Karbon tarımı sertifikasyon çerçevesinin içselleştirilmesi: AB girişiminden çıkarılan dersler ve Türkiye için potansiyel

Abstract

Karbon piyasalarının temel bileşenlerinden biri sertifikalandırmadır. Aralık 2024’te Avrupa Parlamentosu, kalıcı karbon giderimi, karbon tarımı ve odun ürünlerinde karbon depolaması için AB düzeyinde ilk sertifikasyon çerçevesini oluşturmak üzere siyasi bir anlaşmaya vardı. Gönüllü nitelikteki bu çerçeve, karbon giderimi ve emisyon azaltım faaliyetlerini uygulayarak AB’deki karbon emisyonlarını azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yönetmelik dört tür birimi kapsamaktadır: kalıcı karbon depolama, ahşap ürünlerinde geçici depolanması, geçici karbon depolama ve karbon tarımı yoluyla sağlanan emisyon azaltımları. Bu girişim, yakın zamanda arazi kullanma sektörü için belirlenen azaltım hedeflerinin ulusal bir karbon tarımı yönetmeliğinin geliştirilmesi için temel oluşturduğu Türkiye açısından da örnek teşkil etme potansiyeline sahiptir. Halihazırda Türkiye’de karbon tarımı için ulusal düzeyde bir karbon sertifikasyonu yönetmeliği bulunmamaktadır. AB’nin bu çerçevesi, Türkiye’nin kendi koşullarına uygun bir yaklaşım geliştirmesi için değerli bir rehber ve tetikleyici etken olabilir. Ancak, arazi mülkiyetiyle ilgili sorunlar ve ormanlık alanlarda özgün katkı gibi ülkeye özgü zorlukların giderilmesi gerekmektedir. Geliştirilecek sistem hem sade hem de sağlam yapıda olmalı; güvenilirlik sağlamalı ve yatırım çekebilmelidir. Başlangıçta gönüllü olacak şekilde tasarlansa da yönetmelik ileride bir düzenlenmiş piyasaya geçişi de göz önünde bulundurmalıdır. Ayrıca, arazi kullanma sektörüne özel, 2030 ve sonrasına yönelik, iyi tanımlanmış bir azaltım hedefi belirlenmesi, etkin uygulamayı teşvik edecek önemli bir unsur olabilir.

Keywords

• Karbon tarımı
• AB sınırda karbon düzenlemesi
• Yeşil taksonomi
• Arazi kullanma sektörü
• Net sıfır

Adopting carbon farming certification framework: Lessons from the EU's initiative and potential for Türkiye

Abstract

One of the essential components of carbon markets is certification. In December 2024, the European Parliament reached a political agreement to establish the first EU-level certification framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming, and carbon storage in products. The voluntary framework aims to reduce carbon emissions in the EU by implementing activities that promote carbon removal and emission reduction. The regulation covers four types of units: permanent storage, temporary storage of wood products, temporary storage, and emission reductions through carbon farming. The initiative has the potential to serve as a model for Türkiye, where the recent land sector mitigation targets provide a foundation for developing a national carbon farming regulation. Since Türkiye lacks a national carbon certification regulation for carbon farming, the EU's framework can provide valuable guidance and inspiration for Türkiye to develop its tailored approach. However, several country-specific challenges must be addressed, including land ownership complexities and the issue of additionality in forestlands. It must also be designed to be both simplistic and robust, ensuring transparency and integrity to attract investment. While initially voluntary, the regulation should consider transitioning toward a compliance-based market in the future. Additionally, we suggest that a well-defined land sector-wide mitigation target for 2030 and beyond may serve as an incentive for effective implementation.

Keywords

• Carbon farming
• EU Carbon border adjustment mechanism
• Green taxonomy
• Land sector
• Net zero

