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A CURRENT EVALUATION ABOUT THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS ON THE AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

Year 2023, Volume: 17 Issue: 4 - Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 564 - 571, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1294603

Abstract

In this review, an updated view of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is presented. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction. ASD diagnosisis based on a combination of medical and family history assessments, and behavioral and developmental assessments. Studies have proven that early diagnosis and intervention lead to better outcomes for individuals with ASD. Many countries of the world have worked on this subject for many years and new behavioral methods have been developed. In recent years, with the development of technology, it is predicted that artificial intelligence-based systems, virtual reality, and wearable devices can help detect ASD early by analyzing behavioral and physiological data. In addition, it is thought that these systems may assist in individualized treatments. With this review, it is aimed to reveal the current developments that touch the lives of individuals with ASD in parallel with the progress of science. In terms of diagnosis and treatment of ASD, the studies done in the United States of America and Türkiye were examined. It is also mentioned how the disasters experienced in the last 5 years and the COVID-19 pandemic have affected individuals with ASD and their families. It is very valuable for children with ASD to take the necessary steps in order to develop, reach puberty, and have a job. As a result, the potential of technologies that offer innovative solutions to significantly improve the lives of individuals with ASD has been revealed.

References

  • 1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Autism Spectrum Disorder:Diagnostic Criteria. 2013. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2023
  • 2. Moskowitz A., Heim G. Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2011. Volume 37. Issue 3. Pages 471 479. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr016
  • 3. Arizona State University. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" (1943). by Leo Kanner.2018. Erişim: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/autistic-disturbances-affective-contact-1943-leo-kanner Erişim tarihi:02.03.2023
  • 4. Matson, J. L., Kozlowski, A. M. The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2011. 5(1).418-425. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.004
  • 5. Hill A.P., Zuckerman E.K., Fombonne E. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder. 2014. Erişim:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118911389.hautc03 Erişim tarihi:04.03.2023
  • 6. Mandell, D. S. Factors Associated With Age of Diagnosis Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. PEDIATRICS.2005.116(6). 1480–1486. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0185
  • 7. Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M, King B, McCracken J, State M. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014. Feb. Volume 53. Issue 2. Pages 237-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.013
  • 8. Mao S, Fan X, Ma Y. et al Knowledge and beliefs about autism spectrum disorders among physicians: a cross-sectional survey from China. BMJ Paediatrics Open. 2022. December. Volume 6. Issue 1. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001696
  • 9. Tamur, Y. & Şen Celasin, N. Aile Sağlığı Merkezlerinde Görev Yapan Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Otizm Konusundaki Bilgi ve Erken Tanıya Yönelik Görüşleri. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022. 16 (3). 517-531. Doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.1041206
  • 10. Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson Rosenberg, C., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., Pettygrove, S., … Dowling, N. F. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries. 2018. April. 67(6). 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
  • 11. TOHUM Otizm Vakfı, Türkiye’de Otizm Spekturum Bozukluğu ve Özel Eğitim, 2017 Erişim: https://www.tohumotizm.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/tosboe2017.pdf Erişim tarihi:15.04.2023
  • 12. Daley, T. C. From symptom recognition to diagnosis: children with autism in urban India. Social Science & Medicine.2004. 58(7). 1323–1335. Doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00330-7
  • 13. Patra, S., Kar S. K. Autism spectrum disorder in India: a scoping review. International Review of Psychiatry.2020. Volume 33. Issue 1-2. 81-112. doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1761136
  • 14. Yüksek Planlama Kurulu, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Bireylere Yönelik Ulusal Eylem Planı, 2016 Erişim: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/12/20161203-16.htm Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2023 15. Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Otizm E-Bülten Özel Sayı, 2019 Erişim: https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/51942/otizm-ozel-sayi-bulten-2019.pdf Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2023
  • 16. Susuz Ç., Güçiz Doğan B. Halk sağlığı bakışıyla otizm spektrum bozukluğu. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2020. 5(2): 297-310.
