Youth Perspectives on Intergenerational Solidarity in Families

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to determine intergenerational solidarity in families, and examine the scores and relations of the dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (Normative solidarity, Affectual solidarity, Associational solidarity, Consensual solidarity, Functional solidarity, Structural solidarity). Method: A sample of 1006 young people age between 15-29 from the socio-economic levels participated in the study, and their intergenerational solidarity were determined by the theory Bengtson’s Intergenerational solidarity. Results: It was found that there are some statistically significant relationships between normative solidarity and consensual solidarity, age, functional solidarity, education level of parents/grandparents, number of siblings and gender. Conclusion: Intergenerational solidarity was found over middle levels. Accordingly, intergenerational solidarity in families has to be maintained and strengthened by all the units like government and non-governmental organizations with projects and programmes.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada, ailelerde nesiller arası dayanışma boyutlarını (normatif dayanışma, duygusal dayanışma, ilişkisel dayanışma, işlevsel dayanışma, uzlaşımsal dayanışma ve yapısal dayanışma) ve bu boyutlar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ile aile yaşantısını güçlendirme, nesiller arası beklentilerin anlaşılması ve nesiller arasındaki sorunlara çözüm yolları bulunması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Ankara’nın üç farklı sosyo-demografik bölgesinde, farklı yaş gruplarındaki (15-29 yaş) 990 gence, nesiller arası dayanışmaya ilişkin sorular yöneltilmiş ve katılımcılar bu soruları annelerinden, babalarından, büyük annelerinden ya da büyük babalarından bir tanesini dikkate alarak cevaplamışlardır. Bulgular: Araştırmanın sonucunda, nesiller arası normatif dayanışma ile duygusal dayanışma, işlevsel dayanışma (ebeveyn/büyük ebeveyne yardımda bulunma), yapısal dayanışma (ailenin genişliği), ilişkisel dayanışma ve uzlaşımsal dayanışma ile pozitif yönde ilişki bulunmuştur.  Sonuç: Araştırmada, gençlerin aileleri ile birliktelik ve bütünlüklerinin hala sürdürüldüğü, dolayısıyla dayanışma düzeylerinin orta seviyeler ve üstünde olduğu görülmüştür. Nesiller arası dayanışmanın kuvvetlendirilmesi ve sürdürülmesi doğrultusunda, bütün bu paydaşların ortak çalışmalarıyla bölgesel, toplumsal bazda programlar ve projeler geliştirilmeli ve uygulanmalıdır.

Keywords

• Intergenerational solidarity,family support

References

1. 1. Hanson, SL, Saur WJ, Seelbach WC. Racial and cohort variations in filial responsibility norms. The Gerontologist 1983;23 (6): 626–31.
2. 2. Attar-Schwartz, S, Tan JP, Buchanan A. Adolescents’perspectives on relationships with grandparents: The contribution of adolescent, grandparent, and parent–grandparent relationship variables. Children and Youth Services Review 2009; 31: 1057–1066.
3. 3. Franklin DL. Ensuring inequality: The structural transformation of the African American family. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 134.
4. 4. Hazer O. Ergenlerin büyük ebeveynlerinden beklentilerini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E- dergisi, http://www.sdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/oyahazer2makale.pdf , 5 Nisan 2011. 1-22.
5. 5. Glazer NY. The home as workshop: Women as amateur nurses and medical care providers. Gender and Society 1990; 4 (4): 479-499.
6. 6. Abel EK. Who Cares for the Elderly: Public Policy and the Experiences of Adult Daughters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1991. p.142.
7. 7. Stoller EP. Parental caregiving by adult children. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1983; 45: 851-858.
8. 8. Sussman MB. Reflections on intergenerational and kin connections. Marriage and Family Review 1991; 16: 3-9.

