Doğrudan Ekim ve Su Basılmayan Kışlık Çeltikte Daha İyi Yabancı Ot Kontrolü için Yaprak Sonrası Herbisitlerin Tank Karışım Oranlarının Etkinliği ve Pirinç Fitotoksisitesi

Abstract

Farklı kimyasal gruplardan herbisitlerin tank karışımı, tek veya ardışık uygulamalara kıyasla çeşitli yabancı ot popülasyonlarının kontrolünü geliştirir. Her ne kadar az sayıda tescilli (ticari hazır karışım) herbisit mevcut olsa da, sayıları hala sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle çalışma, toprak işlemesiz ve su basılmayan çeltik ekim (NT NPT) koşullarında yabancı ot kontrolü için çeşitli yaprak sonrası herbisit tank karışım oranlarının etkinliğini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Deneme, beş farklı yaprak sonrası herbisitten (penoksulam, pirazosülfüron etil, 2,4-D amin, bispiribak sodyum, etoksilsülfüron) ve bir tescilli herbisit olan triafamon (%20) artı etoksilsülfüron (%10)'dan hazırlanan 20 tank karışım oranından oluşmuştur. Deneme, 3 tekerrürlü tam şansa bağlı blok desenine göre yürütülmüştür. Farklı yaprak sonrası herbisitlerin tank karışım oranları, yabancı ot enfestasyonunu etkili bir şekilde azaltarak ve dolayısıyla bitkilerle rekabeti en aza indirgeyerek, kışlık çeltiğin büyümesini, verim özelliklerini ve genel verimini önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. En düşük yabancı ot kuru ağırlığına (sırasıyla 60 ve 75 GÜE'de 0.30 g m⁻²), yaprak sonrası herbisitler penoksulam ve etoksilsülfüronun 2:3 oranında uygulandığı parsellerde ulaşılmıştır. Aynı uygulama, en uzun bitki boyunu (101 cm), ocak başına en yüksek toplam kardeş sayısını (16,33), ocak başına etkili kardeş sayısını (14.0), başak başına tane sayısını (139) ve tane verimini (6,70 t ha⁻¹) sağlamıştır. En düşük tane verimi (5,03 t ha⁻¹) ise penoksulam ve 2,4-D aminin 2:3 oranında tank karışımı yapıldığı parselden elde edilmiştir. Bulgular, toprak işlemesiz ve su basılmayan koşullarda yetiştirilen kışlık çeltikte, penoksulam ve etoksilsülfüron herbisitlerinin 2:3 tank karışım oranında uygulanmasının, üstün yabancı ot kontrolü sağladığını ve tane verimini maksimize ettiğini göstermektedir. Ancak, bu sonuçlar bir sezona ve bir lokasyona dayandığından, farklı çevre ve sezonlarda doğrulanması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Tank karışım herbisitleri
• tescilli herbisitler
• sıfır toprak işleme
• yaprak sonrası
• fitotoksisite

Efficacy and Rice Phytotoxicity of Tank-mix Ratios of Post-emergence Herbicides for better Weed Control in No-till Non-puddled Transplanted Winter Rice

Abstract

Tank mixing of herbicides from different chemical groups offers enhanced control of diverse weed populations relative to single or sequential applications. Although few proprietary herbicides (commercially ready-mix) are available, their number remains limited. The study was therefore aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various tank-mix ratios of post-emergence herbicides to control rice weeds under no till, non-puddled transplant (NT NPT) condition. The treatment comprised 20 tank-mix ratios prepared from five different post-emergence herbicides (penoxsulam, pyrazosulfuron ethyl, 2, 4-D amine, bispyribac sodium, ethoxysulfuron) and one proprietary herbicide triafamone (20%) plus ethoxysulfuron (10%). The trial followed a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Tank-mix ratios of different post-emergence herbicides significantly influence the growth, yield attributes, and overall yield of winter rice by effectively reducing weed infestation and, consequently, minimizing competition with the crop plants. The lowest weed dry weight (0.30 g m-2 at both 60 and 75 DAT, respectively) was observed in the plot where the post-emergence herbicides penoxsulam and ethoxysulfuron were applied at 2:3 ratio. The same treatment also gave the tallest plant (101 cm), highest number of total tillers hill-1 (16.33), effective tillers hill-1 (14.0), number of grains panicle-1 (139), and grain yield (6.70 t ha-1). The lowest grain yield (5.03 t ha⁻¹) was obtained from the plot where penoxsulam and 2,4-D amine were tank-mixed at a 2:3 ratio. The findings suggest that applying post-emergence herbicides penoxsulam and ethoxysulfuron at 2:3 tank-mix ratio provides superior weed control and maximizes grain yield in winter rice in no till non-puddled condition. However, as these findings are based on one season and one location, further validation under diverse environments and seasons is necessary.