  • 17. Cucinotta, D., Vanelli, M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020 Mar 19;91(1):157-160. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397. PMID: 32191675
  • 18. Colizzi M., Sironi E., Antonini F., Ciceri M.L., Bovo C., Zoccante L. Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey, Brain Sci. 2020 Jun; 10(6): 341. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060341
  • 19. Kaur R., Boobna T. , Kallingal P. Effect of Covid-19 lockdown on indian children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2022.June. Volume 125,104230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104230
  • 20. Fell LA, Albright CM, Kryszak EM, Butter E, Kuhlthau KA. Provider Perspectives on Telehealth Services for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Acad Pediatr. 2023 Mar 5: S1876-2859(23)00059-1. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.02.016.
  • 21. Türkoğlu S, Uçar HN, Çetin FH, Güler HA, Tezcan ME. The relationship between irritability and autism symptoms in children with ASD in COVID-19 home confinement period. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Nov;75(11):e14742. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.14742.
  • 22. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022 Apr;52(4):1712-1724. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0.
  • 23. Bozkus-Genc G, Sani-Bozkurt S. How parents of children with autism spectrum disorder experience the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives and insights on the new normal. Res Dev Disabil. 2022 May; 124:104200. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104200.
  • 24. Valenti M, Ciprietti T, Egidio CD, Gabrielli M, Masedu F, Tomassini AR, Sorge G. Adaptive response of children and adolescents with autism to the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012 Jun;42(6):954-60. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1323-9.
  • 25. Doherty M, Neilson S, O'Sullivan J, Carravallah L, Johnson M, Cullen W, Shaw SCK. Barriers to healthcare and self-reported adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022 Feb 22;12(2):e056904. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056904.
  • 26. Narzisi A, Bondioli M, Pardossi F, Billeci L, Buzzi MC, Buzzi M, Pinzino M, Senette C, Semucci V, Tonacci A, Uscidda F, Vagelli B, Giuca MR, Pelagatti S. "Mom Let's Go to the Dentist!" Preliminary Feasibility of a Tailored Dental Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Italian Public Health Service. Brain Sci. 2020 Jul 12;10(7):444. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10070444.
  • 27. Anzulewicz, A., Sobota, K. & Delafield-Butt, J. Toward the Autism Motor Signature: Gesture patterns during smart tablet gameplay identify children with autism. Sci Rep 6, 31107 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31107
  • 28. Çinar, İ., Çinar, Ş., Sarıkaya, E. & Yağızefe, D. (2023). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu/yaygın gelişimsel bozuklukta ailelerin ekonomik yükleri. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 26 (1), 49-64. Erişim: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hacettepesid/issue/76286/1098000 Erişim Tarihi:10.04.2023
  • 29. Doenyas, C., Şimdi, E., Özcan, E. Ç., Çataltepe, Z., & Birkan, B. Autism and tablet computers in Turkey: Teaching picture sequencing skills via a web-based iPad application. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction,2014;2(1),60–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcci.2014.04.002
  • 30. Bekele E, Zheng Z, Swanson A, Crittendon J, Warren Z, Sarkar N. Understanding how adolescents with autism respond to facial expressions in virtual reality environments. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2013 Apr;19(4):711-20. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.42.
  • 31. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Çocuklar Destek Sistemi Duyurusu,2023 Erişim: https://shgmnadirdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-94839/depremzede-cocuklarimiza-psikiyatrik-destek-saglamak-icin-saglik-bakanligi-tarafindan-ozel-cocuklar-destek-sistemi-ocds-olusturulmustur.html Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2023
  • 32. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, Atalay F., Yoksul Otizmli Bireyler İhtiyacı Olan Eğitime Ulaşamıyor, 6 Şubat 2022 Erişim: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/egitim/yoksul-otizmli-bireyler-ihtiyaci-olan-egitime-ulasamiyor 1910236#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye'de%20yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1k%202%20milyon,bin%20461'i%20e%C4%9Fitime%20eri%C5%9Febiliyor. Erişim tarihi: 08.04.2023
  • 33. TOHUM Otizm Vakfı, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Eğitim, Terapi ve Tedavi Yöntemleri,2019 Erişim: https://tohumotizm.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/OSB_sari_kitapcik_NISAN-2019.pdf Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2023
  • 34. Sivil Sayfalar, Kap D., Otizmli Çocuklar ve Uzaktan Eğitim, Nisan 2020 Erişim: https://www.sivilsayfalar.org/2020/04/02/otizmli-cocuklar-ve-uzaktan-egitim/ Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2023

TEKNOLOJİK İLERLEMELERİN OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUĞU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ KONUSUNDA GÜNCEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2023, Volume: 17 Issue: 4 - Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 564 - 571, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1294603

