Temporal and spatial analysis of wildlife vehicle collisions: Ankara-Çankırı Highway
Year 2024,
, 275 - 282, 30.09.2024
Ali Uğur Özcan
,
İbrahim Aytaş
,
Semih Kuter
Abstract
Transportation networks disrupt habitats and cause adverse effects on wildlife. Perhaps the most important of these effects is wildlife vehicle collisions (WVC). WVC not only harms wildlife, but also has economically and mortal effects on humans. With this study, in the 50-kilometer section of the Ankara-Çankırı Highway, it was aimed to i) identify the locations of the WVC events, ii) identify the hotspots. For this purpose, roadkill data was collected once a week. The hotspots of WVC sites were generated by CrimeStat3 software. A total of 114 medium and large mammal wild animals were recorded from 10 species that died because of WVC. The species that died the most were hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838) (n = 43), fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 34) and marten (Martes foina Erxleben, 1777) (n = 18). In the WVC hotspots map, five very high, one high and two medium intensity clusters occurred. The results of the study will contribute to the protection of biodiversity and the reduction of WVC. Determining the spatial, temporal and frequency of WVC is important in making transportation plans to reduce collisions.
Project Number
OF080120B10
References
- Arpacık, A., Sarı, A., Gündoğdu, E., Başkaya, Ş., 2016. Effects Of Roads On Wildlife In Azdavay Kartdağ Wildlife Reserve Area. Forest Engineering and Technologies FETEC 2016, 2-4 Haziran, Bursa, pp.155-163.
- Ascensão, F., Clevenger, A., Santos-Reis, M., Urbano, P., Jackson, N., 2013. Wildlife–vehicle collision mitigation: Is partial fencing the answer? An agent-based model approach. Ecological Modelline, 257, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.02.026.
- Balkenhol, N., Waits, L.P., 2009. Molecular road ecology: exploring the potential of genetics for investigating transportation impacts on wildlife. Molecular Ecology, 18(20): 4151-4164.
- Barrientos, R., Ascensão, F., Beja, P., Pereira, H.M., Borda-de-Água, L., 2019. Railway ecology vs. road ecology: similarities and differences. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65: 1-9.
- Bíl, M., Andrášik, R., 2020. The effect of wildlife carcass underreporting on KDE+ hotspots identification and importance. Journal of Environmental Management, 275: 111254.
- Bissonette, J.A., Kassar, C.A., Cook, L.J., 2008. Assessment of costs associated with deer–vehicle collisions: human death and injury, vehicle damage, and deer loss. Hum Wildl Conflicts, 2: 17-27.
- Bülbül, U., Eroğlu, A.İ., Kutrup, B., Kurnaz, M., Koç, H., Odabaş, Y., 2019. Road kills of amphibian and reptile species in Edirne and Kırklareli Provinces of Turkey. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2): 109-121.
- Bülbül, U., Gür Koç, H., 2022. Road kills of Bufotes viridis (Laurenti, 1768): A case study from Konya province of Turkey. Journal of Zoological Research, 4(1): 21-25.
- Cain, A.T., Tuovila, V.R., Hewitt, D.G., Tewes, M.E., 2003. Effects of a highway and mitigation projects on bobcats in southern Texas. Biological Conservation, 114: 189-197.
- CIA, 2019. The world factbook. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, USA, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/, Accessed: 06.03.2024.
- Chandler, M., See, L., Buesching, C.D., Cousins, J.A., Gillies, C., Kays, R.W., et.al., 2017. Involving citizen scientists in biodiversity observation. In: The GEO Handbook On Biodiversity Observation Networks (Ed: Walters, M., Scholes, R.J.), Springer, Cham, pp. 211-237.
- Chen, J., Xu, H., Wu, J., Yue, R., Yuan, C., Wang, L., 2019. Deer crossing road detection with roadside LiDAR sensor. Ieee Access, 7: 65944-65954.
- Clevenger, A.P., Chruszcz, B., Gunson, K.E., 2003. Spatial patterns and factors influencing small vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biological Conservation, 109: 15-26.