Keywords

• Tank-mix herbicides
• proprietary herbicides
• zero tillage
• post-emergence
• phytotoxicity

References

1. Ahmed, S., Alam, M., Awan, D. T., & Chauhan, B. (2020). Effect of application timings and tank mixture of herbicides on weed suppression, crop growth and yield of wheat. 214-229. https://doi.org/10.26655/JRWEEDSCI.2020.2.8
2. Aktar, W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
3. Al-Mamun, M. A., Shultana, R., Bhuiyan, M. K. A., Mridha, A. J., & Mazid, A. (2011). Economic weed management options in winter rice. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 17(4), 323-33.
4. Barbieri, G. F., Young, B. G., Dayan, F. E., Streibig, J. C., Takano, H. K., Merotto, A., & Avila, L. A. (2022). Herbicide mixtures: Interactions and modeling. Advances in Weed Science, 40(spe1), e020220051. https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2022;40:seventy- five011.
5. Bhuiyan, M. R., Rashid, M. M., Roy, D., Karmakar, B., Hossain, M. M., & Khan, M. A. I. (2015).
6. Sound weed management options for sustainable crop production. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 21(1), 59-70.
7. BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute). (2020). Annual report for 2019 (pp. 28-35).
8. Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute.

9. Busari, M. A., Kukal, S. S., Kaur, A., Bhatt, R., & Dulazi, A. A. (2015). Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002
10. Das, T., Banerjee, M., Malik, G., & Mandal, B. (2017). Efficacy of herbicides against weeds in transplanted wet season rice (Oryza sativa L.). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10, 01-03. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1005010103
11. Diggle, A. J., Neve, P. B., & Smith, F. P. (2003). Herbicides used in combination can reduce the probability of herbicide resistance in finite weed populations. Weed Research, 43(5), 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00355.x
12. Gandini, E. M. M., Costa, E. S. P., dos Santos, J. B., Soares, M. A., Barroso, G. M., Corrêa, J. M., Carvalho, A. G., & Zanuncio, J. C. (2020). Compatibility of pesticides and/or fertilizers in tank mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 122152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122152
13. Ghosh, D., Singh, U. P., Brahmachari, K., Singh, N. K., & Das, A. (2017). An integrated approach to weed management practices in direct-seeded rice under zero-tilled rice-wheat cropping system. International Journal of Pest Management, 63(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2016.1213460
14. Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. Hakim, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Karim, S. M. R., Khan, M. S. I., Islam, M. S., Choudhury,M. K., Soufan, W., Alharby, H., Bamagoos, A., Iqbal, M. A., Hnilicka, F., Kubes, J., Habib Ur Rahman, M., Saud, S., Hassan, M. M., & EL Sabagh, A. (2021). Effectiveness of herbicide to control rice weeds in diverse saline environments. Sustainability, 13(4), Article 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042053
15. Haque, M. E., & Bell, R. W. (2019). Partially mechanized non-puddled rice establishment: On-farm performance and farmers’ perceptions. Plant Production Science, 22(1), 23-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2018.1564335
16. Hobbs, P., Sayre, K., & Gupta, R. (2007). The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2169
17. Hossain, A., Islam, A. K. M. M., Rahman, M. W., Anwar, M. P. (2025). Efficacy and rice phytotoxicity of different tank-mix ratios of pre- emergence herbicide in boro rice under zero till non-puddled condition. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, 10(1): 326- _332. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.265015
18. Ibrahim, A., & Jimin, A. (2023). Effect of single and tank-mix of selected herbicides on weed control and yield of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Lafia, Nasarawa State of Nigeria. Agricultural Science and Technology, 15, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.01.005
19. Islam, A. K. M. S., Hossain, M. M., & Saleque, M. A. (2014). Effect of unpuddled transplanting on the growth and yield of dry season rice (Oryza sativa L.) in high Barind tract. The Agriculturists, 12(2), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21736
20. Islam, A. K. M. M., Said, M. A., Rhaman, M., Jahan, I., Yeasmin, S., Hasan, M., Motmainna, M., & Anwar, M. P. (2024). Weed response to different tank-mix herbicide combinations and its impact on winter rice performance in zero till non-puddled condition. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, 9(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.227330
