Çeşitli gübre karışımı uygulamaları ve hasat zamanının kekik (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.) bitkisinin ana uçucu bileşenleri üzerine etkileri
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 151 - 156, 29.06.2021
Samim Yaşar
,
Nevriye Sicim
Öz
Kekik (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.) bitkisi Beyşehir Muslu Yayla mevkiinden 1750 m yükseltiden doğal ortamından köklenerek, Beyşehir İslibucak mevkiinde 1345 m yükseltide kültüre alınmıştır. Kekik üretimi, Azot + Fosfor + Potasyum (K1), Mikro Elementler (Bor + Bakır + Demir + Mangan + Molibden + Çinko) (K3) ve Azot + Fosfor + Potasyum + Mikro Elementlerden (Bor + Bakır + Demir + Mangan + Molibden + Çinko) (K2 ve K4) oluşan gübre karışımlarının uygulanması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kekik bitkisi örnekleri ağustos, eylül ve ekim 2019 aylarında üç ayrı dönemde hasat edilmiş ve uçucu bileşenlerinin analizinde SPME-GC-MS kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, uygulanan gübre karışımlarının ve hasat döneminin kekik bitkisi ana uçucu bileşenlerinin miktarlarında çeşitlilik sağladığını göstermiştir. p-simenin (%43.76) K4 gübre karışımı uygulamasının ekim hasadında, γ-terpinenin (%24.79) K4 gübre karışımı uygulamasının ağustos hasadında, timolün (%20.26) K3 gübre karışımı uygulamasının ağustos hasadında ve karvakrolün (%67.01) K1 gübre karışımı uygulamasının eylül hasadında en yüksek değerlerde olduğu görülmüştür.
Destekleyen Kurum
Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi
Proje Numarası
2019-YL1-0039
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2019-YL1-0039 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Bu destekten dolayı Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi’ne teşekkür ediyoruz.
Kaynakça
- Abalos, M., Prieto, X., Bayona, J.M., 2002. Determination of volatile alkyl sulfides in wastewater by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 963(1-2): 249-257.
- Ahmad, A., Khan, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., 2011. Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 30(1): 41-50.
- Başer, K.H.C., 2001. Her derde deva bir bitki Kekik. Bilim ve Teknik, 2001: 74–77.
- Başer, K.H.C., 2002. Aromatic biodiversity among the flowering plant taxa of Turkey. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(4): 527-545.
- Belardi, R.P., Pawliszyn, J.B., 1989. Application of chemically modified fused silica fibers in the extraction of organics from water matrix saples and their rapid transfer to capillary columns. Water Quality Research Journal, 24(1): 179-191.
- Burt, S., 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3): 223-253.
- Dambolena, J.S., Zygadlo, J.A., Rubinstein, H.R., 2011. Antifumonisin activity of natural phenolic compounds. A structure-property-activity relationship study. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145: 140–146.
- De Oliveira, T.M., de Carvalho, R.B.F., da Costa, I.H.F., de Oliveira, G.A.L., de Souza, A.A., de Lima, S.G., de Freitas, R.M., 2015. Evaluation of p-cymene, a natural antioxidant. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(3): 423-428.
- Edris, A.E., 2007. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(4): 308-323.
- Fattore, E., Benfenati, E., Fanelli, R., 1996. Analysis of chlorinated 1,3-butadienes by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 737(1): 85-91.
- Galipo, R.C., Canhoto, A.J., Walla, M.D., Morgan, S.L., 1999. Analysis of volatile fragrance and flavor compounds by headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS: An undergraduate instrumental analysis experiment. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(2): 245-248.
- Grausgruber-Groger, S., Schmiderer, C., Steinborn, R., Novak, J., 2012. Seasonal influence on gene expression of monoterpene syntheses in Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae). Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(4): 353-359.
- Hu, D., Coats, J., 2008. Evaluation of the environmental fate of thymol and phenethyl propionate in the laboratory. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 64(7): 775-779.
- James, K.J., Stack, M.A., 1996. The determination of volatile organic compounds in soils using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 19(9): 515-519.
- Karkabounas, S., Kostoula, O.K., Daskalou, T., Veltsistas, P., Karamouzis, M., Zelovitis, I., Metsios, A., Lekkas, P., Evangelou, A.M., Kotsis, N., Skoufos, I., 2006. Anticarcinogenic and antiplatelet effects of carvacrol. Experimental Oncology, 28: 121–125.
- Kavoosi, G., Tafsiry, A., Ebdam, A.A, Rowshan, V., 2013. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from carum copticum seed and Ferula assafoetida latex. Journal of Food Science, 78(2): T356-T361.
