Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek

Year 2022, , 458 - 473, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1086392

Abstract

2011 yılından bu yana yoğun bir göç dalgasıyla karşı karşıya olan ülkemizde artan mülteci nüfusu ile birlikte zenofobi de günbegün artmaktadır. Sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumu sırasında, çoğu zaman artan ortalama hasta sayıları ve çözülemeyen iletişim problemlerinin arkasına saklanarak serpilen zenofobinin, etik kodları ve deontolojisi olan hekimlik mesleğinde, gayrı ahlakiliği tartışmaya açılmaya çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle zenofobi ile ilgili tıp ve sosyal bilimler literatürü, bu fenomenin mevcut, tarihsel ve psikopatolojik arka planı, tıpla açık veya örtük ilişkisi kapsamında araştırılmıştır. Dünya genelinde sağlık hizmetleri sunumunun ana aktörleri olan hekimlerin zenofobik tutum ve eylemleri tıp etiği ve tarihsel perspektiften değerlendirilmiştir. Bu makalede zenofobinin sosyoekonomik, politik ve psikolojik temelleri ve yeni ırkçılık teorileri ile ilişki ve bağlamına dair bulgular ve özellikle Güney Afrika’da sağlık hizmetlerinde mevcut bir fenomen olarak tartışılan zenofobinin, tarihsel varlığı ve günümüzde nelere sebebiyet verdiğine dair bulgular ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Zenofobinin her türlü kimliksel ve biyografik bilginin tıbbi sebepler dışında hiçbir önem arz etmediği bir mekân ve karşılaşmada, toplum içinde öz-saygısını yitirmeye yüz tutmuş yabancıya/incinebilir özneye karşı ortaya çıkması/çıkabilecek olması hasta-hekim ve hekim-hekim ilişkisinin her türlü etik içerimini (gizlilik, sır saklama, mahremiyet, karşılıklı saygı, mesleki dayanışma, nezaket vb.) riske atmakla birlikte, meseleyi ahlaki bir soruna dönüştürür. Hekimlik, hekim tarafından, hastalık dışında her türden bilgi ve kimliğin gözardı edildiği tarafsız bir mekânda icra edilmelidir.

