N. and Slavomirova, E., 2012. Late Miocene Palaeoclimate and Ecosystem Dynamics in Southwestern Bulgaria − A Study Based on Pollen Data from the Gotse-Delchev Basin. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 187211.
  • İnci, U., 1998. Miocene synvolcanic alluvial sedimentation in lignite-bearing Soma Basin,Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Sciences, 7(2), 63-78.
  • İnci, U., 2002. Depositional evolution of Miocene coal successions in the Soma coalfield, western Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 51, 1-29.
  • Jimenez-Moreno, G., Rodriguez-Tovar, F.J., PardoIguzquiza, E., Fauquette, S., Suc, J.-P. and Muller, P., 2005. High-resolution palynological analysis in late early-middle Miocene core from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: climatic changes, astronomical forcing and eustatic fluctuations in the Central Paratethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 216(1), 73-97.
  • Karaoğlu, Ö., Helvacı, C. and Ersoy, E.Y., 2010. Petrogenesis and 40Ar/Ar Geochronology of the Volcanic Rocks of the Uşak and Güre basins, western Türkiye. Lithos, 119, 193-210. 39
  • Karaoğlu, Ö., and Helvacı, C., 2012. Growth, destruction and volcanic facies architecture of three volcanic centers in the Miocene Usak-Güre basin, western Turkey: subaqueous-subaerial volcanism in a lacustrine setting. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 245-246: 1-20.
  • Karaoğlu Ö., and Helvacı C., 2014. Isotopic Evidences to the Transition from Subduction to Slab Tearingrelated Volcanism: the case of Western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 192-195: 226-239.
  • Karayiğit, A.İ. and Whateley, M.K.G., 1997. Properties of a lacustrine subbituminous (k1) seam, with special reference to the contact metamorphism, Soma-Turkey. International Journal Of Coal Geology, 34,131-155.
  • Kaya, O., Ünay, E., Göktaş, F. and Saraç, G., 2007. Early Miocene stratigraphy of Central West Anatolia, Turkey: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Aegean area. Geological Journal, 42, 85-109.
  • Kayseri-Özer, M. S., 2014. Spatial distribution of climatic conditions from the Middle Eocene to Late Miocene based on palynoflora in Central, Eastern and Western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta, 28, 1-36.
  • Kayseri, M. S. and Akgün, F., 2008. Palynostratigraphic, Palaeovegetational and Palaeoclimatic Investigations on the Miocene Deposits in Central Anatolia (Çorum Region and Sivas Basin). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 361-403.
  • Mosbrugger, V. and Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence approach-a method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial paleoclimate data using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 134, 61-86.
  • Nebert, K., 1978. Linyit içeren Soma Neojen Bölgesi, Batı Anadolu : Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 90, 20-69.
  • Seghedi, I., Helvacı, C. and Pécskay, Z., 2015. Composite volcanoes in the south-eastern part of İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 291, 72-85.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., 1997. Late Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and Uşak- Güre basins: a contribution to the discussion on the development of east–west and north trending basins in western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 134(2), 163-175.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Benda, L. and Scott, B.C., 1994. Neogene Palynological and isotopic data from Gördes basin, West Turkey. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 31, 133-42.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1991. Late Cenozoic crustal extension basin formation in west Turkey. Geological Magazine, 128, 155-166.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1994. Late Cenozoic basin development in west Turkey, Gördes basin: tectonics and sedimentation. Geological Magazine 131, 631–7
  • Seyitoğlu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1996. The age of Alaşehir graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Journal, 31, 1-11.
  • Suc, J.-P., 1984. Origin and Evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe. Nature, 307, 429-432.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., 1987. Cross-faults and differential stretching of hangingwalls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey, Geological Society, London, 1987, pp. 575-589.
  • Şengüler, İ ve Akkiraz, M. S., 2014. Eskişehir Havzasındaki Miyosen Yaşlı Çökellerin Palinolojisi ve Paleoekolojisi. Türkiye TPJD Bülteni, 26 (1), 7-17.
  • Takahashi, E. and Jux, U., 1991. Miocene palynomorphs from lignites of the Soma Basin. Bull. Faculty of Liberal Arts, Nagasaki University. Natural Science, 31 (1), 7-165.
  • Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V. and Ashraf, A.R., 2000. Terresterial Climate Evolution in Northwest Germany over the Last 25 Million Years, Palaios. 15, 430-449.
  • Utescher, T., Djordjevic-Milutinovic, D., Bruch, A. and Mosbrugger, V., 2007. Palaeoclimate and vegetation change in Serbia during the last 30 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 141-152.
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Year 2015, , 39 - 60, 01.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.298483

