Research Article
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WhatsApp as a Tool for Sustainable Glocal Linguistic, Social and Cultural Interaction

Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 17 - 28, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.598198

Abstract

As a popular social media application, WhatsApp has become an integral part of daily lives of many people on earth. Researchers have investigated the individual, social and pedagogical benefits of the tool. However, the possible contributions of WhatsApp as a platform for cultural interaction in the glocal sense has not been examined yet. To call attention to this dimension of the tool, this case study aims to investigate the role of WhatsApp in maintaining glocal linguistic, social and cultural interaction among a group of foreign learners of Turkish. The participants had a three-week summer school experience in Turkey where they formed a WhatsApp group for communication. After returning back to their home countries, these participants continued their interaction with their friends through the WhatsApp group. The data for this study were collected through open-ended questions. The results of the content analysis revealed that WhatsApp was an effective application to promote the maintenance of glocal cultural interaction among the participants with its personal, social and linguistic contributions. The participants could have the chance to exchange ideas and increase their perspectives and knowledge as global citizens while preserving their cultural and national identities as local citizens. Their interactional experiences through WhatsApp can be said to have helped the participants increase their awareness and expand their intercultural knowledge from the glocal stance.

References

  • Aburezeq, I., & Ishtaiwa, F. (2013). The impact of Whatsapp on interaction in an Arabic language teaching course. International Journal of Arts & Sciences,6(3), 165-180. Aifan, H. (2015). Saudi students’ attitudes toward using social media to support learning. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). King Abdu-Aziz University, Jeddah. Al-Aufi, A., & Fulton, C. (2015). Impact of social networking tools on scholarly communication: a cross-institutional study. The Electronic Library, 33(2), 224-241, https://doi.org/10.1108/ EL-05-2013- 0093. Aljomaa, S., Al.Qudah, M., Albursan, I., Bakhiet, S. & Abduljabbar, A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some Variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 155- 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.041 Al-Emran, M., Elsherif, H., & Shaalan, K. (2016). Investigating attitudes towards the use of mobile learning in higher education. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2015.11.033. Asiedu, N., & Badu, E. (2018). Motivating issues affecting students’ use of social media sites in Ghanaian tertiary institutions. Library Hi Tech, 36(1), 167-179, https:// doi.org/10.1108/LHT-10-2016-0108. Aydın, S. (2012). A review of research on Facebook as an educational environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(6), 2093-1106. doi:10.1007/s11423-012-9260-7. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Berge, Z. L., & Muilenburg, L. Y. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of mobile learning. New York: Routledge. Bogdan, Robert C., & Biklen, Sari K. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods (5th Edition). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Briz-Ponce, L., Pereira, A., Carvalho, L., Juanes-Mendez, J., & García-Penalvo, F. (2017). Learning with mobile Technologies-Students’ behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 612-620. http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.027. Carpenter, J., & Green, T. (2017). Mobile instant messaging for professional learning: Educators’ perspectives on and uses of Voxer. Teaching and Teacher Education, 68, 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. tate.2017.08.008. Chou, S. W. (2005). Designing good institutional contexts for innovation in a technology-mediated learning environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21(4), 269-280. Cole, L. Kharwa, Y., Khumalo, N., Reinke, J., & Karrim, S. (2017). Caregivers of school-aged children with autism: Social media as a source of support. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 3464-3475. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0855-9. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceive ease of use, and user acceptance of information technologies. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. Diehl, W. C., & Prins, E. (2008). Unintended outcomes in Second Life: ıntercultural literacy and cultural ıdentity in a virtual world. Language and Intercultural Communication 8(2), 101-118. doi:10.1080/14708470802139619. Gallardo, E., Marqués, L., & Bullen, M. (2015). Students in higher education: Social and academic uses of digital technology. RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal, 12(1). pp. 25-37. doi http:// dx.doi.org/10.7238/rusc.v12i1.2078 Gan, C., & Balakrishnan, V. (2017). Enhancing classroom interaction via IMMAP – An Interactive Mobile Messaging App. Telematics and Informatics 34, 230-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. tele.2016.05.007. Gokcearslan, S., Kus¸ F., Mumcu, K., Haslaman, T., & Cevik, Y. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, selfregulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2016.05.091. 27 Gupta, V., & Jain, N. (2017). Harnessing information and communication technologies for effective knowledge creation: Shaping the future of education. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 30(5), 831-855. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-10-2016-0173. Guler, C. (2017). Use of WhatsApp in higher education: What’s up with assessing peers anonymously? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(2), 272-289. Gyamfi, S. (2017). Informal tools in formal context: Adoption of web 2.0 technologies among geography student teachers in Ghana. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 13(3), 24-40. Harpur, P. (2017). Mobile lecturers, mobile students: an exploratory study in a blended architectural technology context. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 30(5), 748-778, https://doi. org/10.1108/JEIM-06-2016-0118. Hauck, M., Youngs, B. L. (2008). Telecollaboration in multimodal environemnts: The impact on task design and learner interaction. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(2), 87-124. Hedges, S., Odom, S., Hume, K., & Sam, A. (2018). Technology use as a support tool by secondary students with autism. Autism, 22(1) 70-79. doi:10.1177/1362361317717976. Joseph M., & Ramani, E. (2012). “Glocalization”: Going Beyond the Dichotomy of Global Versus Local Through Additive Multilingualism. International Multilingual Research Journal, 6(1), 22-34. DOI: 10.1080/19313152.2012.639246. Juergensmeyer, M. (2013). What is global studies? Globalizations, 10(6), 765-769. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2013.845956. Kaliisa, R., & Picard, M. (2017). A systematic review on mobile learning in higher education: The African perspective. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), 1-18. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1). 59-68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003. Khondker, H. (2013). Globalization, glocalization, or global studies: What’s in a name? Globalizations, 10(4), 527-531. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2013.806747. Klopfer, E., Squire, K., & Jenkins, H. (2002). Environment detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world. Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (pp. 95-98). Vaxjo, Sweden: IEEE Computer Society. Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Viberg, O. (2018). Mobile collaborative language learning: State of the art. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(2), 207-218. doi:10.1111/bjet.12580 Lee, E. (2016). Advanced ESL students’ prior EFL education and their perceptions of oral corrective feedback. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 798-816. Lee, L. (2011). Blogging: Promoting learner autonomy and intercultural competence through study abroad. Language Learning & Technology, 15(3), 87-109. Lee, L. (2012). Engaging study abroad students in intercultural learning through blogging and ethnographic interviews. Foreign Language Annals, 45(1), 7-21. Li, Q. (2008). “Mobile enhanced learning application model and practice. Computer Society: International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, 694-697. Ma, W., & Chan, A. (2014). Knowledge sharing and social media: Altruism, perceived online attachment motivation, and perceived online relationship commitment. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.06.015. Malhotra, D., & Bansal, S.(2017). Magnetism of WhatsApp among veterinary students. The Electronic Library, 35(6), 1259-1267. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-04-2016-0086. Menkhoff, T., & Bengtsson, M. (2012). Engaging students in higher education through mobile learning: lessons learnt in a Chinese entrepreneurship course. Educional Research for Policy Practice, 11, 225- 242. doi:10.1007/s10671-011-9123-8. 28 Miller, C., & Doering, A. H. (Eds.). (2014). The new landscape of mobile learning: redesigning education in an app-based World. New York: Routledge. Mnkandla, E., & Minnaar, A. (2017). The use of social media in e-learning: A metasynthesis. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 18(5), 227-248. O’Rourke, B., & Stickler, U. (2017). Synchronous communication Technologies for language learning: Promise and challenges in research and pedagogy. CercleS, 7(1), 1-20. doi:10.1515/cercles-2017-0009. Pavlik, J. V. (2015). Fueling a third paradigm of education: The pedagogical implications of digital, social and mobile media. Contemporary Educational Technology, 6(2), 113-125. Pimmer, C., Mateescu, M. & Grohbiel, U. (2016). Mobile and ubiquitous learning in higher education settings. A systematic review of empirical studies. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 490-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.057. Prensky, M. (2006). Listen to the natives. (School should improve teaching). Educational Leadership, 63(4), 8-13. Rambe, P., & Bere, A. (2013). Using mobile instant messaging to leverage learner participation and transform pedagogy at a South African University of Technology. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(4), 544-561. doi:10.1111/bjet.12057. Rezaei, S., & Meshkatian, M. (2017). Iranian teachers’ attitude towards using social media and technology to increase ınteraction amongst students inside or outside the classroom. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(6), 419-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0706.02. Robertson, R. (1995). “Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity”. In M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Robertson (Eds.). Global Modernities, 25-44. Samaha, M. & Hawi, N. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2015.12.045. Samaie, M., Nejad, A., & Qaracholloo, M. (2018). An inquiry into the efficiency of WhatsApp for selfand peer-assessments of oral language proficiency. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(1), 111-126. doi:10.1111/bjet.12519. Seo, K.. (2013). Using social media effectively in the classroom. Blogs, Wikis, Twitter, and More. Routledge; Taylor and Francis. New York and London. So, S. (2016). Mobile instant messaging support for teaching and learning in higher education. Internet and Higher Education, 31, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2016.06.001. Stockwell, G., & Hubbard, P. (2013). Some emerging principles for mobile-assisted language learning. Monterey, CA: The International Research Foundation for English Language Education. Sundgren, M. (2017). Blurring time and place in higher education with bring your own device applications: a literature review. Education and Information Technologies, 22, 3081–3119. doi: 10.1007/s10639- 017-9576-3. Swain, M. (1995). Three fucntions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principle and practice in applied lingusitics: Studies in honor of H. G. Widdowson (pp. 125- 144). Oxford: Oxford University Press Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wang, C. X, Son, H., Stone, D. E., & Yan, Q. (2009). Integrating Second Life into an EFL program in China: Research collaboration across the continents. Tech Trends: Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning, 53(6), 14-19. Willems, J. & Bossu, C. (2012). Equity considerations for open educational resources in the glocalization of education. Distance Education, 33(2), 185-199. DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2012.692051. Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. You, S., Kim, M., & Lim, Y. (2016). Value of culturally oriented information design. Universal Access in the Information Society, 15. doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0393-9, 369-391.
Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 17 - 28, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.598198