References

1. Aggestam, F., Giurca, A., 2021. The art of the ‘Green’ deal: Policy pathways for the EU forest strategy. Forest Policy and Economics, 128:102456. doi:10.1016/J.FORPOL.2021.102456.
2. Amendola, M., 2025. Winners and losers of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism. An intra-EU issue? Energy Economics 142: 108139.
3. Ari, I., 2013. Voluntary emission trading potential of Turkey. Energy Policy, 62:910–19. doi:10.1016/J.ENPOL.2013.07.054.
4. Baskent, E.Z., 2023. Characterizing and assessing key ecosystem services in a representative forest ecosystem in Turkey. Ecological Informatics, 74:101993. doi: 10.1016/J.ECOINF.2023.101993.
5. Baskent, E.Z., 2021. Assessment and valuation of key ecosystem services provided by two forest ecosystems in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 285:112135. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112135.
6. Bastos, T., Teixeira, L.C., Nunes, L.J.R., 2024. Forest 4.0: Technologies and digitalization to create the residual biomass supply chain of the future. Journal of Cleaner Production, 467, 22-35.
7. Bottaro, G., Liagre, L., Pettenella, D., 2024. The Forest sector in EU member states’ national recovery and resilience plans: A Preliminary analysis. Forest Policy and Economics, 160, 56-62.
8. Buck, H.J., Furhman, J., Morrow, D.R., Sanchez, D.L., Wang, F.M., 2020. Adaptation and carbon removal. One Earth, 3(4):425–35. doi:10.1016/J.ONEEAR.2020.09.008.