Abstract

References

  • Akgün, F., 1993. Palynological age revision of the Neogene Soma coal basin. Bulletin Geological Society, 28, 151-170.
  • Akgün, F., Alişan, C. ve Akyol, E., 1986. Soma Neojen stratigrafisine palinolojik bir yaklaşım Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 29, 13–25.
  • Akgün, F. and Akyol, E., 1999. Palynostratigraphy of the coal-bearing Neogene deposits Graben in Büyük Menderes Western Anatolia. Geobios, 32(3), 367-383.
  • Akgün, F. and Sözbilir, H., 2001. A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasses, Geodinamica Acta, 14, 71–93.
  • Akgün, F., Kaya, T., Forsten, A. and Atalay, Z., 2000. Biostratigraphic data (Mammalia and Palynology) from the Upper Miocene İncesu Formation at Düzyayla (Hafik Sivas, Central Anataloia). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 57–67.
  • Akgün, F., Kayseri, M. S. and Akkiraz, M. S., 2007. Palaeoclimatic evolution and vegetational changes during the Late Oligocene-Miocene period in Western and Central Anatolia (Turkey). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 56–90.
  • Akgün, F., Akkiraz, M. S., Üçbaş, S. D., Bozcu, M., Sevinç Kapan-Yeşilyurt, S. and Bozcu, A., 2013. Vegetation and Climate Characteristics of the Oligocene in Northwest Turkey: Data from the Southwestern Part of the Thrace Basin,
  • Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 277-303
  • Akkiraz, M. S. and Akgün, F., 2005. Palynology and age of the Early Oligocene units in Çardak–Tokça basin, southwest Anatolia: paleoecological implications. Geobios 38, 283-299.
  • Akkiraz, M.S., 2011. Vegetation and climate in the Miocene deposits of southern side of the Buyuk Menderes Graben, Șahinali-2 core, SW Turkey. Bulletin of Geosciences, 86(4), 859–878.
  • Akkiraz, M. S., Akgün, F., Utescher, T., Bruch, A.A. and Mosbrugger, V., 2011. Precipitation gradients during the Miocene in Western and Central Turkey as quantified from pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 304, (3-4), 276-290.
  • Akkiraz, M. S., Akgün, F., Utescher, T., Wilde, V., Bruch, A. A., Mosbrugger, V. and Üçbaş, S. D., 2012. Palaeoflora and Climate of Lignite bearing Lower−Middle Miocene Sediments in the Seyitömer and Tunçbilek Sub-basins, Kütahya
  • Province, Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 213-235.
  • Akyol, E., 1971. Microflore de l’Oigocene infériur récoltée dans un sondage pres d’ Avcıkoru, Şile-İstanbul. Pollen et Spores 13 (1), 117-133.
  • Benda, L., 1971. Grundzüge einer pollenanalytischen Gliederung des türkischen Jungtertiärs (Känozoikum und Braunkohle der türkei. 4.). Beihhefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch 113, 1–46.
  • Benda, L. and Meunlenkamp, J. E., 1990. Biostratigraphic correlations in the Eastern Mediterranean Neogene 9. Sporomorph associations and event stratigraphy the Eastern Mediterranean. Newsletter Stratigraphy, 23, 1-10.
  • Bruch A., Fauquette S. and Bertini A., 2002. Two quantitative approaches for climate reconstructions on Neogene palynofloras – an application on a Late Miocene profile from the Velona Basin (Tuscany, Italy). Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, 46 (4), 27-37.
  • Bruch, A., and Zhilin, S.G., 2007. Early Miocene climate of Central Eurasia–evidence from Aquitanian floras of Kazakhstan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 248,32-48. Çemen, İ., Catlos, E.J., Göğüş, O. and
  • Özerdem, C., 2006. Postcollisional extensional tectonics and exhumation of the Menderes Massif in Western Anatolia extended terrane, Turkey. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 409, 353-379.
  • Ediger, V. Ş., Batı, Z. and Alişan, C., 1990. Paleopalynology and Paleoecology of Calamus like Disulcate Pollen Grains. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 62, 97-105.
  • Ercan, E., Dinçel, A., Metin, S., Türkecan, A. ve Günay, A., 1978. Uşak yöresindeki Neojen havzalarının jeolojisi (Geology of the Neogene basins in Uşak region). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 21, 97-106.
  • Ersoy, E.Y., Helvacı, C. ve Sözbilir, H., 2010. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the NE–SW- trending superimposed Selendi basin: Implications for late Cenozoic crustal extension in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 488, 210-232.
  • Ersoy, Y.E., Helvacı, C. and Palmer, M.R., 2011. Stratigraphic, structural and geochemical features of the NE–SW trending Neogene volcano-sedimentary basins in western Anatolia: implications for associations of supradetachment and transtensional strike-slip basin formation in extensional tectonic setting. Journal of Asian
  • Earth Sciences, 41, 159-183.
  • Ersoy, Y., Helvacı, C. ve Palmer, M.R., 2012. Petrogenesis of the Neogene volcanic units in the NE-SW-trending basins in western Anatolia, Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163, 379-401.
  • Ersoy, Y.E., Çemen, İ., Helvacı, C. and Billor, Z., 2014. Tectono-stratigraphy of the Neogene basins in Western Turkey: Implications for tectonic evolution of the Aegean Extended Region. Tectonophysics, 635, 33-58.
  • Gemici, Y., Akyol, E., Akgün, F. ve Seçmen, Ö., 1991. Soma kömür havzası fosil makro ve mikroflorası. Maden Tetkik Arama Dergisi, 112, 161-178.
