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Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme

Year 2012, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 174 - 188, 28.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013

Abstract

Amaç: Bu derlemenin amacı baz istasyonlarının insan sağlığına etkilerini inceleyen uluslararası ve güncel bilimsel yayınları derleyerek bu konudaki bilimsel bilgi gereksinimini karşılamaya katkıda bulunmaktır.

Yöntem: 27 Eylül 2012 tarihine dek PubMed ve Google Scholar arama motorunda “baz istasyonu”, “sağlık etkileri” anahtar sözcükleri kullanılarak bulunan yayınlar ve bu yayınların kaynakçalarından yararlanılarak elde edilen çalışmalar içinden toplam 22 orijinal araştırma makalesini derlemeye dahil edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Araştırmaların 15’inde farklı sağlık göstergeleri ile elektromanyetik alan (EMA) arasında ilişki saptandığı görülmektedir. Çalışmaların dördünde herhangi bir ilişki saptanmamış, üçünde ise kurulan hipotez tam doğrulanmamıştır. Araştırmaların 11’i baz istasyonu kaynaklı EMA’nın akut, sekizi kronik, üçü de hem akut hem kronik sağlık etkilerini incelemiştir. Altı araştırmada EMA ölçümü yapılmamış, şiddetinin dolaylı göstergesi olarak mesafe kullanılmıştır. Bir çalışmada ölçüm yapılmış ancak sağlık verileri mesafe üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmaların 12 tanesi bir kurum ya da kuruluştan finansal destek almıştır. Çalışmalardan iki tanesinin finansmanının yarısı cep telefonu firmaları tarafından yapılmıştır. Çalışmaların altı tanesi deneysel araştırma tipindedir ve üç çalışmada doz-yanıt ilişkisi bulunmaktadır.

Sonuç ve Öneriler: Araştırmalar baz istasyonun sağlık riski taşıyabileceğine ilişkin işaretler göstermektedir. Uyku bozukluğu, depresif semptomlar, baş ağrısı, baş dönmesi, konsantrasyon güçlüğü, en sık tespit edilen semptomlardır. Bu alanda yapılacak ileriye dönük izlem çalışmalarına ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Baz istasyonlarıyla ilgili sınır değerler akut etkiler göz önünde bulundurularak yapılmıştır. Uzun erimde baz istasyonu antenlerinin ışıma açısı içinde kalan kişilerde, maruz kalınan süre, baz istasyonuna olan mesafe, yayılan elektromanyetik alanın şiddeti ve kişisel vücut dirençleri ile ilişkili olarak baz istasyonlarına bağlı sağlık etkilerinin gelişme olasılığı göz önünde bulundurularak toplumun sağlığını koruyacak yaklaşımlar benimsenmelidir.