References

  • Benveniste É. Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society: Hau Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2016. p. 599.
  • Sundstrom RR, Kim DH. Xenophobia and racism. Crit Philos Race 2014;2(1):20-45.
  • International Organisation for Migration. International migration law. N°34, Glossary on migration. Geneva: International Organisation for Migration; 2019. p. 235. Available at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2021.
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology. Available at: https://dictionary.apa.org/xenophobia. Accessed January 18, 2021.
  • Sam NMS. XENOPHOBIA 2013. Available at: https://psychologydictionary.org/xenophobia/. Accessed January 18, 2021.
  • Olowu AA. Persons in contact: a general introduction. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal 2008;16(2):1-22.
  • Ullah AA, Huque AS. Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma, vulnerabilities and human rights: Springer; 2014. p. 6.
  • Harris B. Xenophobia: A new pathology for a new South Africa. Psychopathology and social prejudice 2002:169-84.
  • Olonisakin TT, Adebayo SO. Xenophobia: scale development and validation. J Contemp Afr Stud 2021(39):1-13.
  • Peterie M, Neil D. Xenophobia towards asylum seekers: A survey of social theories. Journal of Sociology 2020;56(1):23-35.
  • APA Official Actions. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(6):726.
  • United Nations, editor World Conference against Racism (WCAR), Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance 2001. Available at: https://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf Accessed April 7, 2021.
  • Elmas FY. Irkçı İdeolojiler Zemin Değiştirirken… Dünya 2013(31):65-7.
  • Kearney R. Yabancılar, Tanrılar, Canavarlar İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2018. p. 16-21, 41-56, 87-90, 126.
  • Bauman Z. Kapımızdaki yabancılar. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2019. p. 32-34, 37-39.
  • Bansak K, Hainmueller J, Hangartner D. How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes toward asylum seekers. Science 2016;354(6309):217-22.
  • AFP. Hungary’s Orban blames foreigners, migration for coronavirus spread. 2020. Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20200313-hungary-s-pm-orbanblames-foreign-students-migration-forcoronavirus-spread. Accessed February 07, 2021.
  • Badiou A. Etik: Kötülük Kavrayışı Üzerine Bir Deneme. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2019. p. 26-31, 68-69.
  • Han BC. Psikopolitika: Neoliberalizm ve Yeni İktidar Teknikleri İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2020. p. 20.
  • Bauman Z, Donskis L. Ahlaki Körlük: Akışkan Modernlikte Duyarlılığın Yitimi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2020. p. 14.
  • Žižek S. İnsan Yüzlü Teröristler. In: Krečič J, editor. Son Gerisayım Avrupa, Mülteciler ve Sol İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2020. p. 213-30.
  • Buden B. Bir Fazla: Sofistliğe Çıkan Demokrasi. In: Krečič J, editor. Son Gerisayım Avrupa, Mülteciler ve Sol. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2020. p. 116-45.
  • Sennett R. Otorite. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi; 2017. p. 16-17.24.
  • Scheler M. Hınç. İstanbul: Alfa; 2015. p. 20-65.
  • Rydgren J. The logic of xenophobia. Ration Soc 2004;16(2):123-48.
  • Goffman E. Damga: örselenmiş kimliğin idare edilişi üzerine notlar. Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık; 2020. p. 27-74.
  • Suleman S, Garber KD, Rutkow L. Xenophobia as a determinant of health: an integrative review. J Public Health Policy 2018;39(4):407-23.
  • Zihindula G, Meyer-Weitz A, Akintola O. Lived experiences of Democratic Republic of Congo refugees facing medical xenophobia in Durban, South Africa. J Asian Afr Stud 2017;52(4):458-70.
  • Crush J, Tawodzera G. Medical xenophobia: Zimbabwean access to health services in South Africa. 2011. Available at: https://samponline.org/wp-content/u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 6 / 1 0 / A c ro b a t 5 4 . p d f . Accessed March 10, 2021.
  • Crush J, Tawodzera G. Medical xenophobia and Zimbabwean migrant access to public health services in South Africa. J Ethn Migr Stud 2014;40(4):655-70.
  • Munyaneza Y, Mhlongo EM. Medical Xenophobia: The Voices of Women Refugees in Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa Glob J Health Sci 2019;11(13):25-33.
  • Chekero T, Ross FC. ‘On paper’and ‘having papers’: migrants navigating medical xenophobia and obstetric rights in South Africa. 2017. Available at: http://somatosphere.net/2017/on-paper.html/. Accessed February 2, 2021.
  • Shaeffer R. No Healing Here: Violence, Discrimination and Barriers to Health for Migrants in South Africa. 2009. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/12/07/no-healing-here/violence-discrimination-and-barriershealth-migrants-south-africa. Accessed January 7, 2021.
  • Vanyoro KP. ‘When they come, we don’t send them back’: counter-narratives of ‘medical xenophobia’in South Africa’s public health care system. Palgrave Commun 2019;5(1):1-12.
  • Adkins-Jackson PB, Legha RK, Jones KA. How to Measure Racism in Academic Health Centers. AMA J Ethics 2021;23(2):140-5.
  • Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agenor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet 2017;389(10077):1453-63.
  • Hicken MT, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Durkee M, Jackson JS. Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. Soc Sci Med 2018;199:11-8.
  • Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. Am Behav Sci 2013;57(8):1152-73.
  • Hoberman J. Why bioethics has a race problem. Hastings Cent Rep 2016;46(2):12-8.
  • Johnstone M-J, Kanitsaki O. The neglect of racism as an ethical issue in health care. J Immigrant Minority Health 2010;12(4):489-95.
  • Ray K. Black Bioethics and How the Failures of the Profession Paved the Way for Its Existence; 2020. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2020/08/black-bioethics-and-how-the-failuresof-the-profession-paved-the-way-for-itsexistence/. Accessed May 17, 2021.
  • Ray K. Black Bioethics, Black Health, And White Mobs; 2021. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2021/01/blackbioethics-black-health-and-white-mobs/. Accessed April 13, 2021.
  • Baker RB, Washington HA, Olakanmi O, Savitt TL, Jacobs EA, Hoover E, et al. African American physicians and organized medicine, 1846-1968: origins of a racial divide. JAMA 2008;300(3):306-13.
  • Baker R. Race and Bioethics: Bioethical Engagement With a Four-Letter Subject. Am J Bioeth 2016;16(4):16-8.
  • [Uzman] MO. Hekimlik etmek hakkı. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1921;3(3):85-7.
  • [Uzman] MO. Ecnebi doktorlar. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1923;5(8):479-80.
  • [Uzman] MO. Şuun. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1925;7(1):210.
  • [Uzman] MO. Muhadenet Cemiyeti Kongresi Münasebetile. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1926;8(11):891-2.
  • Deplaude M-O. State xenophobia?” Foreign doctors” in France. Politix 2011;95(3).
  • Halioua B. La xénophobie et l’antisémitisme dans le milieu médical sous l’Occupation vus au travers du Concours Médical. M/S: médecine sciences 2003;19(1):107-15.
  • Chang P. Letter: Xenophobia and the ordeal of foreign medical graduates. Can Med Assoc J 1974;111(11):1183.
  • Bateman C. Vital foreign-qualified doctors face xenophobia. S Afr Med J 2011;101(11):788, 90, 92.
  • Royal College of Physicians. RCP survey uncovers years of discrimination against black, Asian and minority ethnic doctors 2020. Available at: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/rcp-urveyuncovers-years-discrimination-againstblack-asian-and-minority-ethnic-doctors. Accessed May 24, 2021.
  • Byrd WM, Clayton LA. Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: a historical survey. J Natl Med Assoc 2001;93(3 Suppl):11S-34S.
  • Nuriddin A, Mooney G, White AIR. Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA. Lancet 2020;396(10256):949-51.
  • Ray K. When a doctor calls a patient a racial slur, who is hurt?; 2017. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2017/07/when-a-doctor-calls-a-patient-a-racialslur-who-is-hurt/. Accessed March 18, 2021.
  • Klugman C. Bigotry in Medicine: Legal, Yes. Ethical, No; 2019. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2019/05/bigotry-inmedicine-legal-yes-ethical-no/. Accessed April 26, 2021.
  • Brooks KC. A piece of my mind. A silent curriculum. JAMA 2015;313(19):1909-10.
  • Can B. The Criminalization of Physicians and the Delegitimization of Violence in Turkey. Med Anthropol 2016;35(6):477-88.
  • Fassin D. Humanitarian reason: a moral history of the present: University of California Press; 2011. p. 93-97.

Rethinking Xenophobia and Medical Xenophobia

Year 2022, , 458 - 473, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1086392

Abstract

With the increasing refugee population in our country, which has faced an intense wave of migration since 2011, xenophobia is increasing day by day. During the delivery of health services, the immorality of xenophobia, which grows usually by hiding behind the increasing average number of patients and unsolvable communication problems, was discussed from the perspective of the medical profession, which has ethical codes and deontology. First of all, the medical and social science literature on xenophobia, the current, historical and psychopathological background of this phenomenon, and its explicit or implicit relationship with medicine were investigated. The xenophobic attitudes and actions of physicians, who are the main actors of health care delivery all around the world, were evaluated from the perspective of medical ethics and history. In this article, the findings of the socioeconomic, political, and psychological foundations of xenophobia, its relationship and context with new racism theories, and the historical existence of medical xenophobia, which is discussed as a current phenomenon in health services, and especially in South Africa, and what it can cause today are tried to be revealed. The fact that xenophobia may arise against a vulnerable subject who is about to lose his self-respect in the society in a place and encounter, with where all kinds of identity and biographical information are of no importance except for medical reasons, not only puts all kinds of ethical contexts of the patient-physician and physician physician relationship (confidentiality, secrecy, intimacy, mutual respect, professional solidarity, courtesy, etc.) at risk but also it turns the issue into a morality one. Medicine should be practiced by the physician in a neutral space where all kinds of knowledge and identity, except for illness, are ignored.