- Coffin, A.W., 2007. From roadkill to road ecology: A review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(5): 396-406.
- Danks, Z.D., Porter, W.F., 2010. Temporal, spatial, and landscape habitat characteristics of moose–vehicle collisions in western Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74: 1229-1241.
- Dursun, C., Özdemir, N., Gül, S., 2023. Road mortality report of the genus bufo in Northeastern Türkiye. Biology Bulletin, 50(Suppl 4): 746-755.
- Fedorca, A., Fedorca, M., Ionescu, O., Jurj, R., Ionescu, G., Popa, M., 2021. Sustainable landscape planning to mitigate wildlife–vehicle collisions. Land, 10(7): 737.
- Galinskaitė, L., Ulevičius, A., Valskys, V., Samas, A., Busher, P.E., Ignatavičius, G., 2022. The influence of landscape structure on Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions: Geostatistical analysis on hotspot and habitat proximity relations. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(1): 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010063.
- Gomes, L., Grilo, C., Silva, C., Mira, A., 2009. Identification methods and deterministic factors of owl roadkill hotspot locations in Mediterranean landscapes. Ecological Research, 24(2): 355-370.
- Grilo, C., Smith, D.J., Klar, N., 2015. Carnivores: struggling for survival in roaded landscapes. In: Handbook of Road Ecology (Ed: van der Ree, R., Smith, D.J., Grilo, C.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 300-312.
- Grilo, C., Koroleva, E., Andrášik, R., Bíl, M., González‐Suárez, M., 2020. Roadkill risk and population vulnerability in European birds and mammals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(6): 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2216.
- Gunson, K., Teixeira, F.Z., 2015. Road–wildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife‐vehicle collisions. In: Handbook of Road Ecology (Ed: van der Ree, R., Smith, D.J., Grilo, C.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New Jersey, U.S., pp. 101-109.
- Gülçin, D., 2020. Orman Ekosisteminde Habitat Parçalanmasının Mekânsal Ve Zamansal Değişiminin Analizi: Muğla Örneği (Ed., Kozlu, H.H.), Mimarlık Biliminde Akademik Çalışmalar, Livre de Lyon, s: 241-262.
- Gülçin, D., Yılmaz, K.T., 2020. Evaluation of forest fragmentation with particular reference to landscape-based ecological assessment and wildlife conservation. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(1): 84-93.
- Güven, Y., 2019. Çankırı ilinde trafik ve karayollarının memeli hayvanlar üzerine etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çankırı.
- Hill, J.E., DeVault, T.L., Belant, J.L., 2019. Cause‐specific mortality of the world’s terrestrial vertebrates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28(5): 680-689.
- Hill, J.E., DeVault, T.L., Belant, J.L., 2020. Research note: A 50-year increase in vehicle mortality of North American mammals. Landscape and Urban Planning, 197: 103746.
- Hostetler, J.A., McCown, J.W., Garrison, E.P., Neils, A.M., Barrett, M.A., Sunquist, M.E., 2009. Demographic consequences of anthropogenic influences: Florida black bears in north-central Florida. Biological Conservation, 142(11): 2456-2463.
- Jackson, N.D., Fahrig, L., 2011. Relative effects of road mortality and decreased connectivity on population genetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 144(12): 3143-3148.
- Jensen, A.B., 2004. Overwintering of European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus in a Danish rural area. Acta Theriologica, 49: 145-155.
- Krisp, J.M., Durot, S., 2007. Segmentation of lines based on point densities: an optimisation of wildlife warning sign placement in southern Finland. Acc. Anal Prev., 39: 38-46.
- Langbein, J., Putman, R., Pokorny, B., 2011. Traffic collisions involving deer and other ungulates in Europe and available measures for mitigation. In: Ungulate Management in Europe (Ed: Putman, R., Apollonio, M., Andersen, R.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 215-259.
- Laube, P., Ratnaweera, N., Wróbel, A., Kaelin, I., Stephani, A., Reifler-Baechtiger, M., Suter, S., 2023. Analysing and predicting wildlife–vehicle collision hotspots for the Swiss road network. Landscape Ecol., 38: 1765-1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01655-5.
