Altunışık, M. B. (1996), A Rentier State’s Response to Oil Crisis: Economic Reform Policies in Libya, Arab Studies Quarterly, 18 (4), pp. 49-63.
Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Rentier State Theory and the Arab Uprisings: An Appraisal, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11 (42), pp. 75-91.
Anderson, L. (1987). The State in the Middle East and North Africa, Comparative Politics, 20 (1), pp. 1-18.
Anderson, L. (1991). Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, 106 (1), pp. 1-15.
Anderson, L. (2006). Searching Where the Light Shines: Studying Democratization in the Middle East, Annual Review of Political Science, 9, pp. 189-214.
Aras, B. and Falk, R. (2015). Authoritarian ‘geopolitics’ of survival in the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 36 (2), pp. 322-336.
Aras, B. and Yorulmazlar, E. (2016), State, region and order: geopolitics of the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 37 (12), pp. 2259-2273.
Ataöv, T. (1975). Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring, Comperative Politics, 44 (2), pp. 127-149.
Bhaskar, R. (1998), The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. London: Routledge.
Bhaskar, R. (2008), A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (1995). Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives on Arab Liberalization and Democratization. In Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (Eds.). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol.1: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 3-27). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Burnell, P. (1998). Arrivals and departures: A preliminary classification of democratic failures and their explanation, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 36 (3), pp. 1-29
Carothers, T. (2002). The End of the Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), pp. 5-21.
Cavatorta, F. (2011). The Middle East and North Africa. In Haynes, J. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Democratization (pp. 79-93). New York: Routledge.
Engelbrekt, K. and Vagnsson, C. (2013). Introduction. In Engelbrekt, K., Mohlin, M. and Vagnsson, C. (Eds.) The NATO Intervention in Libya Lessons learned from the campaign (pp. 1-13). New York: Routledge.
Ehteshami, A. et al. (2012). Authoritarian Resilience and International Linkages in Iran and Syria. In Heydemann, S. and Leenders, R. (Ed.) Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran (pp. 222-242). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Esposito, J. L. and Piscatori, J. P. (1991). Democratization and Islam, Middle East Journal, 45 (3), pp. 427-440.
Fraihat, I. (2016). Unfinished Revolutions: Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Grunebaum, G. E. (1993). İslamiyet, vol. III, Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
Hinnebusch, R. (2006). Authoritarian Persistence, Democratization Theory, and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique, Democratization, 13 (3), pp. 373-395.
Hinnebusch, R. (2014a). Historical Sociology and the Arab Uprising, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 137-140.
Hinnebusch, R. (2014b). Towards a Historical Sociology of the Arab Uprising: Beyond Democratization and Post-Democratization. In Sadiki, L. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring Rethinking Democratization (pp. 39-50). New York: Routledge.
Hobden, S. (2002). Historical Sociology: back to the future of international relations. . In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (42-59). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hobson, J. M. (2000). The state and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hobson, J. M. (2002). What’s at stake in “bringing historical sociology back into international relations”? Transcending “chronofetishism” and “tempocentrism” in international relations. In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (3-41). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Joffe, G. (2011) The Arab Spring in North Africa: origins and prospects, The Journal of North African Studies, 16 (4), pp. 507-532.
Kavas, A. (2000).
Senussiyye Tarikatı, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 21.
Kurki, M. and Wight, C. (2013). International Relations and Social Science. In Dunne, T., Kurki, M., and Smith, S. (Eds.). International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 14-35). 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lapidus, I. M. (1999). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Layachi, A. (2013). Islam and Politics in North Africa, In Esposito, J. L. and Shahin, E. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, New York: Oxford University Press.
Mattes, H. (2008). Formal and Informal Authority in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 55-81). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
McLean, I. (1994). Democratization and economic liberalization: Which is the chicken and which is the egg?, Democratization, 1 (1), pp. 27-40.
Noueihed, L. and Warren, A. (2012). The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-revolution and the Making of a New Era. London: Yale University Press.
Obeidi, A. S. M. (2008). Political Elites in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 105-126). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Owen, R. (2004). State, Power and Politics in the Making of Modern Middle East, London: Routledge.
Kaddafi, M. (no date). Yeşil Kitap.
Ritter, D. P. (2015). The Iron Cage of Liberalism International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sadiki, L. (2000). Popular Uprisings and Arab Democratization, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (1), pp. 71-95.
Sadiki, L. (2012). Libya’s Arab Spring: The Long Road from Revolution to Democracy, International Studies, 49 (3&4), pp. 285–314.
Saouli, A. (2015). Back to the future: the Arab uprisings and state (re)formation in the Arab world, Democratization, 22 (2), pp. 315-334.
Schlumberger, O. (2000). The Arab Middle East and the question of democratization: Some critical remarks,
Democratization, 7 (4), pp. 104-132.
Schlumberger, O. (2006). Dancing with Wolves: Dilemmas of Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Contexts. In Jung, D. (Ed.). Democratization and Development (pp. 33-60). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Schlumberger, O. (2008). Structural Reform, Economic Order, and Development: Patrimonial Capitalism, Review of International Political Economy, 15 (4), pp. 622-649.