References

  • Benveniste É. Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society: Hau Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2016. p. 599.
  • Sundstrom RR, Kim DH. Xenophobia and racism. Crit Philos Race 2014;2(1):20-45.
  • International Organisation for Migration. International migration law. N°34, Glossary on migration. Geneva: International Organisation for Migration; 2019. p. 235. Available at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2021.
  • APA Dictionary of Psychology. Available at: https://dictionary.apa.org/xenophobia. Accessed January 18, 2021.
  • Sam NMS. XENOPHOBIA 2013. Available at: https://psychologydictionary.org/xenophobia/. Accessed January 18, 2021.
  • Olowu AA. Persons in contact: a general introduction. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal 2008;16(2):1-22.
  • Ullah AA, Huque AS. Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma, vulnerabilities and human rights: Springer; 2014. p. 6.
  • Harris B. Xenophobia: A new pathology for a new South Africa. Psychopathology and social prejudice 2002:169-84.
  • Olonisakin TT, Adebayo SO. Xenophobia: scale development and validation. J Contemp Afr Stud 2021(39):1-13.
  • Peterie M, Neil D. Xenophobia towards asylum seekers: A survey of social theories. Journal of Sociology 2020;56(1):23-35.
  • APA Official Actions. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(6):726.
  • United Nations, editor World Conference against Racism (WCAR), Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance 2001. Available at: https://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf Accessed April 7, 2021.
  • Elmas FY. Irkçı İdeolojiler Zemin Değiştirirken… Dünya 2013(31):65-7.
  • Kearney R. Yabancılar, Tanrılar, Canavarlar İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2018. p. 16-21, 41-56, 87-90, 126.
  • Bauman Z. Kapımızdaki yabancılar. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2019. p. 32-34, 37-39.
  • Bansak K, Hainmueller J, Hangartner D. How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes toward asylum seekers. Science 2016;354(6309):217-22.
  • AFP. Hungary’s Orban blames foreigners, migration for coronavirus spread. 2020. Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20200313-hungary-s-pm-orbanblames-foreign-students-migration-forcoronavirus-spread. Accessed February 07, 2021.
  • Badiou A. Etik: Kötülük Kavrayışı Üzerine Bir Deneme. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2019. p. 26-31, 68-69.
  • Han BC. Psikopolitika: Neoliberalizm ve Yeni İktidar Teknikleri İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2020. p. 20.
  • Bauman Z, Donskis L. Ahlaki Körlük: Akışkan Modernlikte Duyarlılığın Yitimi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2020. p. 14.
  • Žižek S. İnsan Yüzlü Teröristler. In: Krečič J, editor. Son Gerisayım Avrupa, Mülteciler ve Sol İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2020. p. 213-30.
  • Buden B. Bir Fazla: Sofistliğe Çıkan Demokrasi. In: Krečič J, editor. Son Gerisayım Avrupa, Mülteciler ve Sol. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları; 2020. p. 116-45.
  • Sennett R. Otorite. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi; 2017. p. 16-17.24.
  • Scheler M. Hınç. İstanbul: Alfa; 2015. p. 20-65.
  • Rydgren J. The logic of xenophobia. Ration Soc 2004;16(2):123-48.
  • Goffman E. Damga: örselenmiş kimliğin idare edilişi üzerine notlar. Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık; 2020. p. 27-74.
  • Suleman S, Garber KD, Rutkow L. Xenophobia as a determinant of health: an integrative review. J Public Health Policy 2018;39(4):407-23.
  • Zihindula G, Meyer-Weitz A, Akintola O. Lived experiences of Democratic Republic of Congo refugees facing medical xenophobia in Durban, South Africa. J Asian Afr Stud 2017;52(4):458-70.
  • Crush J, Tawodzera G. Medical xenophobia: Zimbabwean access to health services in South Africa. 2011. Available at: https://samponline.org/wp-content/u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 6 / 1 0 / A c ro b a t 5 4 . p d f . Accessed March 10, 2021.
  • Crush J, Tawodzera G. Medical xenophobia and Zimbabwean migrant access to public health services in South Africa. J Ethn Migr Stud 2014;40(4):655-70.
  • Munyaneza Y, Mhlongo EM. Medical Xenophobia: The Voices of Women Refugees in Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa Glob J Health Sci 2019;11(13):25-33.
  • Chekero T, Ross FC. ‘On paper’and ‘having papers’: migrants navigating medical xenophobia and obstetric rights in South Africa. 2017. Available at: http://somatosphere.net/2017/on-paper.html/. Accessed February 2, 2021.
  • Shaeffer R. No Healing Here: Violence, Discrimination and Barriers to Health for Migrants in South Africa. 2009. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/12/07/no-healing-here/violence-discrimination-and-barriershealth-migrants-south-africa. Accessed January 7, 2021.
  • Vanyoro KP. ‘When they come, we don’t send them back’: counter-narratives of ‘medical xenophobia’in South Africa’s public health care system. Palgrave Commun 2019;5(1):1-12.
  • Adkins-Jackson PB, Legha RK, Jones KA. How to Measure Racism in Academic Health Centers. AMA J Ethics 2021;23(2):140-5.
  • Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agenor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet 2017;389(10077):1453-63.
  • Hicken MT, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Durkee M, Jackson JS. Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. Soc Sci Med 2018;199:11-8.
  • Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. Am Behav Sci 2013;57(8):1152-73.
  • Hoberman J. Why bioethics has a race problem. Hastings Cent Rep 2016;46(2):12-8.
  • Johnstone M-J, Kanitsaki O. The neglect of racism as an ethical issue in health care. J Immigrant Minority Health 2010;12(4):489-95.
  • Ray K. Black Bioethics and How the Failures of the Profession Paved the Way for Its Existence; 2020. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2020/08/black-bioethics-and-how-the-failuresof-the-profession-paved-the-way-for-itsexistence/. Accessed May 17, 2021.
  • Ray K. Black Bioethics, Black Health, And White Mobs; 2021. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2021/01/blackbioethics-black-health-and-white-mobs/. Accessed April 13, 2021.
  • Baker RB, Washington HA, Olakanmi O, Savitt TL, Jacobs EA, Hoover E, et al. African American physicians and organized medicine, 1846-1968: origins of a racial divide. JAMA 2008;300(3):306-13.
  • Baker R. Race and Bioethics: Bioethical Engagement With a Four-Letter Subject. Am J Bioeth 2016;16(4):16-8.
  • [Uzman] MO. Hekimlik etmek hakkı. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1921;3(3):85-7.
  • [Uzman] MO. Ecnebi doktorlar. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1923;5(8):479-80.
  • [Uzman] MO. Şuun. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1925;7(1):210.
  • [Uzman] MO. Muhadenet Cemiyeti Kongresi Münasebetile. İstanbul Seririyatı [Paramedikal kısım] 1926;8(11):891-2.
  • Deplaude M-O. State xenophobia?” Foreign doctors” in France. Politix 2011;95(3).
  • Halioua B. La xénophobie et l’antisémitisme dans le milieu médical sous l’Occupation vus au travers du Concours Médical. M/S: médecine sciences 2003;19(1):107-15.
  • Chang P. Letter: Xenophobia and the ordeal of foreign medical graduates. Can Med Assoc J 1974;111(11):1183.
  • Bateman C. Vital foreign-qualified doctors face xenophobia. S Afr Med J 2011;101(11):788, 90, 92.
  • Royal College of Physicians. RCP survey uncovers years of discrimination against black, Asian and minority ethnic doctors 2020. Available at: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/rcp-urveyuncovers-years-discrimination-againstblack-asian-and-minority-ethnic-doctors. Accessed May 24, 2021.
  • Byrd WM, Clayton LA. Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: a historical survey. J Natl Med Assoc 2001;93(3 Suppl):11S-34S.
  • Nuriddin A, Mooney G, White AIR. Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA. Lancet 2020;396(10256):949-51.
  • Ray K. When a doctor calls a patient a racial slur, who is hurt?; 2017. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2017/07/when-a-doctor-calls-a-patient-a-racialslur-who-is-hurt/. Accessed March 18, 2021.
  • Klugman C. Bigotry in Medicine: Legal, Yes. Ethical, No; 2019. Available at: http://www.bioethics.net/2019/05/bigotry-inmedicine-legal-yes-ethical-no/. Accessed April 26, 2021.
  • Brooks KC. A piece of my mind. A silent curriculum. JAMA 2015;313(19):1909-10.
  • Can B. The Criminalization of Physicians and the Delegitimization of Violence in Turkey. Med Anthropol 2016;35(6):477-88.
  • Fassin D. Humanitarian reason: a moral history of the present: University of California Press; 2011. p. 93-97.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Cem Hakan Başaran 0000-0002-4041-975X