- Kintzios, S.E., 2002. Oregano: The Genera Origanum and Lippia. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, USA.
- Koparal, A.T., Zeytinoglu, M., 2003. Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology, 43: 149–154.
- Lawrence, B.M., 1993. Progress in essential oils, lavender oils. Perfumer and Flavorist, 18(1): 58-61.
- Lukic, P., 1989. In: Farmacognazija, Farmaceutski facultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
- Luna, A., Labaque, M.C., Zygadlo, J.A., Marin, R.H., 2010. Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poultry Science, 89: 366–370.
- Malik, A.K., Kaur, V., Verma, N., 2006. A review on solid phase microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography as a novel tool for the analysis of toxic metal ions. Talanta, 68: 842–849.
- Marchese, A., Arciola, C.N., Barbieri, R., Silva, A.S., Nabavi, S.F., Sokeng, N.A.J.T., Izadi, M., Jafari, N.J., Suntar, I., Daglia, M., Nabavi, S.M., 2017. Update on monoterpenes as antimicrobial agents: A particular focus on p-cymene. Materials, 10(8): 947.
- Meena, R.L., Meena, S.S., Mehta, R.S., Meena, R.D., Saini, Y., 2015. Response of varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels on growth and yield of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). International Journal of Seed Spices, 5(1): 83-87.
- Mezzoug, N., Elhadri, A., Dallouh, A., Amkiss, S., Skali, N.S., Abrini, J., Zhiri, A., Baudoux, D., Diallo, B., El Jaziri, M., Idaomar, M., 2007. Investigation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Origanum compactum essential oil and some of its constituents. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 629(2): 100-110.
- Moslemi, M., Aboutalebi, A., Hamed, A., Farah, H., 2012. Evaluation the effects of different levels of phosphorous on yield and yield components of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(11): 1621-1624.
- Mousavi, M., Noroozian, E., Jalali-Heravi, M., Mollahosseini, A., 2007. Optimization of solid-phase microextraction of volatile phenols in water by a polyaniline-coated Pt–fiber using experimental design. Analytica Chimica Acta, 581(1): 71-77.
- Nell, M., Votsch, M., Vierheilig, H., Steinkellner, S., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Franz, C., Novak, J., 2009. Effect of phosphorus uptake on growth and secondary metabolites of garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(6): 1090-1096.
- Nieto, G., 2017. Biological activities of three essential oils of the lamiaceae family. Medicines, 4: 63.
- Nostro, A., Papalia, T., 2012. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: Current progress and future prospectives. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, 7(1): 28-35.
- Novy, P., Davidova, H., Serrano Rojero, C.S., Rondevaldova, J., Pulkrabek, J., Kokoska, L., 2015. Composition and antimicrobial activity of euphrasia rostkoviana hayne essential oil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–5.
Pereira, T.S., de Sant'Anna, J.R., Silva, E.L., Pinheiro, A.L., de Castro-Prado, M.A.A., 2014. In vitro genotoxicityof Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil in humanlymphocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151: 852–857.
- Perry, N.B., Anderson, R.E., Brennan, N.J., Douglas, M.H., Heaney, A.J., McGimpsey, J.A., Smallfield, B.M., 1999. Essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.): variations among individuals, plant parts, seasons, and sites. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(5): 2048-2054.
- Philis, J.G., 2005. The S1←S0 spectrum of jet-cooled p-cymene. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 61(6): 1239-1241.
- Ramezani, S., Rezaei, M.R., Sotoudehnia, P., 2009. Improved growth, yield and essential oil content of basil grown under different levels of phosphorus sprays in the field. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3(2): 105-110.
- Sökmen, A., Sökmen, M., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., Candan, F., Ünlü, M., Akpulat, H.A., 2004. The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea biebersteini Afan. (Asteraceae). Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 18(6): 451-456
- Tang, X., Chen, S., Wang, L., 2011. Purification and identification of carvacrol from the root of Stellera chamaejasme and research on its insecticidal activity. Natural Product Research, 25(3): 320-325.
- Timbermont, L., Lanckriet, A., Dewulf, J., Nollet, N., Schwarzer, K., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., Van Immerseel, F., 2010. Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathology, 39: 117-121.
- Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M., 2006. Effects of different phosphorus levels on the yield and quality components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(6): 336-340.
- Tübives, 2021. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. http://www.tubives.com, Erişim: 04.03.2021
- Vas, G., Vekey, K., 2004. Solid-phase microextraction: A powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 39(3): 233-254.