- Levine, N., 2006. The CrimeStat program: characteristics, use and audience. Geographical Analysis, 38: 41-56.
- Okabe, A., Yamada, I. 2001. The K-function method on a network and its computational implementation. Geographical Analysis, 33: 271-290.
- Orlowski, G., Nowak, L., 2004. Road mortality of hedgehogs Erinaceus spp. in farmland in lower Silesia (South-Western Poland). Polish Journal of Ecology, 52(3): 377-382.
- Özcan, A.U., Özkazanç, N.K., 2017. Identifying the hotspots of wildlife-vehicle collision on the Çankırı-Kırıkkale highway during summer. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41(4): 722-730.
- Özcan, A.U., 2018. Step bölgede mammalia sınıfı yaban hayvanları ile araç çarpışmalarının modellenmesi: Kırıkkale-Çankırı Karayolu örneği. Doktora tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın.
- Özcan, A.U., Özkazanç, N.K., 2020. Yaban hayvanı uyarı levhalarının konumlarının değerlendirilmesi Kırıkkale-Çankırı Karayolu örneği. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1): 1-1.
- Özcan, A.U., Kutlutürk, M.M., Kuter, S., 2022. Modelling of road-kill hotspots in steppe landscape in Turkey. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 18(4): 441-449.
- Placek, M., 2024. Estimated worldwide motor vehicle production from 2000 to 2023. Statista, https://www.statista.com/ statistics/262747/worldwide-automobile-production-since-2000/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20some%2094%20million,of%20cars%20and%20commercial%20vehicles. Accessed: 24.04.2024.
- Ramp, D., Caldwell, J., Edwards, K.A., Warton, D., Croft, D.B., 2005. Modelling of wildlife fatality hotspots along the Snowy Mountain Highway in New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation, 126: 474–490.
- Ramp, D., Wilson, V.K., Croft, D.B., 2006. Assessing the impacts of roads in periurban reserves: road-based fatalities and road usage by wildlife in the Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation, 129: 348–359.
- Reeve N., Bowen C., Gurnell J., 2019. An improved identification marking method for hedgehogs. Mammal Communications, 5: 1-5, London.
- Seaman, E.D., Powell, R., 1996. An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis. Ecology, 77(7): 2075-2085.
- Shilling, F.M., Waetjen, D.P., 2015. Wildlife-vehicle collision hotspots at US highway extents: scale and data source effects. Nature Conservation, 11: 41-60.
Shilling, F., Nguyen, T., Saleh, M., Kyaw, M.K., Tapia, K., Trujillo, G., Ham, E., 2021. A reprieve from US wildlife mortality on roads during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biological Conservation, 256: 109013.
- Silverman, B.W., 1986. Density Estimation For Statistics and Data Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
- Snow, N.P., Williams, D.M., Porter, W.F., 2014. A landscape-based approach for delineating hotspots of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Landscape Ecology, 29(5): 817-829.
- Tok, C.V., Ayaz, D., Cicek, K., 2011. Road mortality of amphibians and reptiles in the Anatolian part of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(6): 851-857.
- Toyran, K., Adizel, Ö., Azizoğlu, E., 2018. Road kills of mammal species in the Van Lake Basin (Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(1): 40-44.
- Tuttu, U., Ulaş, E., Gülçin, D., Velázquez, J., Çiçek, K., Özcan, A.U., 2024. Assessment of ecological bridges at wildlife crossings in Türkiye: A case study of wild boar crossings on the İzmir-Çeşme Motorway. Animals, 14(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14 010030.
- Valerio, F., Basile, M., Balestrieri, R., 2021. The identification of wildlife-vehicle collision hotspots: Citizen science reveals spatial and temporal patterns. Ecological Processes, 10(1): 6.
