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Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 83 - 107, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301

Abstract

Sovyetler Birliği Soğuk Savaş döneminde Ortadoğu’da önemli bir nüfuz alanı oluşturmayı başarmış, ancak Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla birlikte 1990’larda Rusya hızla Ortadoğu’daki nüfuzunu kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Rusya’nın bölgede tekrar önemli bir aktöre dönüşme süreci ise 2010’larda gerçekleşmiştir. Moskova’nın Suriye’deki iç savaşa yönelik politikası Rusya’nın hem Suriye’deki nüfuzunu artırmış hem de Ortadoğu’daki gelişmelere daha aktif müdahil olmasını sağlamıştır. Rusya’nın son yıllarda Ortadoğu’da artan nüfuzu Sovyetler Birliği döneminde de olduğu gibi büyük oranda askeri araçlar ile sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’daki nüfuzunun en önemli göstergesi olan bölgedeki askeri varlığı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Ortadoğu’ya dönüş sürecinin başarısını değerlendirmek amacıyla Rusya’nın bölgedeki askeri nüfuzu Sovyetler Birliği’nin Soğuk Savaş döneminde sahip olduğu nüfuz ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Rusya, Sovyetler Birliği’nin Soğuk Savaş döneminde Ortadoğu’da sahip olduğu askeri nüfuza benzer bir nüfuz alanını 2010’larda büyük oranda kurmayı başarmıştır.

References

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  • Alterman, Jon B. “American Aid to Egypt in the 1950’s: From Hope to Hostility”, Middle East Journal 52, no.1 (Kış 1998): 51-69.
  • Anthony, Ian. “Economic dimensions of Soviet and Russian arms exports”, içinde Russia and the Arms Trade, ed. Ian Anthony, 71-92, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Bennett, Alexander J. “Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East”, The Middle East Journal 39, no.4 (1985): 745-774.
  • Breslauer, George W. “On Collaborative Competition”, içinde Soviet Strategy in the Middle East, ed. George W. Breslauer, 3-22, New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Cleveland, William L. ve Bunton Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East, Boulder: Westview Press, 2009.
  • Daigle, Craig A. “The Russians are Going: Sadat, Nixon and the Soviet Presence in Egypt, 1970-1971”, Middle East Review of International Affairs 8, no.1 (2004): 1-15.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. “Understanding Russia’s return to the Middle East”, International Politics 56, no.4 (2019): 726-742.
  • Dawisha, Karen. Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt, Londra: The Macmillan Press, 1979.
  • Eisenstadt, Michael ve Pollack Kenneth M. “Armies of Snow and Armies of Sand: The Impact of Soviet Military Doctrine on Arab Militaries”, Middle East Journal 55, no.4 (2001): 549-578.
  • Ginor, Isabella ve Remez, Gideon. The Soviet-Israeli War 1967-1973: The USSR’s Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Golan, Galia. Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Goldstein, Lyle J. ve Zhukov, Yuri M. “A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean”, Naval War College Review 57, no.2 (2004): 27-63.
  • Jalali, Ali A. “The Strategic Partnership of Russia and Iran”, The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 31, no.4 (2001): 98-111.
  • James, Laura M. “Military/political means/ends: Egyptian decision-making in the War of Attrition”, içinde The Cold War in the Middle East: Regional conflict and the superpowers 1967-73, ed. Nigel J. Ashton, 92-112, New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
  • Krause, Keith. “Military Statecraft: Power and Influence in Soviet and American Arms Transfer Relationships”, International Studies Quarterly 35, no.3 (1991): 313-336.