  • Gemici, Y., Akgün, F. and Yılmazer, Ç., 1992. Akcaşehir (Tire-İzmir) Neojen Havzası fosil makro ve mikroflorası. Doğa Türk Botanik Dergisi, 16/3, S. 383-393
  • Ivanov, D., Utescher, T., Ashraf, A. R., Mosbrugger, V., Bozukov, V., Djorgova, N. and Slavomirova, E., 2012. Late Miocene Palaeoclimate and Ecosystem Dynamics in Southwestern Bulgaria − A Study Based on Pollen Data from the Gotse-Delchev Basin. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 187211.
  • İnci, U., 1998. Miocene synvolcanic alluvial sedimentation in lignite-bearing Soma Basin,Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Sciences, 7(2), 63-78.
  • İnci, U., 2002. Depositional evolution of Miocene coal successions in the Soma coalfield, western Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 51, 1-29.
  • Jimenez-Moreno, G., Rodriguez-Tovar, F.J., PardoIguzquiza, E., Fauquette, S., Suc, J.-P. and Muller, P., 2005. High-resolution palynological analysis in late early-middle Miocene core from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: climatic changes, astronomical forcing and eustatic fluctuations in the Central Paratethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 216(1), 73-97.
  • Karaoğlu, Ö., Helvacı, C. and Ersoy, E.Y., 2010. Petrogenesis and 40Ar/Ar Geochronology of the Volcanic Rocks of the Uşak and Güre basins, western Türkiye. Lithos, 119, 193-210. 39
  • Karaoğlu, Ö., and Helvacı, C., 2012. Growth, destruction and volcanic facies architecture of three volcanic centers in the Miocene Usak-Güre basin, western Turkey: subaqueous-subaerial volcanism in a lacustrine setting. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 245-246: 1-20.
  • Karaoğlu Ö., and Helvacı C., 2014. Isotopic Evidences to the Transition from Subduction to Slab Tearingrelated Volcanism: the case of Western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 192-195: 226-239.
  • Karayiğit, A.İ. and Whateley, M.K.G., 1997. Properties of a lacustrine subbituminous (k1) seam, with special reference to the contact metamorphism, Soma-Turkey. International Journal Of Coal Geology, 34,131-155.
  • Kaya, O., Ünay, E., Göktaş, F. and Saraç, G., 2007. Early Miocene stratigraphy of Central West Anatolia, Turkey: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Aegean area. Geological Journal, 42, 85-109.
  • Kayseri-Özer, M. S., 2014. Spatial distribution of climatic conditions from the Middle Eocene to Late Miocene based on palynoflora in Central, Eastern and Western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta, 28, 1-36.
  • Kayseri, M. S. and Akgün, F., 2008. Palynostratigraphic, Palaeovegetational and Palaeoclimatic Investigations on the Miocene Deposits in Central Anatolia (Çorum Region and Sivas Basin). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 361-403.
  • Mosbrugger, V. and Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence approach-a method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial paleoclimate data using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 134, 61-86.
  • Nebert, K., 1978. Linyit içeren Soma Neojen Bölgesi, Batı Anadolu : Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 90, 20-69.
  • Seghedi, I., Helvacı, C. and Pécskay, Z., 2015. Composite volcanoes in the south-eastern part of İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 291, 72-85.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., 1997. Late Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and Uşak- Güre basins: a contribution to the discussion on the development of east–west and north trending basins in western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 134(2), 163-175.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Benda, L. and Scott, B.C., 1994. Neogene Palynological and isotopic data from Gördes basin, West Turkey. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 31, 133-42.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1991. Late Cenozoic crustal extension basin formation in west Turkey. Geological Magazine, 128, 155-166.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1994. Late Cenozoic basin development in west Turkey, Gördes basin: tectonics and sedimentation. Geological Magazine 131, 631–7
  • Seyitoğlu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1996. The age of Alaşehir graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Journal, 31, 1-11.
  • Suc, J.-P., 1984. Origin and Evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe. Nature, 307, 429-432.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., 1987. Cross-faults and differential stretching of hangingwalls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey, Geological Society, London, 1987, pp. 575-589.
  • Şengüler, İ ve Akkiraz, M. S., 2014. Eskişehir Havzasındaki Miyosen Yaşlı Çökellerin Palinolojisi ve Paleoekolojisi. Türkiye TPJD Bülteni, 26 (1), 7-17.
  • Takahashi, E. and Jux, U., 1991. Miocene palynomorphs from lignites of the Soma Basin. Bull. Faculty of Liberal Arts, Nagasaki University. Natural Science, 31 (1), 7-165.
  • Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V. and Ashraf, A.R., 2000. Terresterial Climate Evolution in Northwest Germany over the Last 25 Million Years, Palaios. 15, 430-449.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler - Articles
Authors

