Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Modernist Milliyetçilik Yaklaşımıyla Fars Milliyetçiliği: I. Pehlevi Dönemi (1925-1941)

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 57 - 88, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1087526

Abstract

1945-1990 arası milliyetçilik çalışmaları içerisinde değerlendirilen modernist milliyetçilik, geleneksel toplumdan modern topluma geçişte işlevsel bir rol üstlenmektedir. Sömürge sonrası bağımsızlığını ilan eden devletlerde modernleşmenin etkisiyle ortaya çıkan bu anlayışta milliyetçiliğin ‘verili’ olmadığı vurgulanarak, inşa süreçlerine odaklanılmaktadır. Genelde ‘biz’ kavramının üretildiği ‘millet kurma’ süreci ise bir milletin sembolik olarak inşa edilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Buradan hareketle çalışmada, modernist milliyetçiliğin millet kurma süreci üzerinden milliyetçiliği nasıl araçsallaştırdığı tartışılmakta ve bunun Fars milliyetçiliği üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmektedir. Bu anlamda, 20. yüzyıla kadar kabile/aşiret kavramları üzerinden sınıflandırılan İran’ın 20. yüzyıldan sonra merkezileşme, anayasallaşma ve modernleşme gibi süreçleri tecrübe etmeye başlaması bir inşa süreci olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada modern, seküler ve Batı yanlısı milliyetçiliğe dayanan birinci dalga Fars milliyetçiliği, modernist milliyetçilik kapsamında ele alınmakta ve sonuçta I. Pehlevi (1925-1941) dönemindeki reformların ‘Farsı kurma’ süreci kapsamında değerlendirilebileceği vurgulanmaktadır.

References

  • Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Aghaie, Kamran Scot ve Marashi, Afshin (ed.), Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2014.
  • Anderson, Benedict. Hayali Cemaatler, Çev. İskender Savaşır, İstanbul: Metin, 2015.
  • Asthiani, Ali. “Cultural Formation in a Theocratic State: The Institutionalisation of Shiism in Safavid Iran”, Social Compass 36, Sayı.4, 481-492.
  • Barnerd, Frederick M. “Patriotism and Citizenship in Rousseau: A Dual Theory of Public Willing?”, The Review of Politics 46, Sayı.2 (1984): 244-265.
  • Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.
  • Breuilly, John. “Approaches to Nationalism”, içinde Mapping the Nations, Gopal Balakrishan, London:Verso, 1996, epub.
  • Demircan, Birol. “Ulus İnşa Sürecinde Kullanılan İletişim Stratejileri”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 3, Sayı. 4 (2017): 1333-1351.
  • Djalili, Mohammad-Reza ve Kellner, Thierry. İran’ın son iki yüzyıllık tarihi, Çev. Reşat Uzmen, İstanbul: Bilge, 2021
  • Eller, Jack D. ve Coughan, Reed M. “The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachment”, Ethnic and Racial Studies 16, ss.183-201.
  • Fathi, Asghar. “Ahmad Kasravi and Seyyed Jamal Waez on Constitutionalism in Iran”, Middle Eastern Studies 29, Sayı. 4 (1993): 702- 713.
  • Fathi, Asghar. “Kasravi’s View on Writers and Journalists: A Study in the Sociology of Modernization”, Iranian Studies 19, Sayı.2 (1986): 167-182.
  • Gartwaite, Gene R. İran Tarihi: Pers İmparatorluğundan Günümüze, Çev. Fethi Aytuna, İstanbul: İnkılap, 2021.
