Çeşitli gübre karışımı uygulamaları ve hasat zamanının kekik (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.) bitkisinin ana uçucu bileşenleri üzerine etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 151 - 156, 29.06.2021

Samim Yaşar , Nevriye Sicim

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.893828

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Kekik (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.) bitkisi Beyşehir Muslu Yayla mevkiinden 1750 m yükseltiden doğal ortamından köklenerek, Beyşehir İslibucak mevkiinde 1345 m yükseltide kültüre alınmıştır. Kekik üretimi, Azot + Fosfor + Potasyum (K1), Mikro Elementler (Bor + Bakır + Demir + Mangan + Molibden + Çinko) (K3) ve Azot + Fosfor + Potasyum + Mikro Elementlerden (Bor + Bakır + Demir + Mangan + Molibden + Çinko) (K2 ve K4) oluşan gübre karışımlarının uygulanması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kekik bitkisi örnekleri ağustos, eylül ve ekim 2019 aylarında üç ayrı dönemde hasat edilmiş ve uçucu bileşenlerinin analizinde SPME-GC-MS kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, uygulanan gübre karışımlarının ve hasat döneminin kekik bitkisi ana uçucu bileşenlerinin miktarlarında çeşitlilik sağladığını göstermiştir. p-simenin (%43.76) K4 gübre karışımı uygulamasının ekim hasadında, γ-terpinenin (%24.79) K4 gübre karışımı uygulamasının ağustos hasadında, timolün (%20.26) K3 gübre karışımı uygulamasının ağustos hasadında ve karvakrolün (%67.01) K1 gübre karışımı uygulamasının eylül hasadında en yüksek değerlerde olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

Kekik, Gübre karışımı uygulamaları, Hasat zamanı, Uçucu bileşenler, SPME, GC-MS

Supporting Institution

Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi

Project Number

2019-YL1-0039

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2019-YL1-0039 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Bu destekten dolayı Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi’ne teşekkür ediyoruz.

Effects of various fertilizer mixture applications and harvesting time on main volatile compounds of thyme (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.)

Abstract

The thyme (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.) plant was rooted from its natural environment at an altitude of 1750 m from Beyşehir Muslu Yayla location and was cultured at 1345 m altitude in Beyşehir İslibucak. Nitrogen + Phosphorus + Potassium (K1), Micro Elements (Boron + Copper + Iron + Manganese + Molybdenum + Zinc) (K3) and Nitrogen + Phosphorus + Potassium + Micro Elements (Boron + Copper + Iron + Manganese + Molybdenum + Zinc) (K2 and K4) was used as fertilizer mixtures for thyme production. Plant samples were harvested in three separate periods in August, September and October 2019 and SPME-GC-MS was used for the analysis of its volatile components. The results showed that the applied fertilizer mixtures and the harvest period provided a variety in the amounts of the thyme plant main volatile components. The highest value of p-cymene (43.76%) in the October harvest of thyme produced using K4 fertilizer mixture application, the highest value of γ-terpinene (24.79%) in the August harvest of thyme produced using K4 fertilizer mixture application, the highest value of thymol (20.26%) in the August harvest of thyme produced using K3 fertilizer mixture application and the highest value of carvacrol (67.01%) in the September harvest of thyme produced using K1 fertilizer mixture application were observed.

Keywords

Thyme, Fertilizer mixture applications, Harvesting time, Volatile compounds, SPME, GC-MS

Project Number

2019-YL1-0039

References

• Abalos, M., Prieto, X., Bayona, J.M., 2002. Determination of volatile alkyl sulfides in wastewater by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 963(1-2): 249-257.
• Ahmad, A., Khan, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., 2011. Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 30(1): 41-50.
• Başer, K.H.C., 2001. Her derde deva bir bitki Kekik. Bilim ve Teknik, 2001: 74–77.
• Başer, K.H.C., 2002. Aromatic biodiversity among the flowering plant taxa of Turkey. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(4): 527-545.
• Belardi, R.P., Pawliszyn, J.B., 1989. Application of chemically modified fused silica fibers in the extraction of organics from water matrix saples and their rapid transfer to capillary columns. Water Quality Research Journal, 24(1): 179-191.
• Burt, S., 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3): 223-253.
• Dambolena, J.S., Zygadlo, J.A., Rubinstein, H.R., 2011. Antifumonisin activity of natural phenolic compounds. A structure-property-activity relationship study. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145: 140–146.
• De Oliveira, T.M., de Carvalho, R.B.F., da Costa, I.H.F., de Oliveira, G.A.L., de Souza, A.A., de Lima, S.G., de Freitas, R.M., 2015. Evaluation of p-cymene, a natural antioxidant. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(3): 423-428.
• Edris, A.E., 2007. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(4): 308-323.
• Fattore, E., Benfenati, E., Fanelli, R., 1996. Analysis of chlorinated 1,3-butadienes by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 737(1): 85-91.
• Galipo, R.C., Canhoto, A.J., Walla, M.D., Morgan, S.L., 1999. Analysis of volatile fragrance and flavor compounds by headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS: An undergraduate instrumental analysis experiment. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(2): 245-248.
• Grausgruber-Groger, S., Schmiderer, C., Steinborn, R., Novak, J., 2012. Seasonal influence on gene expression of monoterpene syntheses in Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae). Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(4): 353-359.
• Hu, D., Coats, J., 2008. Evaluation of the environmental fate of thymol and phenethyl propionate in the laboratory. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 64(7): 775-779.
• James, K.J., Stack, M.A., 1996. The determination of volatile organic compounds in soils using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 19(9): 515-519.
• Karkabounas, S., Kostoula, O.K., Daskalou, T., Veltsistas, P., Karamouzis, M., Zelovitis, I., Metsios, A., Lekkas, P., Evangelou, A.M., Kotsis, N., Skoufos, I., 2006. Anticarcinogenic and antiplatelet effects of carvacrol. Experimental Oncology, 28: 121–125.
• Kavoosi, G., Tafsiry, A., Ebdam, A.A, Rowshan, V., 2013. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from carum copticum seed and Ferula assafoetida latex. Journal of Food Science, 78(2): T356-T361.
• Kintzios, S.E., 2002. Oregano: The Genera Origanum and Lippia. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, USA.
• Koparal, A.T., Zeytinoglu, M., 2003. Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology, 43: 149–154.
• Lawrence, B.M., 1993. Progress in essential oils, lavender oils. Perfumer and Flavorist, 18(1): 58-61.
• Lukic, P., 1989. In: Farmacognazija, Farmaceutski facultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
• Luna, A., Labaque, M.C., Zygadlo, J.A., Marin, R.H., 2010. Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poultry Science, 89: 366–370.
• Malik, A.K., Kaur, V., Verma, N., 2006. A review on solid phase microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography as a novel tool for the analysis of toxic metal ions. Talanta, 68: 842–849.
• Marchese, A., Arciola, C.N., Barbieri, R., Silva, A.S., Nabavi, S.F., Sokeng, N.A.J.T., Izadi, M., Jafari, N.J., Suntar, I., Daglia, M., Nabavi, S.M., 2017. Update on monoterpenes as antimicrobial agents: A particular focus on p-cymene. Materials, 10(8): 947.
• Meena, R.L., Meena, S.S., Mehta, R.S., Meena, R.D., Saini, Y., 2015. Response of varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels on growth and yield of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). International Journal of Seed Spices, 5(1): 83-87.
• Mezzoug, N., Elhadri, A., Dallouh, A., Amkiss, S., Skali, N.S., Abrini, J., Zhiri, A., Baudoux, D., Diallo, B., El Jaziri, M., Idaomar, M., 2007. Investigation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Origanum compactum essential oil and some of its constituents. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 629(2): 100-110.
• Moslemi, M., Aboutalebi, A., Hamed, A., Farah, H., 2012. Evaluation the effects of different levels of phosphorous on yield and yield components of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(11): 1621-1624.
• Mousavi, M., Noroozian, E., Jalali-Heravi, M., Mollahosseini, A., 2007. Optimization of solid-phase microextraction of volatile phenols in water by a polyaniline-coated Pt–fiber using experimental design. Analytica Chimica Acta, 581(1): 71-77.
• Nell, M., Votsch, M., Vierheilig, H., Steinkellner, S., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Franz, C., Novak, J., 2009. Effect of phosphorus uptake on growth and secondary metabolites of garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(6): 1090-1096.
• Nieto, G., 2017. Biological activities of three essential oils of the lamiaceae family. Medicines, 4: 63.
• Nostro, A., Papalia, T., 2012. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: Current progress and future prospectives. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, 7(1): 28-35.
• Novy, P., Davidova, H., Serrano Rojero, C.S., Rondevaldova, J., Pulkrabek, J., Kokoska, L., 2015. Composition and antimicrobial activity of euphrasia rostkoviana hayne essential oil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–5. Pereira, T.S., de Sant'Anna, J.R., Silva, E.L., Pinheiro, A.L., de Castro-Prado, M.A.A., 2014. In vitro genotoxicityof Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil in humanlymphocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151: 852–857.
• Perry, N.B., Anderson, R.E., Brennan, N.J., Douglas, M.H., Heaney, A.J., McGimpsey, J.A., Smallfield, B.M., 1999. Essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.): variations among individuals, plant parts, seasons, and sites. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(5): 2048-2054.
• Philis, J.G., 2005. The S1←S0 spectrum of jet-cooled p-cymene. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 61(6): 1239-1241.
• Ramezani, S., Rezaei, M.R., Sotoudehnia, P., 2009. Improved growth, yield and essential oil content of basil grown under different levels of phosphorus sprays in the field. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3(2): 105-110.
• Sökmen, A., Sökmen, M., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., Candan, F., Ünlü, M., Akpulat, H.A., 2004. The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea biebersteini Afan. (Asteraceae). Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 18(6): 451-456
• Tang, X., Chen, S., Wang, L., 2011. Purification and identification of carvacrol from the root of Stellera chamaejasme and research on its insecticidal activity. Natural Product Research, 25(3): 320-325.
• Timbermont, L., Lanckriet, A., Dewulf, J., Nollet, N., Schwarzer, K., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., Van Immerseel, F., 2010. Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathology, 39: 117-121.
• Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M., 2006. Effects of different phosphorus levels on the yield and quality components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(6): 336-340.
• Tübives, 2021. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. http://www.tubives.com, Erişim: 04.03.2021
• Vas, G., Vekey, K., 2004. Solid-phase microextraction: A powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 39(3): 233-254.
• Yaşar, S., Dişli, M., Sonkaya, Y., 2016. Comparison of volatile components of Thymus zygioides Griseb. var. lycaonicus (Celak.) Ronniger due to reaping time. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 17(2): 94-98.