Publication Date December 1, 2022
Submission Date March 11, 2022
Acceptance Date September 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Başaran, C. H. (2022). Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 20(3), 458-473. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1086392
AMA Başaran CH. Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek. TJPH. December 2022;20(3):458-473. doi:10.20518/tjph.1086392
Chicago Başaran, Cem Hakan. “Zenofobi Ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 20, no. 3 (December 2022): 458-73. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1086392.
EndNote Başaran CH (December 1, 2022) Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek. Turkish Journal of Public Health 20 3 458–473.
IEEE C. H. Başaran, “Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek”, TJPH, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 458–473, 2022, doi: 10.20518/tjph.1086392.
ISNAD Başaran, Cem Hakan. “Zenofobi Ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 20/3 (December 2022), 458-473. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1086392.
JAMA Başaran CH. Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek. TJPH. 2022;20:458–473.
MLA Başaran, Cem Hakan. “Zenofobi Ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 20, no. 3, 2022, pp. 458-73, doi:10.20518/tjph.1086392.
Vancouver Başaran CH. Zenofobi ve Medikal Zenofobi’yi Yeniden Düşünmek. TJPH. 2022;20(3):458-73.

13955                                        13956                                                             13958                                       13959                                        28911


TURKISH JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH - TURK J PUBLIC HEALTH. online-ISSN: 1304-1096 

Copyright holder Turkish Journal of Public Health. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International LicenseCreative Commons License