- Yaşar, S., Dişli, M., Sonkaya, Y., 2016. Comparison of volatile components of Thymus zygioides Griseb. var. lycaonicus (Celak.) Ronniger due to reaping time. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 17(2): 94-98.
Effects of various fertilizer mixture applications and harvesting time on main volatile compounds of thyme (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.)
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 151 - 156, 29.06.2021
Samim Yaşar
,
Nevriye Sicim
Öz
The thyme (Thymus sipyleus BOISS. subsp. sipyleus BOISS. var. sipyleus L.) plant was rooted from its natural environment at an altitude of 1750 m from Beyşehir Muslu Yayla location and was cultured at 1345 m altitude in Beyşehir İslibucak. Nitrogen + Phosphorus + Potassium (K1), Micro Elements (Boron + Copper + Iron + Manganese + Molybdenum + Zinc) (K3) and Nitrogen + Phosphorus + Potassium + Micro Elements (Boron + Copper + Iron + Manganese + Molybdenum + Zinc) (K2 and K4) was used as fertilizer mixtures for thyme production. Plant samples were harvested in three separate periods in August, September and October 2019 and SPME-GC-MS was used for the analysis of its volatile components. The results showed that the applied fertilizer mixtures and the harvest period provided a variety in the amounts of the thyme plant main volatile components. The highest value of p-cymene (43.76%) in the October harvest of thyme produced using K4 fertilizer mixture application, the highest value of γ-terpinene (24.79%) in the August harvest of thyme produced using K4 fertilizer mixture application, the highest value of thymol (20.26%) in the August harvest of thyme produced using K3 fertilizer mixture application and the highest value of carvacrol (67.01%) in the September harvest of thyme produced using K1 fertilizer mixture application were observed.
Proje Numarası
2019-YL1-0039
Kaynakça
- Abalos, M., Prieto, X., Bayona, J.M., 2002. Determination of volatile alkyl sulfides in wastewater by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 963(1-2): 249-257.
- Ahmad, A., Khan, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., 2011. Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 30(1): 41-50.
- Başer, K.H.C., 2001. Her derde deva bir bitki Kekik. Bilim ve Teknik, 2001: 74–77.
- Başer, K.H.C., 2002. Aromatic biodiversity among the flowering plant taxa of Turkey. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(4): 527-545.
- Belardi, R.P., Pawliszyn, J.B., 1989. Application of chemically modified fused silica fibers in the extraction of organics from water matrix saples and their rapid transfer to capillary columns. Water Quality Research Journal, 24(1): 179-191.
- Burt, S., 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3): 223-253.
- Dambolena, J.S., Zygadlo, J.A., Rubinstein, H.R., 2011. Antifumonisin activity of natural phenolic compounds. A structure-property-activity relationship study. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145: 140–146.
- De Oliveira, T.M., de Carvalho, R.B.F., da Costa, I.H.F., de Oliveira, G.A.L., de Souza, A.A., de Lima, S.G., de Freitas, R.M., 2015. Evaluation of p-cymene, a natural antioxidant. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(3): 423-428.
- Edris, A.E., 2007. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(4): 308-323.
- Fattore, E., Benfenati, E., Fanelli, R., 1996. Analysis of chlorinated 1,3-butadienes by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 737(1): 85-91.
- Galipo, R.C., Canhoto, A.J., Walla, M.D., Morgan, S.L., 1999. Analysis of volatile fragrance and flavor compounds by headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS: An undergraduate instrumental analysis experiment. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(2): 245-248.
- Grausgruber-Groger, S., Schmiderer, C., Steinborn, R., Novak, J., 2012. Seasonal influence on gene expression of monoterpene syntheses in Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae). Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(4): 353-359.
- Hu, D., Coats, J., 2008. Evaluation of the environmental fate of thymol and phenethyl propionate in the laboratory. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 64(7): 775-779.
- James, K.J., Stack, M.A., 1996. The determination of volatile organic compounds in soils using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 19(9): 515-519.
- Karkabounas, S., Kostoula, O.K., Daskalou, T., Veltsistas, P., Karamouzis, M., Zelovitis, I., Metsios, A., Lekkas, P., Evangelou, A.M., Kotsis, N., Skoufos, I., 2006. Anticarcinogenic and antiplatelet effects of carvacrol. Experimental Oncology, 28: 121–125.
- Kavoosi, G., Tafsiry, A., Ebdam, A.A, Rowshan, V., 2013. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from carum copticum seed and Ferula assafoetida latex. Journal of Food Science, 78(2): T356-T361.
- Kintzios, S.E., 2002. Oregano: The Genera Origanum and Lippia. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, USA.