9. Budiharta, S., Holl, K.D., 2025. Harnessing opportunities to upscale forest landscape restoration in Indonesia, Trees, Forests and People, 21, 2666-7193.
10. Celik, G., Yucel, O, Yilmaz, Z., 2025. Comparing the economic impact of carbon border adjustment mechanism: A cross-country analysis of Turkey, Ukraine, and Serbia. Journal of Clean Production. 520: 146141.
11. Cook, G., Zakkour, P., Neades, S., Dixon, T., 2024. CCS under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 134: 104110.
12. Çeler, E., Serengil, Y., Özkan, U., 2023. A comparative assessment of forest/green cover and the awareness of forestry district managers. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(4):1–19.
13. Demirdöğen, A., Olhan, E., Chavas, J.P., 2016. Food vs. fiber: An analysis of agricultural support policy in Turkey. Food Policy, 61:1–8.
14. Dincer, A., 2023. Tarım sayımları çerçevesinde tarım işletmeleri ve kullanılan arazi büyüklüğündeki değişim ve bu değişimin bölgesel yansımaları. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(2):1557–90.
15. Dooley, K.H. Keith, A., Larson, G., Catacora-Vargas, W., Carton, K.L., Christiansen, O., Enokenwa Baa, A., Frechette, S., Hugh, N., Ivetic, L.C., Lim, J.F., Lund, M., Luqman, B., Mackey, I., Monterroso, H., Ojha, I., Perfecto, K., Riamit, Y., Pont, R., Young., V., 2022. Land Gap Report. https://www.landgap.org/ (22.05.2025)
16. Ersoy, A.E., Ugurlu, A.. 2024. Bioenergy’s role in achieving a low-carbon electricity future: A case of Türkiye. applied energy, 372:123799. doi:10.1016/J.APENERGY.2024.123799.
17. Ezquerro, M., Pardos, M., Diaz-Balteiro, L., 2024. The inclusion of improved forest management in strategic forest planning and its impact on timber harvests, carbon and biodiversity conservation. Science of The Total Environment, 949:174813. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2024.174813.
18. Fleckenstein, S., 2024. From sectoral policy change to cross-sectoral (dis)integration? A longitudinal analysis of the EU’s forest and rural development policy. Forest Policy and Economics, 169:103319. doi:10.1016/J.FORPOL.2024.103319.
19. Gao, Y., Connor, J., Summers, D., Luo, L., Waters, C., Cowie, A., 2025. Carbon farming co-benefits optimization in south-eastern Australian rangeland. Journal of Environmental Management, 382, 67-87.
20. GDF Activity Report 2024. General Directorate of Forestry Activity Report, Ankara. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/faaliyet-raporu
21. Gonzales-Gemio, C., Sanz-Martín, L., 2025. Socioeconomic barriers to the adoption of carbon farming in Spain, Italy, Egypt, and Tunisia: An analysis based on the diffusion of innovations model, Journal of Cleaner Production, 498, 0959-6526.
22. Hackfort, S., Haas, T., 2025. The Political economy of carbon farming: analyzing agribusiness’ accumulation strategy and the Imaginary of soil carbon markets. Environmental Science & Policy, 171:104123. doi:10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2025.104123.
23. He, D,, Yang, R., Fu, Y., Zhu, B., 2025. Superior properties of biochar contribute to soil carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. J. Environmental Chemistry Engineering 13: 116936.
24. IPCC, 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas. Volume 4 AFOLU.
25. IPCC, 2019. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4 AFOLU.
26. Kumar, A., Antoniella, G., Blasi, E., Chiti, T., 2025. Recent advances in regenerative sustainable agricultural strategies for managing soil carbon and mitigating climate change consequences. Catena, 258: 109208.
27. Lee, C., Wang, F., Chang, Y.F., 2023. Towards net-zero emissions: Can green bond policy promote green innovation and green space? Energy Economics, 121:106675. doi:10.1016/J.ENECO.2023.106675.
28. Lier, M., Köhl, M., Korhonen, K.T., Linser, S., Prins, K., 2021. Forest relevant targets in EU Policy instruments - Can progress be measured by the Pan-European criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management? Forest Policy and Economics,128:102481. doi:10.1016/J.FORPOL.2021.102481.
29. McBride, M.F., Wilson,K.A., Burger, J. Fang, Y.C., Lulow, M., Olson, D., O’Connell, M., Possingham. H.P., 2010. Mathematical problem definition for ecological restoration planning.” Ecological Modelling 221(19):2243–50. doi:10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2010.04.012.
30. Morales-Ruiz, D.E., Villanueva-López, G., Casanova-Lugo, F., Venegas-Venegas, J.A., Pinto-Ruiz, R., Guevara-Hernández, F., Reyes-Sosa, M., Martínez-Zurimendi, P., Ghimire, R., Aryal, D.R., 2025. Silvopastoral systems reduce soil CO2 emissions, enhance carbon stocks, and regulate the micro-environment in tropical grazing lands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 393: 109844.
31. Moreno-Ramón, H., Ulzurrum, J., Lidon, A., Sanjuán, N., 2024. Assessing the environmental impacts of rice in an anthropized Mediterranean wetland: towards carbon farming. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 45:476–87.
32. NID Türkiye, 2025. National Inventory Document. https://unfccc.int/ghg-inventories-annex-i-parties/2025.
33. Olczyk, M., Kuc-Czarnecka, M., 2025. European green deal index: A new composite tool for monitoring European Union’s Green Deal Strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 495:145077. doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2025.145077.
34. Özkan, M., 2019. 2023 Yılına Kadar Atıl Arazileri Üretime Kazandıracağız. Türk Tarım Orman Dergisi (11–12):1–10.
35. Özkan, U., Serengil, Y., 2025. A comparison of fast-growing maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton.) plantations with native broadleaved vegetation for greenhouse gas balances. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 55.
36. Pace, L., Galella, M., Ciaschini, C., Sateriano, A., Cudlin, P., Vardopoulos, I., Rontos, K., Salvati. L., 2025. Environmental-economic dimensions of land-use transformations: exploring the Mediterranean rural sustainable development. Environmental Sustainability and Global Change, 81–93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-31596-1.00007-6.