  • Lavrov, Anton. “Russia in Syria: A Military Analsis”, içinde Russia Rising: Putin’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu ve Stanislav Secrieru, 31-38, Londra: I. B. Tauris, 2021.
  • Lund, Aron. “From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations”, The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (2019).
  • Mccgwire, Michael. “The Mediterranean and Soviet naval interests”, International Journal 27, no.4 (1972): 511-527.
  • Mevlütoğlu, Arda. “Rusya: Eski Oyuncu Yeni Rol”, içinde Ortadoğu’da Güvenlik, Savunma ve Silahlanma, ed. Murat Yeşiltaş ve Rıfat Öncel, 339-384, İstanbul: SETA, 2020. Moore, Eric D. Russia-Iran Relations Since the End of the Cold War, New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Vasiliev, Alexey. Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin, New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Weinland, Robert G. “Land support for naval forces: Egypt and the Soviet Escadra 1962-1976”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 20, no.2 (1978): 73-79.
  • Wezeman, Pieter D., Kuimova, Alexandra ve Wezeman, Siemon T. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020”, SIPRI Fact Sheet (Mart 2021).
  • Yıldız, Melih. “Mısır-Rusya İlişkilerinde Askeri Boyut”, ORSAM Bakış, no. 160 (Mart 2021).
  • “5th Defenders of Friendship 2021 joint exercise of Russian and Egyptian paratroopers ends near Cairo”, Ministery of Defence of the Russian Federation, 26 Ekim 2021, Son Erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12391081@egNews.
  • Bradly, April. “Russia Completes S-300 Delivery to Iran”, Arms Control Association, Aralık 2016, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2016-11/news-briefs/russia-completes-s-300-delivery-iran.
  • Dettmer, Jamie. “Russia Expands Military Facilities in Syria”, Voice of America, 12 Mayıs 2021, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_russia-expands-military-facilities-syria/6205742.html.
  • “Egypt, Russia sign military, security cooperation protocol”, Egypt Today, 26 Ağustos 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/107242/Egypt-Russia-sign-military-security-cooperation-protocol.
  • Grove, Thomas ve Solomon, Erika. “Russia boosts arms sales to Syria despite world pressure”, Reuters, 21 Şubat 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-russia-arms-idUSTRE81K13420120221.
  • “Joint Egyptian-Russian naval exercise “Friendship Bridge-4” kicks off in the Mediterranean”, Egypt Today, 6 Aralık 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021 https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/110596/Joint-Egyptian-Russian-naval-exercise-%E2%80%9CFriendship-Bridge-4%E2%80%9D-kicks-off.
  • “Mediterranean Eskadra”, Federation of American Scientists, 7 Eylül 2000, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/mf-med.htm.
  • “Russia to become Iraq’s second-biggest arms supplier”, BBC, 9 Ekim 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19881858.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports from Russia, 1992-2020”, Son erişim: 6 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports from Soviet Union, 1955-1991”, Son erişim: 27 Kasım 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports to Egypt, 1992-2020”, Son erişim: 8 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports to Iraq, 2004-2020”, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • “Upper house ratifies Russian-Egyptian strategic cooperation treaty”, TASS, 26 Temmuz 2019, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://tass.com/world/1070519.
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 83 - 107, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301

Abstract

References

  • Allison, Roy. “Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis”, International Affairs 89, no.4 (2013): 795-823.
  • Alterman, Jon B. “American Aid to Egypt in the 1950’s: From Hope to Hostility”, Middle East Journal 52, no.1 (Kış 1998): 51-69.
  • Anthony, Ian. “Economic dimensions of Soviet and Russian arms exports”, içinde Russia and the Arms Trade, ed. Ian Anthony, 71-92, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Bennett, Alexander J. “Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East”, The Middle East Journal 39, no.4 (1985): 745-774.
  • Breslauer, George W. “On Collaborative Competition”, içinde Soviet Strategy in the Middle East, ed. George W. Breslauer, 3-22, New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Cleveland, William L. ve Bunton Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East, Boulder: Westview Press, 2009.
  • Daigle, Craig A. “The Russians are Going: Sadat, Nixon and the Soviet Presence in Egypt, 1970-1971”, Middle East Review of International Affairs 8, no.1 (2004): 1-15.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. “Understanding Russia’s return to the Middle East”, International Politics 56, no.4 (2019): 726-742.
  • Dawisha, Karen. Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt, Londra: The Macmillan Press, 1979.
  • Eisenstadt, Michael ve Pollack Kenneth M. “Armies of Snow and Armies of Sand: The Impact of Soviet Military Doctrine on Arab Militaries”, Middle East Journal 55, no.4 (2001): 549-578.
  • Ginor, Isabella ve Remez, Gideon. The Soviet-Israeli War 1967-1973: The USSR’s Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Golan, Galia. Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Goldstein, Lyle J. ve Zhukov, Yuri M. “A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean”, Naval War College Review 57, no.2 (2004): 27-63.
  • Jalali, Ali A. “The Strategic Partnership of Russia and Iran”, The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 31, no.4 (2001): 98-111.
  • James, Laura M. “Military/political means/ends: Egyptian decision-making in the War of Attrition”, içinde The Cold War in the Middle East: Regional conflict and the superpowers 1967-73, ed. Nigel J. Ashton, 92-112, New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
  • Krause, Keith. “Military Statecraft: Power and Influence in Soviet and American Arms Transfer Relationships”, International Studies Quarterly 35, no.3 (1991): 313-336.
  • Lavrov, Anton. “Russia in Syria: A Military Analsis”, içinde Russia Rising: Putin’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu ve Stanislav Secrieru, 31-38, Londra: I. B. Tauris, 2021.
  • Lund, Aron. “From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations”, The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (2019).
  • Mccgwire, Michael. “The Mediterranean and Soviet naval interests”, International Journal 27, no.4 (1972): 511-527.
  • Mevlütoğlu, Arda. “Rusya: Eski Oyuncu Yeni Rol”, içinde Ortadoğu’da Güvenlik, Savunma ve Silahlanma, ed. Murat Yeşiltaş ve Rıfat Öncel, 339-384, İstanbul: SETA, 2020. Moore, Eric D. Russia-Iran Relations Since the End of the Cold War, New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Vasiliev, Alexey. Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin, New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Weinland, Robert G. “Land support for naval forces: Egypt and the Soviet Escadra 1962-1976”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 20, no.2 (1978): 73-79.
  • Wezeman, Pieter D., Kuimova, Alexandra ve Wezeman, Siemon T. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020”, SIPRI Fact Sheet (Mart 2021).
  • Yıldız, Melih. “Mısır-Rusya İlişkilerinde Askeri Boyut”, ORSAM Bakış, no. 160 (Mart 2021).
  • “5th Defenders of Friendship 2021 joint exercise of Russian and Egyptian paratroopers ends near Cairo”, Ministery of Defence of the Russian Federation, 26 Ekim 2021, Son Erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12391081@egNews.
  • Bradly, April. “Russia Completes S-300 Delivery to Iran”, Arms Control Association, Aralık 2016, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2016-11/news-briefs/russia-completes-s-300-delivery-iran.
  • Dettmer, Jamie. “Russia Expands Military Facilities in Syria”, Voice of America, 12 Mayıs 2021, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_russia-expands-military-facilities-syria/6205742.html.
  • “Egypt, Russia sign military, security cooperation protocol”, Egypt Today, 26 Ağustos 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/107242/Egypt-Russia-sign-military-security-cooperation-protocol.
  • Grove, Thomas ve Solomon, Erika. “Russia boosts arms sales to Syria despite world pressure”, Reuters, 21 Şubat 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-russia-arms-idUSTRE81K13420120221.
  • “Joint Egyptian-Russian naval exercise “Friendship Bridge-4” kicks off in the Mediterranean”, Egypt Today, 6 Aralık 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021 https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/110596/Joint-Egyptian-Russian-naval-exercise-%E2%80%9CFriendship-Bridge-4%E2%80%9D-kicks-off.
  • “Mediterranean Eskadra”, Federation of American Scientists, 7 Eylül 2000, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/mf-med.htm.
  • “Russia to become Iraq’s second-biggest arms supplier”, BBC, 9 Ekim 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19881858.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports from Russia, 1992-2020”, Son erişim: 6 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports from Soviet Union, 1955-1991”, Son erişim: 27 Kasım 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports to Egypt, 1992-2020”, Son erişim: 8 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • SIPRI Arms Transfers Database SIPRI, “TIV of arms exports to Iraq, 2004-2020”, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • “Upper house ratifies Russian-Egyptian strategic cooperation treaty”, TASS, 26 Temmuz 2019, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://tass.com/world/1070519.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Melih Yıldız 0000-0001-8226-6299

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Acceptance Date March 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yıldız, M. (2022). Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301
AMA Yıldız M. Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu. TJMES. June 2022;9(1):83-107. doi:10.26513/tocd.1049301
Chicago Yıldız, Melih. “Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 9, no. 1 (June 2022): 83-107. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301.
EndNote Yıldız M (June 1, 2022) Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 9 1 83–107.
IEEE M. Yıldız, “Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu”, TJMES, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 83–107, 2022, doi: 10.26513/tocd.1049301.
ISNAD Yıldız, Melih. “Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 9/1 (June 2022), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301.
JAMA Yıldız M. Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu. TJMES. 2022;9:83–107.
MLA Yıldız, Melih. “Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, pp. 83-107, doi:10.26513/tocd.1049301.
Vancouver Yıldız M. Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu. TJMES. 2022;9(1):83-107.

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