9. 9. Netzer JK. Intergenerational solidarity and plans for care in later life families. Yayınlanmamış Doktora tezi, University of Florida, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, 1994, p. 67-90.
10. 10. Bengtson V. Beyond the nuclear family: the increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family 2001; 63(1):1-17.
11. 11. Baran AG., Çoban S. Kuramsal Açıdan Kuşaklararası Dayanışma: Yaşlı-Genç İlişkileri, Kuşaklararası Dayanışma ve Aktif Yaşlanma Sempozyum Bildirileri, Grafer Tasarım Baskı Ambalaj, Ankara. 2012. p. 189.
12. 12. Kalaycıoğlu S. Kuşaklararası Dayanışma ve Aktif Yaşlanma, Kuşaklararası Dayanışma ve Aktif Yaşlanma Sempozyum Bildirileri, Grafer Tasarım Baskı Ambalaj, Ankara. 2012. p. 51.
13. 13. Bengtson VL, Roberts REL. Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1991; 53:856-870.
14. 14. Silverstein M, VL. Bengtson. Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child-parent relationship in american families. The American Journal of Sociology 1997; 103(2): 429-460.
15. 15. Bengston V, Giarrusso R, Mabry JB, Silverstein M. Solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence: complementary or competing perspectives on intergenerational relationships? Journal of Marriage and the Family 2002; 64: 568-576.
16. 16. Lowenstein A, Katz R. Living arrangements, family solidarity, and life satisfaction of two generations of immigrants in Israel. Ageing and Society 2005; 25: 749- 767.
17. 17. Kalmijn, M. Gender differences in the effects of divorce, widowhood and remarriage on intergenerational support: Does marriage protect fathers? Social Forces 2007; 85: 1079-1104.
18. 18. Ruiz S, Silverstein M. Relationships with grandparents and the emotional well-being of late adolescent and young adult grandchildren. Journal of Social Issues 2007; 63 (4): 793–808.
19. 19. Werner EE, Smith RS. Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. p. 455.
20. 20. Lee GR. Aging and intergenerational relations. Journal of Family Issues 1987; 8 (4): 448-450.
21. 21. Mancini JA, Blieszner R. Aging parents and adult children: Research themes in intergenerational relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1989; 51: 275-290.
22. 22. McChesney KY, Mangen DJ. Measuring family structure. In D.J. Mangen, V.L. Bengtson, & P.H. Landry, Jr. (Eds.), Measurement of Intergenerational Relations, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 1988. pp. 56-73.
23. 23. Shanas E. The family as a social support system in old age. The Gerontoloqist 1979; 19 (2): 169-174.
24. 24. Soldo BJ, Agree EM. America's elderly. Population Bulletin. 1988; 41(3): 5-51.
25. 25. Lang AM, Brody EM. Characteristics of middle-aged daughters and help to their elderly mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1983; 45: 193-202.
26. 26. Hazer O. Büyük ebeveynlerinin ergenler tarafından algılanan özelliklerini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2012; 29: 1-19.
27. 27. Chappell NL, living arrangements and sources of caregiving. Journal of Gerontology 1991; 46:1-8.
28. 28. Smith PK. The psychology of grandparenthood: An international perspective London: Routledge,1991. p 233.
29. 29. V. Aile Şurası ‘Aile Destek Hizmetleri’ Bildirileri, 5 - 7 Kasım 2008 / A. Çiftçi, Ankara: Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, 2008, 226-227.
30. 30. Harper S, Levin S. Family care, independent living and ethnicity. Social Policy and Society 2005; 4:157−169.
31. 31. Postigo JML, Honrubia RL. The co-residence of elderly people with their children and grandchildren. Educational Gerontology 2010; 36: 330–349.
32. 32. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO). Turkey: Health Profile. >http://www.who.int/gho/ countries/tur.pdf>. Erişim tarihi: 15 Kasım 2015.
33. 33. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), İstatistiklerle Yaşlılık. . Erişim tarihi: 15 Kasım 2015.
34. 34. Güneş T, Arıkan R. Tarım Ekonomisi İstatistiği. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları: 1988: p. 303-306.
35. 35. Yamane T, Alptekin E, Apaydın C, Bakır MA, Gürbüzsel E. Temel Örnekleme Yöntemleri. Literatür Yay. İstanbul. 2001. P. 323.
36. 36. Gauvreau PM. Sampling Theory. Duxbury Press, 1993. p. 469-72.
37. 37. Kıral G, Billor N. Bacon Temel Bileşenler Analizi ile Sapan Değerlerin Belirlenmesi. 5. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, Adana. 2001. p. 2060-2061.
38. 38. Bengtson VL, Mangen DJ. Family intergenerational solidarity revisited: Suggestions for future management. In D.J. Mangen, V.L. Bengtson, & P.H. Landry, Jr. (Eds.), Measurement of Intergenerational Relations, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 1988. p. 222-238.
39. 39. Mangen DJ, Miller RB. Measuring intergenerational contact in the family. In D.J. Mangen, V.L. Bengtson, & P.H. Landry, Jr. (Eds.), Measurement of Intergenerational Relations, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 1988. p. 98-125.
40. 40. Lee GR, Coward RT, Netzer JK. Residential differences in filial responsibility expectations among older persons. Rural Sociology 1994; 59: 100-109.
41. 41. Mangen DJ, Bengtson VL, Landry PH. Measurement of Intergenerational Relations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 1988. p. 234
42. 42. Parrott TM, Bengtson VL. The effects of earlier intergenerational affection, normative expectations, and family conflict on contemporary exchanges of help and support. Research On Aging 1999; 21:73-105.
43. 43. Brody EM, Johnsen PT. Fulcomer MC. What should adult children do for elderly parents? Opinions and preferences of three generations of women. Journal of Gerontology 1984; 39: 736-746.
44. 44. Heller PL. Familism scale: Revalidation and revision. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1976; 38: 423-429.
45. 45. Seelbach WC, Sauer WJ. Filial responsibility expectations and morale among aged parents. The Gerontoloqist 1977; 17: 492-499.
46. 46. Brackbill Y, Kitch D. Intergenerational relationships: A social exchange perspective on joint living arrangements among the elderly and their relatives. Journal of Aging Studies 1991; 5 (1): 77-97.
47. 47. Lillard LA, Willis R. Motives for intergenerational transfers: evidence from Malaysia. Demography 1997; 34(1): 113-134.
48. 48. Ross N., Hill M, Sweeting H, Cunningham-Burley. Grandparents and teen grandchildren: exploring intergenerational relationships. Edinburgh: ESRC, Centre for Research on Families and Relationships, 2005. p. 324-233
49. 49. Rossi, AS, Rossi PH. Of human bonding: Parent–child relations across the life course. New York: Aldine. 1990. p. 32
50. 50. Treas J, Bengtson VL. The family in later years. In M.B. Sussman & S.K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Handbook of Marriage and the Family, New York: Plenum Press. 1987. p. 625-648.