Abstract

Bu derlemede, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna (OSB) güncel bir bakış sunulmaktadır. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB), iletişimi ve sosyal etkileşimi etkileyen nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. OSB tanısı tıbbi ve aile öyküsü değerlendirmeleri ile davranışsal ve gelişimsel değerlendirmelerin kombinasyonuna dayanır. Erken teşhis ve müdahalenin, OSB'li bireyler için daha iyi sonuçlara yol açtığı çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır. Dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde uzun yıllar bu konu üzerine çalışmış ve yeni davranışsal yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Son yıllarda, teknolojinin gelişmesiyle yapay zekâ tabanlı sistemler, sanal gerçeklik ve giyilebilir cihazların davranışsal ve fizyolojik verileri analiz ederek OSB'nin erken saptanmasına yardımcı olabileceği ön görülmektedir. Ek olarak, bu sistemlerin bireyselleştirilmiş tedavilere yardımcı olabileceği de düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme ile bilimin ilerlemesine paralel OSB’li bireylerin hayatına dokunan güncel gelişmelerin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. OSB tanısı ve tedavisi açısından Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Türkiye özelinde yapılanlar incelenmiştir. Son 5 yılda yaşanılan afetlerin ve COVID-19 pandemisinin OSB’li bireyler ve ailelerini nasıl etkilemiş olduğuna da değinilmiştir. OSB’li çocukların gelişimi, ergenliğe ulaşmaları ve iş sahibi olmaları için gerekli adımları sağlıklı atabilmeleri çok değerlidir. Sonuç olarak, yenilikçi çözümler sunan teknolojilerin OSB'li bireylerin yaşamlarını önemli ölçüde iyileştirme potansiyeli açıklanmıştır.