- Koparal, A.T., Zeytinoglu, M., 2003. Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology, 43: 149–154.
- Lawrence, B.M., 1993. Progress in essential oils, lavender oils. Perfumer and Flavorist, 18(1): 58-61.
- Lukic, P., 1989. In: Farmacognazija, Farmaceutski facultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
- Luna, A., Labaque, M.C., Zygadlo, J.A., Marin, R.H., 2010. Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poultry Science, 89: 366–370.
- Malik, A.K., Kaur, V., Verma, N., 2006. A review on solid phase microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography as a novel tool for the analysis of toxic metal ions. Talanta, 68: 842–849.
- Marchese, A., Arciola, C.N., Barbieri, R., Silva, A.S., Nabavi, S.F., Sokeng, N.A.J.T., Izadi, M., Jafari, N.J., Suntar, I., Daglia, M., Nabavi, S.M., 2017. Update on monoterpenes as antimicrobial agents: A particular focus on p-cymene. Materials, 10(8): 947.
- Meena, R.L., Meena, S.S., Mehta, R.S., Meena, R.D., Saini, Y., 2015. Response of varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels on growth and yield of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). International Journal of Seed Spices, 5(1): 83-87.
- Mezzoug, N., Elhadri, A., Dallouh, A., Amkiss, S., Skali, N.S., Abrini, J., Zhiri, A., Baudoux, D., Diallo, B., El Jaziri, M., Idaomar, M., 2007. Investigation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Origanum compactum essential oil and some of its constituents. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 629(2): 100-110.
- Moslemi, M., Aboutalebi, A., Hamed, A., Farah, H., 2012. Evaluation the effects of different levels of phosphorous on yield and yield components of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(11): 1621-1624.
- Mousavi, M., Noroozian, E., Jalali-Heravi, M., Mollahosseini, A., 2007. Optimization of solid-phase microextraction of volatile phenols in water by a polyaniline-coated Pt–fiber using experimental design. Analytica Chimica Acta, 581(1): 71-77.
- Nell, M., Votsch, M., Vierheilig, H., Steinkellner, S., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Franz, C., Novak, J., 2009. Effect of phosphorus uptake on growth and secondary metabolites of garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(6): 1090-1096.
- Nieto, G., 2017. Biological activities of three essential oils of the lamiaceae family. Medicines, 4: 63.
- Nostro, A., Papalia, T., 2012. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: Current progress and future prospectives. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, 7(1): 28-35.
- Novy, P., Davidova, H., Serrano Rojero, C.S., Rondevaldova, J., Pulkrabek, J., Kokoska, L., 2015. Composition and antimicrobial activity of euphrasia rostkoviana hayne essential oil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–5.
Pereira, T.S., de Sant'Anna, J.R., Silva, E.L., Pinheiro, A.L., de Castro-Prado, M.A.A., 2014. In vitro genotoxicityof Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil in humanlymphocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151: 852–857.
- Perry, N.B., Anderson, R.E., Brennan, N.J., Douglas, M.H., Heaney, A.J., McGimpsey, J.A., Smallfield, B.M., 1999. Essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.): variations among individuals, plant parts, seasons, and sites. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(5): 2048-2054.
- Philis, J.G., 2005. The S1←S0 spectrum of jet-cooled p-cymene. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 61(6): 1239-1241.
- Ramezani, S., Rezaei, M.R., Sotoudehnia, P., 2009. Improved growth, yield and essential oil content of basil grown under different levels of phosphorus sprays in the field. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3(2): 105-110.
- Sökmen, A., Sökmen, M., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., Candan, F., Ünlü, M., Akpulat, H.A., 2004. The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea biebersteini Afan. (Asteraceae). Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 18(6): 451-456
- Tang, X., Chen, S., Wang, L., 2011. Purification and identification of carvacrol from the root of Stellera chamaejasme and research on its insecticidal activity. Natural Product Research, 25(3): 320-325.
- Timbermont, L., Lanckriet, A., Dewulf, J., Nollet, N., Schwarzer, K., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., Van Immerseel, F., 2010. Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathology, 39: 117-121.
- Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M., 2006. Effects of different phosphorus levels on the yield and quality components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(6): 336-340.
- Tübives, 2021. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. http://www.tubives.com, Erişim: 04.03.2021
- Vas, G., Vekey, K., 2004. Solid-phase microextraction: A powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 39(3): 233-254.
- Yaşar, S., Dişli, M., Sonkaya, Y., 2016. Comparison of volatile components of Thymus zygioides Griseb. var. lycaonicus (Celak.) Ronniger due to reaping time. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 17(2): 94-98.