Sela, A. (2017). The Vicissitudes of the Arab States System: From its Emergence to the Arab Spring, India Quarterly, 73 (2), pp. 145–179.
Sorensen, G. (2007). Democracy and Democratization: Processes and Prospects in a Changing World. Third Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
St John, R. B. (2008). The Libyan Economy in Transition Opportunities and Challenges. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 127-151). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
St John, R. B. (2013). Libya’s Authoritarian Tradition. In Jebnoun, N., Kia, M. and Kirk, M. (Eds.). Modern Middle East Authoritarianism Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis (pp. 123-141). New York: Routledge.
Talani, L. S. (2014). The Arab Spring in the Global Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, W. C. (2014). Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East Analysis from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Vandewalle, D. (2008). Libya’s Revolution in Perspective: 1969–2000. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 9-53). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Valbjorn, M. and Bank, A. (2010). Examining the ‘Post’ in Post- Democratization: The Future of Middle Eastern Political Rule through Lenses of the Past, Middle East Critique, 19 (3), pp. 183-200.
Valbjorn, M. (2012). Upgrading Post-democratization Studies: Examining a Re-politicized Arab World in a Transition to Somewhere, Middle East Critique, 21 (1), pp. 25-35.
Valbjorn, M. (2014). Three Ways of Revisiting the (post-)Democratization Debate After the Arab Uprisings, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 157-160.
Volpi, F. (2013). Explaining (and re-explaining) political change in the Middle East during the Arab Spring: trajectories of democratization and of authoritarianism in the Maghreb, Democratization, 20 (6), pp. 969-990.
Vandewalle, D. (2012). A History of Modern Libya. Second Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wight, C. (2006). Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yergin, D. (1999). Petrol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
A Historical Sociology Perspective on the Legacy of State Formation and Dynamics of the Arab Spring in Libya: From Elusive Authority of Qadhafi to Masses Craving for Democracy
This study aims to question the appropriateness of ‘transition to democracy’ paradigm in the Arab Spring context with a specific focus on Libya. Arguing that the real problematique lies at the meta-theoretical level, the assumptions and the empirical incongruities of democratisation and post-democratisation perspectives will be elaborated on. With a historical and social minded analysis, the political developments in Libya will be approached with a historical sociology perspective complemented with political economy of regime security. The interaction within the state-society complex in the framework of complex relationship with regional/international level dynamics will be given a specific focus and unlike deterministic-teleological and reductionist democratization/post-democratization perspectives, the answer for the question ‘what happened politically in Libya during the Arab Spring’ will be searched.
Altunışık, M. B. (1996), A Rentier State’s Response to Oil Crisis: Economic Reform Policies in Libya, Arab Studies Quarterly, 18 (4), pp. 49-63.
Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Rentier State Theory and the Arab Uprisings: An Appraisal, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11 (42), pp. 75-91.
Anderson, L. (1987). The State in the Middle East and North Africa, Comparative Politics, 20 (1), pp. 1-18.
Anderson, L. (1991). Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, 106 (1), pp. 1-15.
Anderson, L. (2006). Searching Where the Light Shines: Studying Democratization in the Middle East, Annual Review of Political Science, 9, pp. 189-214.
Aras, B. and Falk, R. (2015). Authoritarian ‘geopolitics’ of survival in the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 36 (2), pp. 322-336.
Aras, B. and Yorulmazlar, E. (2016), State, region and order: geopolitics of the Arab Spring, Third World Quarterly, 37 (12), pp. 2259-2273.
Ataöv, T. (1975). Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring, Comperative Politics, 44 (2), pp. 127-149.
Bhaskar, R. (1998), The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. London: Routledge.
Bhaskar, R. (2008), A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (1995). Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives on Arab Liberalization and Democratization. In Brynen, R., Korany, B. and Noble, P. (Eds.). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol.1: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 3-27). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Burnell, P. (1998). Arrivals and departures: A preliminary classification of democratic failures and their explanation, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 36 (3), pp. 1-29
Carothers, T. (2002). The End of the Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, 13 (1), pp. 5-21.
Cavatorta, F. (2011). The Middle East and North Africa. In Haynes, J. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Democratization (pp. 79-93). New York: Routledge.
Engelbrekt, K. and Vagnsson, C. (2013). Introduction. In Engelbrekt, K., Mohlin, M. and Vagnsson, C. (Eds.) The NATO Intervention in Libya Lessons learned from the campaign (pp. 1-13). New York: Routledge.
Ehteshami, A. et al. (2012). Authoritarian Resilience and International Linkages in Iran and Syria. In Heydemann, S. and Leenders, R. (Ed.) Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran (pp. 222-242). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Esposito, J. L. and Piscatori, J. P. (1991). Democratization and Islam, Middle East Journal, 45 (3), pp. 427-440.
Fraihat, I. (2016). Unfinished Revolutions: Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Grunebaum, G. E. (1993). İslamiyet, vol. III, Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
Hinnebusch, R. (2006). Authoritarian Persistence, Democratization Theory, and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique, Democratization, 13 (3), pp. 373-395.