References

  • 1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Autism Spectrum Disorder:Diagnostic Criteria. 2013. Erişim: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2023
  • 2. Moskowitz A., Heim G. Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2011. Volume 37. Issue 3. Pages 471 479. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr016
  • 3. Arizona State University. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" (1943). by Leo Kanner.2018. Erişim: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/autistic-disturbances-affective-contact-1943-leo-kanner Erişim tarihi:02.03.2023
  • 4. Matson, J. L., Kozlowski, A. M. The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2011. 5(1).418-425. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.004
  • 5. Hill A.P., Zuckerman E.K., Fombonne E. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder. 2014. Erişim:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118911389.hautc03 Erişim tarihi:04.03.2023
  • 6. Mandell, D. S. Factors Associated With Age of Diagnosis Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. PEDIATRICS.2005.116(6). 1480–1486. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0185
  • 7. Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M, King B, McCracken J, State M. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014. Feb. Volume 53. Issue 2. Pages 237-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.013
  • 8. Mao S, Fan X, Ma Y. et al Knowledge and beliefs about autism spectrum disorders among physicians: a cross-sectional survey from China. BMJ Paediatrics Open. 2022. December. Volume 6. Issue 1. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001696
  • 9. Tamur, Y. & Şen Celasin, N. Aile Sağlığı Merkezlerinde Görev Yapan Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Otizm Konusundaki Bilgi ve Erken Tanıya Yönelik Görüşleri. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022. 16 (3). 517-531. Doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.1041206
  • 10. Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson Rosenberg, C., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L. C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., Pettygrove, S., … Dowling, N. F. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries. 2018. April. 67(6). 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
  • 11. TOHUM Otizm Vakfı, Türkiye’de Otizm Spekturum Bozukluğu ve Özel Eğitim, 2017 Erişim: https://www.tohumotizm.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/tosboe2017.pdf Erişim tarihi:15.04.2023
  • 12. Daley, T. C. From symptom recognition to diagnosis: children with autism in urban India. Social Science & Medicine.2004. 58(7). 1323–1335. Doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00330-7
  • 13. Patra, S., Kar S. K. Autism spectrum disorder in India: a scoping review. International Review of Psychiatry.2020. Volume 33. Issue 1-2. 81-112. doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1761136
  • 14. Yüksek Planlama Kurulu, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Bireylere Yönelik Ulusal Eylem Planı, 2016 Erişim: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/12/20161203-16.htm Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2023 15. Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Otizm E-Bülten Özel Sayı, 2019 Erişim: https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/51942/otizm-ozel-sayi-bulten-2019.pdf Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2023
  • 16. Susuz Ç., Güçiz Doğan B. Halk sağlığı bakışıyla otizm spektrum bozukluğu. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2020. 5(2): 297-310.
  • 17. Cucinotta, D., Vanelli, M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020 Mar 19;91(1):157-160. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397. PMID: 32191675
  • 18. Colizzi M., Sironi E., Antonini F., Ciceri M.L., Bovo C., Zoccante L. Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Online Parent Survey, Brain Sci. 2020 Jun; 10(6): 341. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060341
  • 19. Kaur R., Boobna T. , Kallingal P. Effect of Covid-19 lockdown on indian children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2022.June. Volume 125,104230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104230
  • 20. Fell LA, Albright CM, Kryszak EM, Butter E, Kuhlthau KA. Provider Perspectives on Telehealth Services for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Acad Pediatr. 2023 Mar 5: S1876-2859(23)00059-1. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.02.016.
  • 21. Türkoğlu S, Uçar HN, Çetin FH, Güler HA, Tezcan ME. The relationship between irritability and autism symptoms in children with ASD in COVID-19 home confinement period. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Nov;75(11):e14742. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.14742.
  • 22. Meral BF. Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022 Apr;52(4):1712-1724. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05070-0.
  • 23. Bozkus-Genc G, Sani-Bozkurt S. How parents of children with autism spectrum disorder experience the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives and insights on the new normal. Res Dev Disabil. 2022 May; 124:104200. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104200.
  • 24. Valenti M, Ciprietti T, Egidio CD, Gabrielli M, Masedu F, Tomassini AR, Sorge G. Adaptive response of children and adolescents with autism to the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012 Jun;42(6):954-60. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1323-9.
  • 25. Doherty M, Neilson S, O'Sullivan J, Carravallah L, Johnson M, Cullen W, Shaw SCK. Barriers to healthcare and self-reported adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022 Feb 22;12(2):e056904. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056904.
  • 26. Narzisi A, Bondioli M, Pardossi F, Billeci L, Buzzi MC, Buzzi M, Pinzino M, Senette C, Semucci V, Tonacci A, Uscidda F, Vagelli B, Giuca MR, Pelagatti S. "Mom Let's Go to the Dentist!" Preliminary Feasibility of a Tailored Dental Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Italian Public Health Service. Brain Sci. 2020 Jul 12;10(7):444. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10070444.
  • 27. Anzulewicz, A., Sobota, K. & Delafield-Butt, J. Toward the Autism Motor Signature: Gesture patterns during smart tablet gameplay identify children with autism. Sci Rep 6, 31107 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31107
  • 28. Çinar, İ., Çinar, Ş., Sarıkaya, E. & Yağızefe, D. (2023). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu/yaygın gelişimsel bozuklukta ailelerin ekonomik yükleri. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 26 (1), 49-64. Erişim: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hacettepesid/issue/76286/1098000 Erişim Tarihi:10.04.2023
  • 29. Doenyas, C., Şimdi, E., Özcan, E. Ç., Çataltepe, Z., & Birkan, B. Autism and tablet computers in Turkey: Teaching picture sequencing skills via a web-based iPad application. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction,2014;2(1),60–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcci.2014.04.002
  • 30. Bekele E, Zheng Z, Swanson A, Crittendon J, Warren Z, Sarkar N. Understanding how adolescents with autism respond to facial expressions in virtual reality environments. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2013 Apr;19(4):711-20. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.42.
  • 31. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Çocuklar Destek Sistemi Duyurusu,2023 Erişim: https://shgmnadirdb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-94839/depremzede-cocuklarimiza-psikiyatrik-destek-saglamak-icin-saglik-bakanligi-tarafindan-ozel-cocuklar-destek-sistemi-ocds-olusturulmustur.html Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2023
  • 32. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, Atalay F., Yoksul Otizmli Bireyler İhtiyacı Olan Eğitime Ulaşamıyor, 6 Şubat 2022 Erişim: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/egitim/yoksul-otizmli-bireyler-ihtiyaci-olan-egitime-ulasamiyor 1910236#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye'de%20yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1k%202%20milyon,bin%20461'i%20e%C4%9Fitime%20eri%C5%9Febiliyor. Erişim tarihi: 08.04.2023
  • 33. TOHUM Otizm Vakfı, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Eğitim, Terapi ve Tedavi Yöntemleri,2019 Erişim: https://tohumotizm.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/OSB_sari_kitapcik_NISAN-2019.pdf Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2023
  • 34. Sivil Sayfalar, Kap D., Otizmli Çocuklar ve Uzaktan Eğitim, Nisan 2020 Erişim: https://www.sivilsayfalar.org/2020/04/02/otizmli-cocuklar-ve-uzaktan-egitim/ Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2023
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Family Medicine
Journal Section Review
Authors

Zehra Cakıl 0009-0001-4934-0458

Birgül Piyal 0000-0003-4170-0444

Early Pub Date December 10, 2023
Publication Date December 19, 2023
Submission Date May 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 17 Issue: 4 - Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

Cite

Vancouver Cakıl Z, Piyal B. TEKNOLOJİK İLERLEMELERİN OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUĞU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ KONUSUNDA GÜNCEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. TJFMPC. 2023;17(4):564-71.

English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome.