Review

Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review

Number: Advanced Online Publication Early Pub Date: August 19, 2026
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Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes all non-medical procedures that involve partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia, or any injury to the female genital organs. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies FGM into four types and recognizes it as an internationally condemned violation of the human rights of girls and women.

Objective: To synthesize recent evidence on the classification, global epidemiology, health consequences and primary-care implications of FGM, with particular attention to family physicians, midwives and primary-care nurses caring for immigrant women and girls living in Türkiye.

Methods: Narrative review of articles published in English or Turkish between January 2000 and January 2026, identified through PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library and DergiPark. Reports and guidelines from WHO, UNICEF and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) were hand-searched for additional grey literature. Emphasis was placed on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, guidelines and policy documents published between 2020 and 2025.

Results: Over 230 million girls and women alive today have undergone FGM. The practice is concentrated in approximately 30 countries and is increasingly relevant in host countries because of migration. Recent evidence confirms associations between FGM and obstetric, urological, sexual, psychological and other long-term health complications. Evidence for an association with infertility is suggestive but not definitive. Health-education interventions delivered through trusted community and primary-care channels may reduce the intention to perform FGM in future generations.

Conclusion: Although FGM is not part of Türkiye's traditional culture and nationally representative prevalence data are unavailable, primary-care physicians in Türkiye may encounter affected women and girls because of migration from high-prevalence countries. Family physicians, midwives and primary-care nurses are therefore essential to case identification, trauma-informed and culturally sensitive counseling, appropriate referral, and community-level prevention. Targeted health-education programs for immigrant communities from high-prevalence countries are recommended as a primary, non-medical strategy to reduce the practice and its complications.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

None

Ethical Statement

The authors report no competing interests associated with this work.

Thanks

All authors would like to thank the chair of EYFDM, Dr Daria Gheorghe

References

  1. 1. UNICEF. Female Genital Mutilation: A Global Concern – 2024 Update. New York: UNICEF; 2024. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-a-global-concern-2024/ Accessed 28 February 2026.
  2. 2. World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation – Fact sheet. Geneva: WHO; updated 31 Jan 2025. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation Accessed 28 February 2026.
  3. 3. Farouki L, El-Dirani Z, Abdulrahim S, Akl C, Akik C, McCall SJ. The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies. PLoS Med. 2022;19(9):e1004061. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004061.
  4. 4. Ayenew AA, Mol BW, Bradford B, Abeje G. Prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women and girls in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2024;13(1):26. doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02428-6.
  5. 5. Pettoello-Mantovani M, Bali D, Giardino I, Vural M, Pastore M, Pettoello-Mantovani C, Pop TL, Kostantinidis G, Ferrara P. The global issue of female genital mutilation. J Pediatr. 2024;266:113906. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.113906.
  6. 6. Karaman Mİ. Sosyokültürel, etik, tıbbi ve İslami perspektiften kız çocuklarında ve kadınlarda sünnet. Anadolu Klin. 2017;22(2):125-130. doi:10.21673/anadoluklin.266077.
  7. 7. Soyer S. Kadın sünneti: kültürel dayanakları ve yol açtığı sorunlar. Ekev Akademi Dergisi. 2014;18(60):403-414.
  8. 8. World Health Organization. Global strategy to stop health-care providers from performing female genital mutilation. Geneva: WHO; 2010. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-10.9 Accessed 28 February 2026.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health, Family Medicine

Journal Section

Review

Early Pub Date

August 19, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

July 28, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 20, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

APA
Gokdemır, O., Yılmaz, B. E., Martins, B., Domingues Diogo, L., Alonso-Valencia, H., José Silva, M., & Peral Martín, A. (2026). Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Advanced Online Publication, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014
AMA
1.Gokdemır O, Yılmaz BE, Martins B, et al. Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review. TJFMPC. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):1-5. doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014
Chicago
Gokdemır, Ozden, Barlas Efe Yılmaz, Bruna Martins, et al. 2026. “Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, no. Advanced Online Publication: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014.
EndNote
Gokdemır O, Yılmaz BE, Martins B, Domingues Diogo L, Alonso-Valencia H, José Silva M, Peral Martín A (August 1, 2026) Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care Advanced Online Publication 1–5.
IEEE
[1]O. Gokdemır et al., “Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review”, TJFMPC, no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 1–5, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014.
ISNAD
Gokdemır, Ozden - Yılmaz, Barlas Efe - Martins, Bruna - Domingues Diogo, Lara - Alonso-Valencia, Helena - José Silva, Mariana - Peral Martín, Ana. “Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. Advanced Online Publication (August 1, 2026): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014.
JAMA
1.Gokdemır O, Yılmaz BE, Martins B, Domingues Diogo L, Alonso-Valencia H, José Silva M, Peral Martín A. Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review. TJFMPC. 2026;:1–5.
MLA
Gokdemır, Ozden, et al. “Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review”. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, no. Advanced Online Publication, Aug. 2026, pp. 1-5, doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014.
Vancouver
1.Ozden Gokdemır, Barlas Efe Yılmaz, Bruna Martins, Lara Domingues Diogo, Helena Alonso-Valencia, Mariana José Silva, Ana Peral Martín. Female Genital Mutilation and Primary Healthcare Services: A Narrative Review. TJFMPC. 2026 Aug. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):1-5. doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1742014

English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome. 


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