Yaban hayatı araç çarpışmalarının zamansal ve mekânsal analizi: Ankara-Çankırı Karayolu
Year 2024,
, 275 - 282, 30.09.2024
Ali Uğur Özcan
,
İbrahim Aytaş
,
Semih Kuter
Abstract
Ulaşım ağları habitatları parçalayarak yaban hayvanları üzerinde olumsuz etkilere yol açmaktadır. Bu etkilerden belki de en önemlisi yaban hayatı araç çarpışmalarıdır (YHAÇ). YHAÇ’ndan sadece yaban hayvanları etkilenmez aynı zamanda insanlara da maddi ve manevi etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışma ile Ankara-Çankırı Karayolu’nun 50 kilometrelik kısmında; i) YHAÇ sonucu meydana gelen kazaların yerlerinin belirlenmesi, ii) sıcak noktaların tanımlanması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaç için haftada bir kez YHAÇ verileri toplanmıştır. YHAÇ yerlerine ait sıcak noktaları için CrimeStat3 yazılımı ile nüve yoğunluk haritaları oluşturulmuştur. YHAÇ sonucunda 10 türden, 114 adet orta ve büyük memeli kaydedilmiştir. En fazla ölen türler, kirpi (Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838) (n = 43), tilki (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 34) ve sansar (Martes foina Erxleben, 1777) (n = 18) olmuştur. Yaban hayatı araç çarpışmaları sıcak noktalar haritasında beş adet çok yüksek, bir adet yüksek ve iki adet de orta yoğunlukta kümelenme meydana gelmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunmasına ve YHAÇ’nin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Yaban hayatı araç çarpışmalarının konumunun, zamanının ve sıklığının bilinmesi, çarpışmaların azaltılması için ulaşım planlamalarının yapılmasında önem arz etmektedir.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.
Supporting Institution
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü
Project Number
OF080120B10
Thanks
Bu çalışma, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından OF080120B10 Numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir. Projeye verdiği destekten ötürü Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi BAP Koordinatörlüğü’ne teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.
References
- Arpacık, A., Sarı, A., Gündoğdu, E., Başkaya, Ş., 2016. Effects Of Roads On Wildlife In Azdavay Kartdağ Wildlife Reserve Area. Forest Engineering and Technologies FETEC 2016, 2-4 Haziran, Bursa, pp.155-163.
- Ascensão, F., Clevenger, A., Santos-Reis, M., Urbano, P., Jackson, N., 2013. Wildlife–vehicle collision mitigation: Is partial fencing the answer? An agent-based model approach. Ecological Modelline, 257, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.02.026.
- Balkenhol, N., Waits, L.P., 2009. Molecular road ecology: exploring the potential of genetics for investigating transportation impacts on wildlife. Molecular Ecology, 18(20): 4151-4164.
- Barrientos, R., Ascensão, F., Beja, P., Pereira, H.M., Borda-de-Água, L., 2019. Railway ecology vs. road ecology: similarities and differences. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65: 1-9.
- Bíl, M., Andrášik, R., 2020. The effect of wildlife carcass underreporting on KDE+ hotspots identification and importance. Journal of Environmental Management, 275: 111254.
- Bissonette, J.A., Kassar, C.A., Cook, L.J., 2008. Assessment of costs associated with deer–vehicle collisions: human death and injury, vehicle damage, and deer loss. Hum Wildl Conflicts, 2: 17-27.
- Bülbül, U., Eroğlu, A.İ., Kutrup, B., Kurnaz, M., Koç, H., Odabaş, Y., 2019. Road kills of amphibian and reptile species in Edirne and Kırklareli Provinces of Turkey. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2): 109-121.
- Bülbül, U., Gür Koç, H., 2022. Road kills of Bufotes viridis (Laurenti, 1768): A case study from Konya province of Turkey. Journal of Zoological Research, 4(1): 21-25.
- Cain, A.T., Tuovila, V.R., Hewitt, D.G., Tewes, M.E., 2003. Effects of a highway and mitigation projects on bobcats in southern Texas. Biological Conservation, 114: 189-197.
- CIA, 2019. The world factbook. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, USA, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/, Accessed: 06.03.2024.
- Chandler, M., See, L., Buesching, C.D., Cousins, J.A., Gillies, C., Kays, R.W., et.al., 2017. Involving citizen scientists in biodiversity observation. In: The GEO Handbook On Biodiversity Observation Networks (Ed: Walters, M., Scholes, R.J.), Springer, Cham, pp. 211-237.