References

  • BTK. Türkiye elektronik haberleşme sektörü üç aylık pazar verileri raporu 2012 http://www.btk.gov.tr/kutuphane_ve_veri bankasi/pazar_verileri/ucaylik12_1.pdf. Erişim tarihi Ağustos 2012. 2012
  • TÜBİTAK. Elektromanyetik dalgalar ve insan sağlığı sıkça sorulan sorular ve yanıtları. http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/sandik/ gsm.pdf. Erişim tarihi Ağustos 2012. 2001
  • Röösli M, Frei P, Mohler E Hug K. Systematic review on the health effects of exposure electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations Bull World Health Organ 2010;88:887-96. radiofrequency
  • Santini R, Santini P, Danze J, Ruz PL Seigne M. Enquête sur la santé de riverains de stations relais de téléphonie mobile: I/Incidences de la distance et du sexe. Pathol Biol 2002;50:369-73.
  • Santini R, Santini P, Danze J, Ruz PL Seigne M. Enquête sur la santé de riverains de stations relais de téléphonie mobile: II/Incidences de l'âge des sujets, de la durée de leur exposition et de leur position par rapport aux antennes et autres sources électromagnétiques. Pathol Biol 2003;51:369-73.
  • Navarro E, Segura J, Portolés M Gómez- Perretta C. The microwave syndrome: a preliminary study in Spain. Electromagn BiolMed 2003;22(283):161-9.
  • Eger H, Hagen K, Lucas B, Vogel P, Voit H. Einfluss der räumlichen nähe von Mobilfunksendeanlagen krebsinzidenz. Gesellschaft 2004;17(4):326-35. die Umwelt-Medizin
  • Wolf R Wolf D. Increased incidence of cancer near a cell-phone transmitter station. Int J Cancer Prevention 2004;1(2).
  • Hutter H, Moshammer H, Wallner P Kundi M. problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations. 2006;63:307-13. sleeping Occup Environ Med
  • Abdel-Rassoul G, Abou El-Fateh O, Abou Salem M et al. Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base 2007;28(2):434-40. Neurotoxicology
  • Eltiti S, Wallace D, Ridgewell A et al. Does short-term exposure to mobile phone base station signals increase symptoms in individuals who report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields? A double-blind randomized Environmental 2007;115(11):1603-8. study. Perspectives
  • MTHR. MTHR Programme Management Committee http://www.mthr.org.uk/documents/MT HR_report_2007.pdf. Erişim tarihi Eylül 2012. 2007.
  • Blettner M, Schlehofer B, Breckenkamp J et al. Mobile phone base stations and adverse health effects: phase 1 of a population-based, crosssectional study in Germany. 2009;66(2):118-23. Environ Med
  • Berg-Beckhoff G, Blettner M, Kowall B et al. Mobile phone base stations and adverse health effects: phase 2 of a cross-sectional study with measured radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Occup Environ Med 2009;66:124-30.
  • Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Terao Y et al. Effects of short-term W-CDMA mobile phone base station exposure on women with or without mobile phone related symptoms. 2009;30(2):100-13. Bioelectromagnetics
  • Eger H Jahn M. Specific symptoms and radiation from mobile basis stations in Selbitz, Bavaria, Germany: evidence for a dose-effect relationship. umwelt medizin gesellschaft 2010;23(2):130-9.
  • Augner C Hacker G. Are people living next to mobile phone base stations more strained? Relationship of health concerns, self-estimated distance to base station, and psychological parameters. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2009;13(3):141-5.
  • Augner C, Florian M, Pauser G, Oberfeld G Hacker G. GSM base stations: short-term effects on well-being. Bioelectromagnetics 2009;30(1):73-80.
  • Augner C, Hacker G, Oberfeld G et al. Effects of Exposure to GSM Mobile Phone Base Station Signals on Salivary Cortisol, Alpha-Amylase, and Immunoglobulin A. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2010;23:199-207.
  • Elliott P, Toledano M, Bennett J et al. Mobile phone base stations and early childhood cancers: case-control study. BMJ 2010;340:c3077.
  • DMF. German Mobile Telecommunication Research http://www.rfcom.ca/new/German%20M obile%20Telecommunication%20Researc h%20Programme%20SSK%20Statement %20Aug08.pdf. Erişim tarihi Eylül 2012.
  • Dode A, Leao M, Tejo F et al. Mortality by neoplasia and cellular telephone base stations municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Belo Horizonte International Journal of
  • Eskander E, SF Estefan Abd-Rabou A. How does long term exposure to base stations and mobile phones affect human hormone profiles? Clinical Biochemistry 2012;45(1- 2):157-61.
  • Valberg P, Deventer Tv Repacholi M. Workgroup report: base stations and wireless networks-radiofrequency (RF) exposures and health consequences. Environ 2007;115(3):416-24. Perspect
  • WHO. Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones fact sheet N 193 June http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factshe ets/fs193/en/. 2011.
  • Kundi M Hutter H. Mobile phone base stations-effects on wellbeing and health. Pathophysiology 2009;16:123-35.
  • Röösli M. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and non-specific symptoms of ill health: A systematic review. Environmental Research 2008;107:277- 87.
  • Röösli M Hug K. Wireless communication fields and non-specific symptoms of ill health: a literature review. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011;161(9-10):240-50.
  • Khurana V, Hardell L, Everaert J, Bortkiewicz A, Carlberg M, and Ahonen M. Epidemiological Evidence for a Health Risk from Mobile Phone Base Stations. Int J Occup Environ Health 2010;16:263-7. 33. ICEMS. Benevento http://www.icems.eu/docs/Resolution_O CT19_06.pdf. Erişim tarihi Temmuz 2012.
  • Türkkan A. Elektromanyetik alanlar, sağlık ve korunma. STED 2010;19(3):114- 7.
  • Durusoy R, Hassoy H Karababa A. Cep telefonu ve baz istasyonuna bağlı elektromanyetik alanın sağlığa etkileri: kansere yönelik güncel kanıtlar. STED 2010;19(6):234-46.
  • UN. Conference On Environment and Development Rio de Janeiro. 1992 http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf1 51/aconf15126-1annex1.htm. tarihi Temmuz 2012. Erişim

An update on the possible health effects of mobile phone base stations

Year 2012, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 174 - 188, 28.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013

Abstract

Objective: This study reviews the up-to-date international literature on the health impacts of mobile phone base stations. Methods: A literature search was conducted up to September 27, 2012 in PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords "base station" and "health".The references in the articles found were also used and a total of 22 original research papers were identified and included in this review.