  • Geertz, Clifford. “Primordial and Civic Ties”, içinde Nationalism (47-55), ed. John Hutchinson and Antony D. Smith, Oxford&New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Geertz, Cliffor. The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973.
  • Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism, Cornell Univerity Press, 1983.
  • Gökdağ, Bilgehan A. ve Heyet, M. Rıza. “İran Türklerinde Kimlik Meselesi”, Bilig, Sayı.30 (Yaz 2004): 51-84.
  • Hafeziniya, Muhammed R. İran Jeopolitiği ve Siyasi Coğrafyası, Ankara: İraniyat, 2017.
  • Hutchinson, John, and Smith, Antony D. (ed.), Nationalism, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Hippler, Jochen. Nation-Building: A Key Concept for Peaceful Conflict Transformation? London: Pluto Press, 2004.
  • Hobsbawn, Eric. “The Nation as Invented Tradition”, içinde Nationalism (76-83), ed. John Hutchinson and Antony D. Smith, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Hourani, Albert. “Tribes and States in Islamic History”, içinde Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East (303-311), ed. Joseph Kostiner ve Philip Shukry Khoury, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  • James, Paul W. Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community, London: Sage, 1996.
  • Kedourie, Elie. “Nationalism and Self-determination” içinde Nation- alism (47-55), ed. John Hutchinson and Antony D. Smith, Oxford&New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Kinzer, Stephen. All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons, Inc., 2003.
  • Kohn, Hans. “Romanticism and the Rise of German Nationalism”, The Review of Politics 12, Sayı.4 (1950): 443-472.
  • Moazami, Behrooz. İran’da Devlet, Din ve Devrim: 1796’dan Bugüne, İstanbul: İletişim, 2021.
  • Özkırımlı, Umut. Milliyetçilik Kuramları:Eleştirel Bir Bakış, Ankara: Doğubatı, 2019.
  • Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism and Modernism, London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • Smith, Anthony D. “The Nation: Invented, Imagined, Reconstructed?”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 20, Sayı.4 (1991): 353-368.
  • Sarıkaya, Yalçın. Tarihi ve Jeopolitik Boyutlarıyla İran’da Milliyetçilik, İstanbul: Ötüken, 2008.
  • Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohammad. “Going Public: Patriotic and Matriotic Homeland in Iranian Nationalist Discourses”, Strategies 13, Sayı.2 (2000): 175-200.
  • Keskin, Arif. “İran’da Fars Milliyetçiliğinin Üç Dalgası: İranlılığa Giden Yol”, Günaz, Son Erişim: 22 Mart 2020, https://www.gunaz.tv/az/meqaleler/iran-da-fars-milliyetciliginin-uc-dalgasi-iran- liliga-giden-yol-arif-keskin-m11206
  • Lieven, Anatol. “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? Scholarly Debate and the Realities of Eastern Europe”, National Interest, Son Erişim: 02 Ocak 2022. https://nationalinterest.org/article/quest-ce-quune-nation-scholarly-debate- and-the-realities-of-eastern-europe-940
  • Yousefzadeh, Pejman. “The Future of Iranian Nationalism”, Tapatalk, Son Erişim: 26 Ocak 2022, https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/worldarmedforcesforum/iranians-please-read- the-future-of-iranian-nationa-t122721.html