Abstract

References

  • Aburezeq, I., & Ishtaiwa, F. (2013). The impact of Whatsapp on interaction in an Arabic language teaching course. International Journal of Arts & Sciences,6(3), 165-180. Aifan, H. (2015). Saudi students’ attitudes toward using social media to support learning. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). King Abdu-Aziz University, Jeddah. Al-Aufi, A., & Fulton, C. (2015). Impact of social networking tools on scholarly communication: a cross-institutional study. The Electronic Library, 33(2), 224-241, https://doi.org/10.1108/ EL-05-2013- 0093. Aljomaa, S., Al.Qudah, M., Albursan, I., Bakhiet, S. & Abduljabbar, A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some Variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 155- 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.041 Al-Emran, M., Elsherif, H., & Shaalan, K. (2016). Investigating attitudes towards the use of mobile learning in higher education. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2015.11.033. Asiedu, N., & Badu, E. (2018). Motivating issues affecting students’ use of social media sites in Ghanaian tertiary institutions. Library Hi Tech, 36(1), 167-179, https:// doi.org/10.1108/LHT-10-2016-0108. Aydın, S. (2012). A review of research on Facebook as an educational environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(6), 2093-1106. doi:10.1007/s11423-012-9260-7. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Berge, Z. L., & Muilenburg, L. Y. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of mobile learning. New York: Routledge. Bogdan, Robert C., & Biklen, Sari K. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods (5th Edition). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Briz-Ponce, L., Pereira, A., Carvalho, L., Juanes-Mendez, J., & García-Penalvo, F. (2017). Learning with mobile Technologies-Students’ behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 612-620. http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.027. Carpenter, J., & Green, T. (2017). Mobile instant messaging for professional learning: Educators’ perspectives on and uses of Voxer. Teaching and Teacher Education, 68, 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. tate.2017.08.008. Chou, S. W. (2005). Designing good institutional contexts for innovation in a technology-mediated learning environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21(4), 269-280. Cole, L. Kharwa, Y., Khumalo, N., Reinke, J., & Karrim, S. (2017). Caregivers of school-aged children with autism: Social media as a source of support. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 3464-3475. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0855-9. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceive ease of use, and user acceptance of information technologies. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. Diehl, W. C., & Prins, E. (2008). Unintended outcomes in Second Life: ıntercultural literacy and cultural ıdentity in a virtual world. Language and Intercultural Communication 8(2), 101-118. doi:10.1080/14708470802139619. Gallardo, E., Marqués, L., & Bullen, M. (2015). Students in higher education: Social and academic uses of digital technology. RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal, 12(1). pp. 25-37. doi http:// dx.doi.org/10.7238/rusc.v12i1.2078 Gan, C., & Balakrishnan, V. (2017). Enhancing classroom interaction via IMMAP – An Interactive Mobile Messaging App. Telematics and Informatics 34, 230-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. tele.2016.05.007. Gokcearslan, S., Kus¸ F., Mumcu, K., Haslaman, T., & Cevik, Y. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, selfregulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2016.05.091. 27 Gupta, V., & Jain, N. (2017). Harnessing information and communication technologies for effective knowledge creation: Shaping the future of education. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 30(5), 831-855. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-10-2016-0173. Guler, C. (2017). Use of WhatsApp in higher education: What’s up with assessing peers anonymously? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(2), 272-289. Gyamfi, S. (2017). Informal tools in formal context: Adoption of web 2.0 technologies among geography student teachers in Ghana. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 13(3), 24-40. Harpur, P. (2017). Mobile lecturers, mobile students: an exploratory study in a blended architectural technology context. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 30(5), 748-778, https://doi. org/10.1108/JEIM-06-2016-0118. Hauck, M., Youngs, B. L. (2008). Telecollaboration in multimodal environemnts: The impact on task design and learner interaction. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(2), 87-124. Hedges, S., Odom, S., Hume, K., & Sam, A. (2018). Technology use as a support tool by secondary students with autism. Autism, 22(1) 70-79. doi:10.1177/1362361317717976. Joseph M., & Ramani, E. (2012). “Glocalization”: Going Beyond the Dichotomy of Global Versus Local Through Additive Multilingualism. International Multilingual Research Journal, 6(1), 22-34. DOI: 10.1080/19313152.2012.639246. Juergensmeyer, M. (2013). What is global studies? Globalizations, 10(6), 765-769. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2013.845956. Kaliisa, R., & Picard, M. (2017). A systematic review on mobile learning in higher education: The African perspective. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), 1-18. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1). 59-68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003. Khondker, H. (2013). Globalization, glocalization, or global studies: What’s in a name? Globalizations, 10(4), 527-531. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2013.806747. Klopfer, E., Squire, K., & Jenkins, H. (2002). Environment detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world. Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (pp. 95-98). Vaxjo, Sweden: IEEE Computer Society. Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Viberg, O. (2018). Mobile collaborative language learning: State of the art. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(2), 207-218. doi:10.1111/bjet.12580 Lee, E. (2016). Advanced ESL students’ prior EFL education and their perceptions of oral corrective feedback. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 798-816. Lee, L. (2011). Blogging: Promoting learner autonomy and intercultural competence through study abroad. Language Learning & Technology, 15(3), 87-109. Lee, L. (2012). Engaging study abroad students in intercultural learning through blogging and ethnographic interviews. Foreign Language Annals, 45(1), 7-21. Li, Q. (2008). “Mobile enhanced learning application model and practice. Computer Society: International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, 694-697. Ma, W., & Chan, A. (2014). Knowledge sharing and social media: Altruism, perceived online attachment motivation, and perceived online relationship commitment. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.06.015. Malhotra, D., & Bansal, S.(2017). Magnetism of WhatsApp among veterinary students. The Electronic Library, 35(6), 1259-1267. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-04-2016-0086. Menkhoff, T., & Bengtsson, M. (2012). Engaging students in higher education through mobile learning: lessons learnt in a Chinese entrepreneurship course. Educional Research for Policy Practice, 11, 225- 242. doi:10.1007/s10671-011-9123-8. 28 Miller, C., & Doering, A. H. (Eds.). (2014). The new landscape of mobile learning: redesigning education in an app-based World. New York: Routledge. Mnkandla, E., & Minnaar, A. (2017). The use of social media in e-learning: A metasynthesis. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 18(5), 227-248. O’Rourke, B., & Stickler, U. (2017). Synchronous communication Technologies for language learning: Promise and challenges in research and pedagogy. CercleS, 7(1), 1-20. doi:10.1515/cercles-2017-0009. Pavlik, J. V. (2015). Fueling a third paradigm of education: The pedagogical implications of digital, social and mobile media. Contemporary Educational Technology, 6(2), 113-125. Pimmer, C., Mateescu, M. & Grohbiel, U. (2016). Mobile and ubiquitous learning in higher education settings. A systematic review of empirical studies. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 490-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.057. Prensky, M. (2006). Listen to the natives. (School should improve teaching). Educational Leadership, 63(4), 8-13. Rambe, P., & Bere, A. (2013). Using mobile instant messaging to leverage learner participation and transform pedagogy at a South African University of Technology. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(4), 544-561. doi:10.1111/bjet.12057. Rezaei, S., & Meshkatian, M. (2017). Iranian teachers’ attitude towards using social media and technology to increase ınteraction amongst students inside or outside the classroom. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(6), 419-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0706.02. Robertson, R. (1995). “Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity”. In M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Robertson (Eds.). Global Modernities, 25-44. Samaha, M. & Hawi, N. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2015.12.045. Samaie, M., Nejad, A., & Qaracholloo, M. (2018). An inquiry into the efficiency of WhatsApp for selfand peer-assessments of oral language proficiency. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(1), 111-126. doi:10.1111/bjet.12519. Seo, K.. (2013). Using social media effectively in the classroom. Blogs, Wikis, Twitter, and More. Routledge; Taylor and Francis. New York and London. So, S. (2016). Mobile instant messaging support for teaching and learning in higher education. Internet and Higher Education, 31, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2016.06.001. Stockwell, G., & Hubbard, P. (2013). Some emerging principles for mobile-assisted language learning. Monterey, CA: The International Research Foundation for English Language Education. Sundgren, M. (2017). Blurring time and place in higher education with bring your own device applications: a literature review. Education and Information Technologies, 22, 3081–3119. doi: 10.1007/s10639- 017-9576-3. Swain, M. (1995). Three fucntions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principle and practice in applied lingusitics: Studies in honor of H. G. Widdowson (pp. 125- 144). Oxford: Oxford University Press Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wang, C. X, Son, H., Stone, D. E., & Yan, Q. (2009). Integrating Second Life into an EFL program in China: Research collaboration across the continents. Tech Trends: Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning, 53(6), 14-19. Willems, J. & Bossu, C. (2012). Equity considerations for open educational resources in the glocalization of education. Distance Education, 33(2), 185-199. DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2012.692051. Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. You, S., Kim, M., & Lim, Y. (2016). Value of culturally oriented information design. Universal Access in the Information Society, 15. doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0393-9, 369-391.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aysegul Takkac Tulgar This is me 0000-0001-6401-969X

Publication Date July 1, 2019
Submission Date June 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Takkac Tulgar, A. (2019). WhatsApp as a Tool for Sustainable Glocal Linguistic, Social and Cultural Interaction. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(3), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.598198