Mehmet Serkan Akkiraz

Funda Akgün This is me

Torsten Utescher This is me

Volker Vılde This is me

Angela Bruch This is me

Volker Mosbrugger This is me

Saniye Duygu Üçbaş Durak This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2015
Submission Date March 16, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2015

Cite

APA Akkiraz, M. S., Akgün, F., Utescher, T., Vılde, V., et al. (2015). Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 58(3), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.298483
AMA Akkiraz MS, Akgün F, Utescher T, Vılde V, Bruch A, Mosbrugger V, Üçbaş Durak SD. Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. August 2015;58(3):39-60. doi:10.25288/tjb.298483
Chicago Akkiraz, Mehmet Serkan, Funda Akgün, Torsten Utescher, Volker Vılde, Angela Bruch, Volker Mosbrugger, and Saniye Duygu Üçbaş Durak. “Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 58, no. 3 (August 2015): 39-60. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.298483.
EndNote Akkiraz MS, Akgün F, Utescher T, Vılde V, Bruch A, Mosbrugger V, Üçbaş Durak SD (August 1, 2015) Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 58 3 39–60.
IEEE M. S. Akkiraz, F. Akgün, T. Utescher, V. Vılde, A. Bruch, V. Mosbrugger, and S. D. Üçbaş Durak, “Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:”, Türkiye Jeol. Bült., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 39–60, 2015, doi: 10.25288/tjb.298483.
ISNAD Akkiraz, Mehmet Serkan et al. “Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 58/3 (August 2015), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.298483.
JAMA Akkiraz MS, Akgün F, Utescher T, Vılde V, Bruch A, Mosbrugger V, Üçbaş Durak SD. Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. 2015;58:39–60.
MLA Akkiraz, Mehmet Serkan et al. “Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, vol. 58, no. 3, 2015, pp. 39-60, doi:10.25288/tjb.298483.
Vancouver Akkiraz MS, Akgün F, Utescher T, Vılde V, Bruch A, Mosbrugger V, Üçbaş Durak SD. Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi: Erken-Orta Miyosen Yaşlı Kömürlü Tortulların Paleoekolojisi:. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. 2015;58(3):39-60.

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