Persian Nationalism through the Modernist Nationalism Approach: 1st Pahlavi Period (1925-1941)

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 57 - 88, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1087526

Abstract

Modernist nationalism, evaluated in nationalism studies between 1945-1990, plays a functional role in the transition from traditional society to modern society. In line with this understanding that emerged through the effect of modernization in post-colonial independent states, the focus lies on the nation-formation processes emphasizing that nationalism is not a ‘given’. The process of ‘nation formation’ through which the concept of ‘us’ is produced, is defined as the symbolic formation of a nation. From this point of view, it is discussed how modernist nationalism functionalizes nationalism through the nation-formation process, and its effect on Persian nationalism is evaluated in this study. In this sense, the fact that Iran was classified on the basis of the concept of tribe/clan until the 20th century but started to undergo processes such as centralization, constitutionalization and modernization from the 20th century onwards, is evaluated within the process of nation formation. In this study, the first wave of Persian nationalism based on modern, secular and pro-Western nationalism is discussed within the scope of modernist nationalism. Moreover, it is argued that the reforms of the first Pahlavi period (1925-1941) can be assessed within the scope of the formation process of the ‘Persian’.

References

  • Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Aghaie, Kamran Scot ve Marashi, Afshin (ed.), Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2014.
  • Anderson, Benedict. Hayali Cemaatler, Çev. İskender Savaşır, İstanbul: Metin, 2015.
  • Asthiani, Ali. “Cultural Formation in a Theocratic State: The Institutionalisation of Shiism in Safavid Iran”, Social Compass 36, Sayı.4, 481-492.
  • Barnerd, Frederick M. “Patriotism and Citizenship in Rousseau: A Dual Theory of Public Willing?”, The Review of Politics 46, Sayı.2 (1984): 244-265.
  • Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.
  • Breuilly, John. “Approaches to Nationalism”, içinde Mapping the Nations, Gopal Balakrishan, London:Verso, 1996, epub.
  • Demircan, Birol. “Ulus İnşa Sürecinde Kullanılan İletişim Stratejileri”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 3, Sayı. 4 (2017): 1333-1351.
  • Djalili, Mohammad-Reza ve Kellner, Thierry. İran’ın son iki yüzyıllık tarihi, Çev. Reşat Uzmen, İstanbul: Bilge, 2021
  • Eller, Jack D. ve Coughan, Reed M. “The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachment”, Ethnic and Racial Studies 16, ss.183-201.
  • Fathi, Asghar. “Ahmad Kasravi and Seyyed Jamal Waez on Constitutionalism in Iran”, Middle Eastern Studies 29, Sayı. 4 (1993): 702- 713.
  • Fathi, Asghar. “Kasravi’s View on Writers and Journalists: A Study in the Sociology of Modernization”, Iranian Studies 19, Sayı.2 (1986): 167-182.
  • Gartwaite, Gene R. İran Tarihi: Pers İmparatorluğundan Günümüze, Çev. Fethi Aytuna, İstanbul: İnkılap, 2021.
  • Geertz, Clifford. “Primordial and Civic Ties”, içinde Nationalism (47-55), ed. John Hutchinson and Antony D. Smith, Oxford&New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Geertz, Cliffor. The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973.
  • Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism, Cornell Univerity Press, 1983.
  • Gökdağ, Bilgehan A. ve Heyet, M. Rıza. “İran Türklerinde Kimlik Meselesi”, Bilig, Sayı.30 (Yaz 2004): 51-84.
  • Hafeziniya, Muhammed R. İran Jeopolitiği ve Siyasi Coğrafyası, Ankara: İraniyat, 2017.
  • Hutchinson, John, and Smith, Antony D. (ed.), Nationalism, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Hippler, Jochen. Nation-Building: A Key Concept for Peaceful Conflict Transformation? London: Pluto Press, 2004.
  • Hobsbawn, Eric. “The Nation as Invented Tradition”, içinde Nationalism (76-83), ed. John Hutchinson and Antony D. Smith, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Hourani, Albert. “Tribes and States in Islamic History”, içinde Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East (303-311), ed. Joseph Kostiner ve Philip Shukry Khoury, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  • James, Paul W. Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community, London: Sage, 1996.
  • Kedourie, Elie. “Nationalism and Self-determination” içinde Nation- alism (47-55), ed. John Hutchinson and Antony D. Smith, Oxford&New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Kinzer, Stephen. All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons, Inc., 2003.
  • Kohn, Hans. “Romanticism and the Rise of German Nationalism”, The Review of Politics 12, Sayı.4 (1950): 443-472.
  • Moazami, Behrooz. İran’da Devlet, Din ve Devrim: 1796’dan Bugüne, İstanbul: İletişim, 2021.
  • Özkırımlı, Umut. Milliyetçilik Kuramları:Eleştirel Bir Bakış, Ankara: Doğubatı, 2019.
  • Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism and Modernism, London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • Smith, Anthony D. “The Nation: Invented, Imagined, Reconstructed?”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 20, Sayı.4 (1991): 353-368.
  • Sarıkaya, Yalçın. Tarihi ve Jeopolitik Boyutlarıyla İran’da Milliyetçilik, İstanbul: Ötüken, 2008.
  • Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohammad. “Going Public: Patriotic and Matriotic Homeland in Iranian Nationalist Discourses”, Strategies 13, Sayı.2 (2000): 175-200.
  • Keskin, Arif. “İran’da Fars Milliyetçiliğinin Üç Dalgası: İranlılığa Giden Yol”, Günaz, Son Erişim: 22 Mart 2020, https://www.gunaz.tv/az/meqaleler/iran-da-fars-milliyetciliginin-uc-dalgasi-iran- liliga-giden-yol-arif-keskin-m11206
  • Lieven, Anatol. “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? Scholarly Debate and the Realities of Eastern Europe”, National Interest, Son Erişim: 02 Ocak 2022. https://nationalinterest.org/article/quest-ce-quune-nation-scholarly-debate- and-the-realities-of-eastern-europe-940
  • Yousefzadeh, Pejman. “The Future of Iranian Nationalism”, Tapatalk, Son Erişim: 26 Ocak 2022, https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/worldarmedforcesforum/iranians-please-read- the-future-of-iranian-nationa-t122721.html
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Şeyma Altunkaya 0000-0001-6260-1344

Publication Date January 6, 2023
Acceptance Date July 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altunkaya, Ş. (2023). Modernist Milliyetçilik Yaklaşımıyla Fars Milliyetçiliği: I. Pehlevi Dönemi (1925-1941). Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 57-88. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1087526

Creative Commons License

The published articles in TJMES are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License