21. Khan, T. A., & Tarique, M. H. (2011). Effects of weeding regime on the yield and yield contributing characters of transplant aman rice. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Technology, 7(11), 11-14.
22. Khavanekar, O., Jadhav, M., More, V., Bodake, P., Jagtap, D., Meshram, N., Kadam, J., Thorat, A., & Kale, V. (2024). Evaluate the effect of different post emergence herbicides on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 7(1), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.33545/2618060X.2024.v7.i1c.206
23. Lancaster, Z. D., Norsworthy, J. K., Scott, R. C., Gbur, E. E., & Norman, R. J. (2019). Evaluation of quizalofop tank-mixtures for quizalofop-resistant rice. Crop Protection, 116, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.10.004
24. Liu, R., Effertz, I., Lambert, T., Jhala, A., & Kumar, V. (2021). Effect of tank-mixing glyphosate, dicamba, and graminicides on grass weed control in Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8090
25. MaaziKajal, V., Yaghoubi, B., Farahpour, A., Mehrpouyan, M., & Vahedi, A. (2013). Comparison of the efficacy of penoxsulam with some common paddy rice herbicides. Cereal Research, 2(3), 223-235.
26. Madhukumar, V., Murthy, K. K., Sanjay, M. T., Prashanth, R., & Sunil, C. M. (2013). Economics and crop weed competition for nutrients in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by weed control practices. Plt. Archives, 13(2), 731-734.
27. Mathew, R. (2013). Comparative efficacy of penoxsulam and pyrazosulfuron ethyl for weed control in direct-seeded puddle rice (Oryza sativa). The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 83(12), 1420-1422. https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/35977
28. Matzenbacher, F., Kalsing, A., Dalazen, G., Markus, C., & Merotto, A. (2015). Antagonism is the predominant effect of herbicide mixtures used for imidazolinone-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control. Planta Daninha, 33, 587-597. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582015000300021
29. Okafor, C. O. (1986). The chemistry and applications of angular phenothiazine derivatives. Dyes and Pigments, 7(4), 249-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-7208(86)85013-6
30. Pacanoski, Z., & Glatkova, G. (2009). The use of herbicides for weed control in direct wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rice production regions in the Republic of Macedonia. Plant Protection Science, 45(3), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.17221/4/2008-PPS
31. Pradhan, D. D., Rawal, S., Bali, A., Dhaka, A. K., Asif, M., & Purohit, N. N. (2023). Impact of pre and post-emergence herbicide mixtures in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(12), 1240-1252. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123787
32. Pradhan, D., Rawal, S., Asif, M., Behera, S., Panda, U., & Simran. (2024). Effect of zero tillage and different weed management practices in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indo Gangetic plains: A review. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 30, 543-557. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i62071 Pratap Singh, V., Singh, S., Dhyani, V., Banga, A., Kumar, A., Satyawali, K., & Bisht, N. (2016).
33. Weed management in direct-seeded rice. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 48(3), 233. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2016.00059.9
34. Reddy, T. V., Menon, M. V., Sindhu tank mix herbicides in wet-seeded rice. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 53(2), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2021.00023.X, P. V., & Rani, P. S. (2021).
35. Saharawat, Y. (2023). Tillage and crop establishment affects sustainability of South Asian rice- wheat system. Agronomy Journal. https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONJ2010.0394
36. Saikia, N., Singh, M. K., Aakash, Lakshmi, D. U., Nithinkumar, K., Bagrecha, S., Biswakarma, N., Bhatt, K., Ali, S. A., & Kumar, V. (2024). Performance of post-emergence herbicide combinations on weed management and crop yield in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i13812
37. Shrestha, A., Anwar, M. P., Islam, A. M., Gurung, T., Dhakal, S., Tanveer, A., Javaid, M. M., Nadeem, M., & Ikram, N. A. (2021). Weed science as a new discipline and its status in some South Asian universities and colleges: Examples from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. CABI Reviews, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116017
38. Yadav, D. B., Yadav, A., Vats, A. K., Gill, G., & Malik, R. K. (2021). Direct seeded rice in sequence with zero-tillage wheat in north-western India: Addressing system-based sustainability issues. SN Applied Sciences, 3(11), 844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04827-7