Results: Among the studies found, 15 have detected an association between electromagnetic fields (EMF) and different health indicators. Four of the studies have not found any association and the hypothesis was not totally confirmed. Eleven of the studies have investigated the acute, 8 the chronic and three both the acute and chronic effects of base stations on health. EMF measurements were not conducted in six of the studies and distance to base stations was used as a proxy instead. One of the studies measured EMF but used distance to investigate the health impacts. Twelve of the studies had received financial support from funds or institutions. Half of the funding of two studies was from cellular phone companies. Six of the studies were experimental and three of these found a dose-response relationship.

Conclusions: Studies are showing signs of possible health risks due to base stations. Sleep disorders, depressive symptoms, headache, dizziness, concentration difficultie are the most frequently identified symptoms. There is need for prospective studies in this field. The international limit values regarding base stations are based on acute effects. In the long run, people living in the radiation angle of the phone masts may develop health problems depending on the time exposed, distance to base stations, the level of the EMF and their somatic resistance. In view of these possibilities, a protective approach towards community health should be adopted.

References

  • BTK. Türkiye elektronik haberleşme sektörü üç aylık pazar verileri raporu 2012 http://www.btk.gov.tr/kutuphane_ve_veri bankasi/pazar_verileri/ucaylik12_1.pdf. Erişim tarihi Ağustos 2012. 2012
  • TÜBİTAK. Elektromanyetik dalgalar ve insan sağlığı sıkça sorulan sorular ve yanıtları. http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/sandik/ gsm.pdf. Erişim tarihi Ağustos 2012. 2001
  • Röösli M, Frei P, Mohler E Hug K. Systematic review on the health effects of exposure electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations Bull World Health Organ 2010;88:887-96. radiofrequency
  • Santini R, Santini P, Danze J, Ruz PL Seigne M. Enquête sur la santé de riverains de stations relais de téléphonie mobile: I/Incidences de la distance et du sexe. Pathol Biol 2002;50:369-73.
  • Santini R, Santini P, Danze J, Ruz PL Seigne M. Enquête sur la santé de riverains de stations relais de téléphonie mobile: II/Incidences de l'âge des sujets, de la durée de leur exposition et de leur position par rapport aux antennes et autres sources électromagnétiques. Pathol Biol 2003;51:369-73.
  • Navarro E, Segura J, Portolés M Gómez- Perretta C. The microwave syndrome: a preliminary study in Spain. Electromagn BiolMed 2003;22(283):161-9.
  • Eger H, Hagen K, Lucas B, Vogel P, Voit H. Einfluss der räumlichen nähe von Mobilfunksendeanlagen krebsinzidenz. Gesellschaft 2004;17(4):326-35. die Umwelt-Medizin
  • Wolf R Wolf D. Increased incidence of cancer near a cell-phone transmitter station. Int J Cancer Prevention 2004;1(2).
  • Hutter H, Moshammer H, Wallner P Kundi M. problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations. 2006;63:307-13. sleeping Occup Environ Med
  • Abdel-Rassoul G, Abou El-Fateh O, Abou Salem M et al. Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base 2007;28(2):434-40. Neurotoxicology
  • Eltiti S, Wallace D, Ridgewell A et al. Does short-term exposure to mobile phone base station signals increase symptoms in individuals who report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields? A double-blind randomized Environmental 2007;115(11):1603-8. study. Perspectives
  • MTHR. MTHR Programme Management Committee http://www.mthr.org.uk/documents/MT HR_report_2007.pdf. Erişim tarihi Eylül 2012. 2007.
  • Blettner M, Schlehofer B, Breckenkamp J et al. Mobile phone base stations and adverse health effects: phase 1 of a population-based, crosssectional study in Germany. 2009;66(2):118-23. Environ Med
  • Berg-Beckhoff G, Blettner M, Kowall B et al. Mobile phone base stations and adverse health effects: phase 2 of a cross-sectional study with measured radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Occup Environ Med 2009;66:124-30.
  • Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Terao Y et al. Effects of short-term W-CDMA mobile phone base station exposure on women with or without mobile phone related symptoms. 2009;30(2):100-13. Bioelectromagnetics
  • Eger H Jahn M. Specific symptoms and radiation from mobile basis stations in Selbitz, Bavaria, Germany: evidence for a dose-effect relationship. umwelt medizin gesellschaft 2010;23(2):130-9.
  • Augner C Hacker G. Are people living next to mobile phone base stations more strained? Relationship of health concerns, self-estimated distance to base station, and psychological parameters. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2009;13(3):141-5.
  • Augner C, Florian M, Pauser G, Oberfeld G Hacker G. GSM base stations: short-term effects on well-being. Bioelectromagnetics 2009;30(1):73-80.
  • Augner C, Hacker G, Oberfeld G et al. Effects of Exposure to GSM Mobile Phone Base Station Signals on Salivary Cortisol, Alpha-Amylase, and Immunoglobulin A. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2010;23:199-207.
  • Elliott P, Toledano M, Bennett J et al. Mobile phone base stations and early childhood cancers: case-control study. BMJ 2010;340:c3077.
  • DMF. German Mobile Telecommunication Research http://www.rfcom.ca/new/German%20M obile%20Telecommunication%20Researc h%20Programme%20SSK%20Statement %20Aug08.pdf. Erişim tarihi Eylül 2012.
  • Dode A, Leao M, Tejo F et al. Mortality by neoplasia and cellular telephone base stations municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Belo Horizonte International Journal of
  • Eskander E, SF Estefan Abd-Rabou A. How does long term exposure to base stations and mobile phones affect human hormone profiles? Clinical Biochemistry 2012;45(1- 2):157-61.
  • Valberg P, Deventer Tv Repacholi M. Workgroup report: base stations and wireless networks-radiofrequency (RF) exposures and health consequences. Environ 2007;115(3):416-24. Perspect
  • WHO. Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones fact sheet N 193 June http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factshe ets/fs193/en/. 2011.
  • Kundi M Hutter H. Mobile phone base stations-effects on wellbeing and health. Pathophysiology 2009;16:123-35.
  • Röösli M. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and non-specific symptoms of ill health: A systematic review. Environmental Research 2008;107:277- 87.
  • Röösli M Hug K. Wireless communication fields and non-specific symptoms of ill health: a literature review. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011;161(9-10):240-50.
  • Khurana V, Hardell L, Everaert J, Bortkiewicz A, Carlberg M, and Ahonen M. Epidemiological Evidence for a Health Risk from Mobile Phone Base Stations. Int J Occup Environ Health 2010;16:263-7. 33. ICEMS. Benevento http://www.icems.eu/docs/Resolution_O CT19_06.pdf. Erişim tarihi Temmuz 2012.
  • Türkkan A. Elektromanyetik alanlar, sağlık ve korunma. STED 2010;19(3):114- 7.
  • Durusoy R, Hassoy H Karababa A. Cep telefonu ve baz istasyonuna bağlı elektromanyetik alanın sağlığa etkileri: kansere yönelik güncel kanıtlar. STED 2010;19(6):234-46.
  • UN. Conference On Environment and Development Rio de Janeiro. 1992 http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf1 51/aconf15126-1annex1.htm. tarihi Temmuz 2012. Erişim
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis
Authors