- Chen, J., Xu, H., Wu, J., Yue, R., Yuan, C., Wang, L., 2019. Deer crossing road detection with roadside LiDAR sensor. Ieee Access, 7: 65944-65954.
- Clevenger, A.P., Chruszcz, B., Gunson, K.E., 2003. Spatial patterns and factors influencing small vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biological Conservation, 109: 15-26.
- Coffin, A.W., 2007. From roadkill to road ecology: A review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(5): 396-406.
- Danks, Z.D., Porter, W.F., 2010. Temporal, spatial, and landscape habitat characteristics of moose–vehicle collisions in western Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74: 1229-1241.
- Dursun, C., Özdemir, N., Gül, S., 2023. Road mortality report of the genus bufo in Northeastern Türkiye. Biology Bulletin, 50(Suppl 4): 746-755.
- Fedorca, A., Fedorca, M., Ionescu, O., Jurj, R., Ionescu, G., Popa, M., 2021. Sustainable landscape planning to mitigate wildlife–vehicle collisions. Land, 10(7): 737.
- Galinskaitė, L., Ulevičius, A., Valskys, V., Samas, A., Busher, P.E., Ignatavičius, G., 2022. The influence of landscape structure on Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions: Geostatistical analysis on hotspot and habitat proximity relations. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 11(1): 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010063.
- Gomes, L., Grilo, C., Silva, C., Mira, A., 2009. Identification methods and deterministic factors of owl roadkill hotspot locations in Mediterranean landscapes. Ecological Research, 24(2): 355-370.
- Grilo, C., Smith, D.J., Klar, N., 2015. Carnivores: struggling for survival in roaded landscapes. In: Handbook of Road Ecology (Ed: van der Ree, R., Smith, D.J., Grilo, C.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 300-312.
- Grilo, C., Koroleva, E., Andrášik, R., Bíl, M., González‐Suárez, M., 2020. Roadkill risk and population vulnerability in European birds and mammals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(6): 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2216.
- Gunson, K., Teixeira, F.Z., 2015. Road–wildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife‐vehicle collisions. In: Handbook of Road Ecology (Ed: van der Ree, R., Smith, D.J., Grilo, C.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New Jersey, U.S., pp. 101-109.
- Gülçin, D., 2020. Orman Ekosisteminde Habitat Parçalanmasının Mekânsal Ve Zamansal Değişiminin Analizi: Muğla Örneği (Ed., Kozlu, H.H.), Mimarlık Biliminde Akademik Çalışmalar, Livre de Lyon, s: 241-262.
- Gülçin, D., Yılmaz, K.T., 2020. Evaluation of forest fragmentation with particular reference to landscape-based ecological assessment and wildlife conservation. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(1): 84-93.
- Güven, Y., 2019. Çankırı ilinde trafik ve karayollarının memeli hayvanlar üzerine etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çankırı.
- Hill, J.E., DeVault, T.L., Belant, J.L., 2019. Cause‐specific mortality of the world’s terrestrial vertebrates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28(5): 680-689.
- Hill, J.E., DeVault, T.L., Belant, J.L., 2020. Research note: A 50-year increase in vehicle mortality of North American mammals. Landscape and Urban Planning, 197: 103746.
- Hostetler, J.A., McCown, J.W., Garrison, E.P., Neils, A.M., Barrett, M.A., Sunquist, M.E., 2009. Demographic consequences of anthropogenic influences: Florida black bears in north-central Florida. Biological Conservation, 142(11): 2456-2463.
- Jackson, N.D., Fahrig, L., 2011. Relative effects of road mortality and decreased connectivity on population genetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 144(12): 3143-3148.
- Jensen, A.B., 2004. Overwintering of European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus in a Danish rural area. Acta Theriologica, 49: 145-155.
- Krisp, J.M., Durot, S., 2007. Segmentation of lines based on point densities: an optimisation of wildlife warning sign placement in southern Finland. Acc. Anal Prev., 39: 38-46.