Hinnebusch, R. (2014a). Historical Sociology and the Arab Uprising, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 137-140.
Hinnebusch, R. (2014b). Towards a Historical Sociology of the Arab Uprising: Beyond Democratization and Post-Democratization. In Sadiki, L. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring Rethinking Democratization (pp. 39-50). New York: Routledge.
Hobden, S. (2002). Historical Sociology: back to the future of international relations. . In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (42-59). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hobson, J. M. (2000). The state and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hobson, J. M. (2002). What’s at stake in “bringing historical sociology back into international relations”? Transcending “chronofetishism” and “tempocentrism” in international relations. In Hobden, S. and Hobson, J. M. (Eds.). Historical Sociology of International Relations (3-41). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Joffe, G. (2011) The Arab Spring in North Africa: origins and prospects, The Journal of North African Studies, 16 (4), pp. 507-532.
Kavas, A. (2000).
Senussiyye Tarikatı, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 21.
Kurki, M. and Wight, C. (2013). International Relations and Social Science. In Dunne, T., Kurki, M., and Smith, S. (Eds.). International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 14-35). 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lapidus, I. M. (1999). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Layachi, A. (2013). Islam and Politics in North Africa, In Esposito, J. L. and Shahin, E. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, New York: Oxford University Press.
Mattes, H. (2008). Formal and Informal Authority in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 55-81). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
McLean, I. (1994). Democratization and economic liberalization: Which is the chicken and which is the egg?, Democratization, 1 (1), pp. 27-40.
Noueihed, L. and Warren, A. (2012). The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-revolution and the Making of a New Era. London: Yale University Press.
Obeidi, A. S. M. (2008). Political Elites in Libya since 1969. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 105-126). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Owen, R. (2004). State, Power and Politics in the Making of Modern Middle East, London: Routledge.
Kaddafi, M. (no date). Yeşil Kitap.
Ritter, D. P. (2015). The Iron Cage of Liberalism International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sadiki, L. (2000). Popular Uprisings and Arab Democratization, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (1), pp. 71-95.
Sadiki, L. (2012). Libya’s Arab Spring: The Long Road from Revolution to Democracy, International Studies, 49 (3&4), pp. 285–314.
Saouli, A. (2015). Back to the future: the Arab uprisings and state (re)formation in the Arab world, Democratization, 22 (2), pp. 315-334.
Schlumberger, O. (2000). The Arab Middle East and the question of democratization: Some critical remarks,
Democratization, 7 (4), pp. 104-132.
Schlumberger, O. (2006). Dancing with Wolves: Dilemmas of Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Contexts. In Jung, D. (Ed.). Democratization and Development (pp. 33-60). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Schlumberger, O. (2008). Structural Reform, Economic Order, and Development: Patrimonial Capitalism, Review of International Political Economy, 15 (4), pp. 622-649.
Sela, A. (2017). The Vicissitudes of the Arab States System: From its Emergence to the Arab Spring, India Quarterly, 73 (2), pp. 145–179.
Sorensen, G. (2007). Democracy and Democratization: Processes and Prospects in a Changing World. Third Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
St John, R. B. (2008). The Libyan Economy in Transition Opportunities and Challenges. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 127-151). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
St John, R. B. (2013). Libya’s Authoritarian Tradition. In Jebnoun, N., Kia, M. and Kirk, M. (Eds.). Modern Middle East Authoritarianism Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis (pp. 123-141). New York: Routledge.
Talani, L. S. (2014). The Arab Spring in the Global Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, W. C. (2014). Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East Analysis from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Vandewalle, D. (2008). Libya’s Revolution in Perspective: 1969–2000. In Vandewalle, D. (Ed.). Libya since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited (pp. 9-53). New York: Palgrave MACMILLAN.
Valbjorn, M. and Bank, A. (2010). Examining the ‘Post’ in Post- Democratization: The Future of Middle Eastern Political Rule through Lenses of the Past, Middle East Critique, 19 (3), pp. 183-200.
Valbjorn, M. (2012). Upgrading Post-democratization Studies: Examining a Re-politicized Arab World in a Transition to Somewhere, Middle East Critique, 21 (1), pp. 25-35.
Valbjorn, M. (2014). Three Ways of Revisiting the (post-)Democratization Debate After the Arab Uprisings, Mediterranean Politics, 19 (1), pp. 157-160.
Volpi, F. (2013). Explaining (and re-explaining) political change in the Middle East during the Arab Spring: trajectories of democratization and of authoritarianism in the Maghreb, Democratization, 20 (6), pp. 969-990.
Vandewalle, D. (2012). A History of Modern Libya. Second Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wight, C. (2006). Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yergin, D. (1999). Petrol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Bilgenoğlu, A., & Mengüaslan, H. (2020). A Historical Sociology Perspective on the Legacy of State Formation and Dynamics of the Arab Spring in Libya: From Elusive Authority of Qadhafi to Masses Craving for Democracy. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 203-234. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.654039