Hür Hassoy

Raika Durusoy

Ali Karababa This is me

Publication Date December 28, 2012
Submission Date December 12, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Hassoy, H., Durusoy, R., & Karababa, A. (2012). Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 10(3), 174-188. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013
AMA Hassoy H, Durusoy R, Karababa A. Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme. TJPH. December 2012;10(3):174-188. doi:10.20518/tjph.173013
Chicago Hassoy, Hür, Raika Durusoy, and Ali Karababa. “Baz istasyonlarının Olası sağlık Etkilerine ilişkin Bir güncelleme”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 10, no. 3 (December 2012): 174-88. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013.
EndNote Hassoy H, Durusoy R, Karababa A (December 1, 2012) Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme. Turkish Journal of Public Health 10 3 174–188.
IEEE H. Hassoy, R. Durusoy, and A. Karababa, “Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme”, TJPH, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 174–188, 2012, doi: 10.20518/tjph.173013.
ISNAD Hassoy, Hür et al. “Baz istasyonlarının Olası sağlık Etkilerine ilişkin Bir güncelleme”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 10/3 (December 2012), 174-188. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013.
JAMA Hassoy H, Durusoy R, Karababa A. Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme. TJPH. 2012;10:174–188.
MLA Hassoy, Hür et al. “Baz istasyonlarının Olası sağlık Etkilerine ilişkin Bir güncelleme”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 10, no. 3, 2012, pp. 174-88, doi:10.20518/tjph.173013.
Vancouver Hassoy H, Durusoy R, Karababa A. Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme. TJPH. 2012;10(3):174-88.

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