37. Paul, C., Bartkowski, B., Dönmez, C., Don, A., Mayer, S., Steffens, M., Weigl, S., Wiesmeier, M., Wolf, A., Helming. K., 2023. Carbon farming: are soil carbon certificates a suitable tool for climate change mitigation? Journal of Environmental Management, 330:117142. Pérez-Gómez, Á., Godoy, O., Ojeda, F., 2024. Beware of trees: pine afforestation of a naturally treeless habitat reduces flower and pollinator diversity. Global Ecology and Conservation, 50:02808.
38. Peters, N.V., Reisch, L.A., 2025. Drivers of and barriers to sustainable urban mobility plan implementation: lessons from Copenhagen. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 20:101417.
39. Pisoni, E., Thunis, P., De Meij, A., Wilson, J., Bessagnet, B., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Belis, C.A., Van Dingenen, R.A., 2023. Modelling the air quality benefits of EU climate mitigation policies using two different PM2.5-related health impact methodologies. Environment International, 172:107760. doi:10.1016/J.ENVINT.2023.107760.
40. Ranja, R., 2024. Balancing greenwashing risks and forest carbon sequestration benefits: A simulation model linking formal and voluntary carbon markets. Forest Policy and Economics, 168:103317. doi:10.1016/J.FORPOL.2024.103317.
41. Rivas, S., Urraca, R., Bertoldi, P., Thiel, C., 2021. Towards the EU Green Deal: Local key factors to achieve ambitious 2030 climate targets. Journal of Cleaner Production, 320:128878. doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2021.128878.
42. Roy, A., Bhan, M., 2024. Forest carbon market-based mechanisms in India: Learnings from global design principles and domestic barriers to implementation, Ecological Indicators, 158, 1470-160X.
43. Röder, N., Krämer, C., Grajewski, R., Lakner, S., Matthews, A., 2024. “What Is the environmental potential of the post-2022 common agricultural policy?” Land Use Policy, 144:107219. doi:10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2024.107219.
44. Ruiz, J., Martin-Moreno, J.M., Perez, R., 2023. Mid-term policy considerations of the EU Green Deal. Energy Strategy Reviews, 50:101239. doi: 10.1016/J.ESR.2023.101239.
45. Sarıca, K., Harputlugil, G.U., İnaner, G., Kollugil, E.T., 2023. Building sector emission reduction assessment from a developing European economy: a bottom-up modelling approach. Energy Policy, 174:113429. doi: 10.1016/J.ENPOL.2023.113429.
46. Savari, M., Yazdanpanah, M., Rouzaneh, D., 2025. Applying conservation agriculture practices as a strategy to control soil erosion and carbon sequestration. Results in Engineering 26: 104854.
47. Scherger, S., 2024. Unpacking the EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework: Implications for EU Climate and Agriculture Policy | IATP.
48. Scherger, S., Sharma, S., 2024. Twelve Problems with the European Commission’s Proposal for a Carbon Removal Certification Framework | IATP: Institute for Agriculture &Trade Policy. 1-11.
49. Serengil, Y., Papageorgiou, S., 2023. The contribution of Türkiye’s forests for achieving carbon-neutrality in 2053. Transatlantic Policy Quarterly, 22(3):76–85.
50. Sevillano, I., Antón-Fernández, C., Søgaard, G., Astrup, R., 2025. Improved forest management for increased carbon sequestration: an assessment of the most prominent approaches in Norway. Journal of Environmental Management, 375:124333. doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2025.124333.
51. Strauss, V., Paul, C., Dönmez, C., Burkhard, B., 2024. Carbon farming for climate change mitigation and ecosystem services – Potentials and influencing factors, Journal of Environmental Management, 372, 1-16. ISSN 0301-4797.
52. Štrubelj, L., Steve M.S., House, J.I., Rodway-Dyer, S., Lynch, J., Bogojević, S., Macinante, J.D., Mac Dowell, N., 2023. The new EU Carbon Removal Certification: landmark legislation or an empty promise?” One Earth, 6(9):1093–97. doi:10.1016/J.ONEEAR.2023.08.020.
53. Van Hoof, S., 2023. Climate change mitigation in agriculture: barriers to the adoption of carbon farming policies in the EU. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(13):10452. doi: 10.3390/SU151310452/S1. Walter, R.L.M., Oggioni, S.D., Brocco, S., Djacenko, S., Giorgio, V., 2025. Interplay of species mixture, climate change, and management regimes on carbon stocks and sinks in a Mediterranean beech forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 578:122472. doi:10.1016/J.FORECO.2024.122472.
54. Wang, D., Chen, L., Dong, L., 2024. A critical review of climate change mitigation policies in the EU ——based on vertical, horizontal and policy instrument perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 467:142972.
55. Westin, K., Bolte, A., Haeler, E., Haltia, E., Jandl, R., Juutinen, A., Kuhlmey, K., Lidestav, G., Mäkipää, R., Rosenkranz, L., Triplat, M., Skudnik, M., Vilhar, U., Schueler, S., 2023. Forest values and application of different management activities among small-scale forest owners in five EU countries. Forest Policy and Economics, 146, 102881, ISSN 1389-9341.
56. Xiao, L., Zhao, K., Wang, Y., Zhao, R., Xie, Z., Hu, Q., 2025. Effects of conservation agriculture on carbon dynamics across eroded slopes: A global synthesis. Agric. Ecosystems and Environment 389: 109696. Yalcinkaya, S., 2024. Spatiotemporal analysis and mitigation potential of GHG emissions from the livestock sector in Turkey. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 105:107441. doi:10.1016/J.EIAR.2024.107441.
57. Yang, T., Justice G., Ujunwa, A.N., Yao, X., 2025. The Pursuit of Net-Zero Carbon in G7 and BRICS: The Impact of good governance system. sustainable futures, 9:100415. doi:10.1016/J.SFTR.2024.100415.
58. Yang, Y., Sarah, E.H., Rebecca, R., Hernandez, J., Fargione, S.M.,Grodsky, Tilman, D., Zhu, G.Y., Luo, Y., Smith, T.M., Jungers, J.M., Yang, M., Chen, W.Q., 2020. Restoring abandoned farmland to mitigate climate change on a full earth. One Earth, 3(2): 176–86. doi:10.1016/J.ONEEAR. 2020.07.019.