- Langbein, J., Putman, R., Pokorny, B., 2011. Traffic collisions involving deer and other ungulates in Europe and available measures for mitigation. In: Ungulate Management in Europe (Ed: Putman, R., Apollonio, M., Andersen, R.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 215-259.
- Laube, P., Ratnaweera, N., Wróbel, A., Kaelin, I., Stephani, A., Reifler-Baechtiger, M., Suter, S., 2023. Analysing and predicting wildlife–vehicle collision hotspots for the Swiss road network. Landscape Ecol., 38: 1765-1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01655-5.
- Levine, N., 2006. The CrimeStat program: characteristics, use and audience. Geographical Analysis, 38: 41-56.
- Okabe, A., Yamada, I. 2001. The K-function method on a network and its computational implementation. Geographical Analysis, 33: 271-290.
- Orlowski, G., Nowak, L., 2004. Road mortality of hedgehogs Erinaceus spp. in farmland in lower Silesia (South-Western Poland). Polish Journal of Ecology, 52(3): 377-382.
- Özcan, A.U., Özkazanç, N.K., 2017. Identifying the hotspots of wildlife-vehicle collision on the Çankırı-Kırıkkale highway during summer. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41(4): 722-730.
- Özcan, A.U., 2018. Step bölgede mammalia sınıfı yaban hayvanları ile araç çarpışmalarının modellenmesi: Kırıkkale-Çankırı Karayolu örneği. Doktora tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın.
- Özcan, A.U., Özkazanç, N.K., 2020. Yaban hayvanı uyarı levhalarının konumlarının değerlendirilmesi Kırıkkale-Çankırı Karayolu örneği. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1): 1-1.
- Özcan, A.U., Kutlutürk, M.M., Kuter, S., 2022. Modelling of road-kill hotspots in steppe landscape in Turkey. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 18(4): 441-449.
- Placek, M., 2024. Estimated worldwide motor vehicle production from 2000 to 2023. Statista, https://www.statista.com/ statistics/262747/worldwide-automobile-production-since-2000/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20some%2094%20million,of%20cars%20and%20commercial%20vehicles. Accessed: 24.04.2024.
- Ramp, D., Caldwell, J., Edwards, K.A., Warton, D., Croft, D.B., 2005. Modelling of wildlife fatality hotspots along the Snowy Mountain Highway in New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation, 126: 474–490.
- Ramp, D., Wilson, V.K., Croft, D.B., 2006. Assessing the impacts of roads in periurban reserves: road-based fatalities and road usage by wildlife in the Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation, 129: 348–359.
- Reeve N., Bowen C., Gurnell J., 2019. An improved identification marking method for hedgehogs. Mammal Communications, 5: 1-5, London.
- Seaman, E.D., Powell, R., 1996. An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis. Ecology, 77(7): 2075-2085.
- Shilling, F.M., Waetjen, D.P., 2015. Wildlife-vehicle collision hotspots at US highway extents: scale and data source effects. Nature Conservation, 11: 41-60.
Shilling, F., Nguyen, T., Saleh, M., Kyaw, M.K., Tapia, K., Trujillo, G., Ham, E., 2021. A reprieve from US wildlife mortality on roads during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biological Conservation, 256: 109013.
- Silverman, B.W., 1986. Density Estimation For Statistics and Data Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
- Snow, N.P., Williams, D.M., Porter, W.F., 2014. A landscape-based approach for delineating hotspots of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Landscape Ecology, 29(5): 817-829.
- Tok, C.V., Ayaz, D., Cicek, K., 2011. Road mortality of amphibians and reptiles in the Anatolian part of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(6): 851-857.
- Toyran, K., Adizel, Ö., Azizoğlu, E., 2018. Road kills of mammal species in the Van Lake Basin (Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(1): 40-44.
- Tuttu, U., Ulaş, E., Gülçin, D., Velázquez, J., Çiçek, K., Özcan, A.U., 2024. Assessment of ecological bridges at wildlife crossings in Türkiye: A case study of wild boar crossings on the İzmir-Çeşme Motorway. Animals, 14(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14 010030.
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