Research Article
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The Comparison of Trust in Virtual and Face-To-Face Collaborative Learning Teams

Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 153 - 164, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.601929

Abstract

The study investigates the effect of delivery types of (virtual and face-to-face) collaborative learning environments on the development of trust among group members in a graduate course. For this aim, a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent group comparison was used. It comprised a total of 64 participants – 21 in the face-to-face group, and 43 in the virtual group. Study participants were comprised of students registered in a course entitled ‘Web-based Education: Principles of Design and Implementation’ in the spring semester as part of either a virtual or traditional face-to-face graduate program in Information Systems at an institute of higher education in Turkey in 2010. Trust levels were measured at two different occasions, namely in the beginning and end of the semester, for both study groups. The participants completed a web-based course material design project as a collaborative group activity. The results indicate that trust increases over time among virtual participants, but declines among face-to-face participants. While levels of trust among virtual course participants are lower than those of face-to-face course participants in the beginning of the semester, trust levels of virtual participants surpass those of face-to-face participants by the end of the semester. This study demonstrates that trust can develop in virtual learning environments. The initial level of trust should be taken into consideration by instructors or managers before forming groups.

References

  • Anderson, A. H., McEwan, R., Bal, J., & Carletta, J. (2007). Virtual team meetings: An analysis of communication and context. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 2558–2580. Bos, N., Olson, J., Gergle, D., Olson, G., & Wright, Z. (2002). Effects of four computer-mediated communications channels on trust development. Proc. CHI 2002, ACM Press, pp. 135-140. Cheng, X., Nolan, T., & Macaulay, L. (2013). Don’t give up the community: a viewpoint of trust development in online collaboration. Information Technology & People, 26(3), 298-318. Coppola, N.W., Hiltz, S.R & Rotter, N. (2004). Building trust in virtual teams. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 4, 95 – 104. Crossman, A., & Lee-Kelley, L. (2004). Trust, commitment and team working: The paradox of virtual organizations. Global Networks, 4 (4), 375-390. 163 Crowe, P., Collins, M., Larue, O., Green, R., Hough, A., & Juvina, I. (2017, September). Examining the Role of Trust in Peer-Assisted Learning. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 165-169). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. De Meo, P., Messina, F., Rosaci, D., & Sarné, G. M. (2017). Combining trust and skills evaluation to form e-Learning classes in online social networks. Information Sciences, 405, 107-122. Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: And Sex, Drugs, and Rock’n’ Roll (2nd ed.). Sage Publications: London. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2000). How to design and evaluate research in education New York: McGraw. Fransen, J. Kirschner, P.A. & Erkens, G. (2011). Mediating team effectiveness in the context of collaborative learning: The importance of team and task awareness. Computers in Human Behavior 27(3): 1103- 1113. Fransen, J., Weinberger, A., & Kirschner, P. (2013). Team effectiveness and team development in CSCL. Educational Psychologist, 48, 9–24. Gerdes, A. (2010). Revealing preconditions for trustful collaboration in CSCL. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 5, 345-353. Handy, C. (1995). Trust and the virtual organization. Harvard Business Review, 73, 40-50. Isohätälä, J., Järvenoja, H., & Järvelä, S. (2017). Socially shared regulation of learning and participation in social interaction in collaborative learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 81, 11-24. Jannsen, J., Erkens, G. & Kirschner, P. A. (2010). Group awareness tools: It’s what you do with it that matters. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1046-1058. Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches (3rd ed.) Sage Publications: Los Angeles. Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. doi: 10.1007/bf02291575 Kiffin-Petersen, S. A. (2004). Trust: A neglected variable in team effectiveness research. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, 10(1), 38–53. Leroy, L., Rittner, J. L., Johnson, K. E., Gerteis, J., & Miller, T. (2017). Facilitative Components of Collaborative Learning: A Review of Nine Health Research Networks. Healthcare Policy, 12(3), 19–33. Lin, C., Standing, C., & Liu, Y. (2008). A model to develop effective virtual teams, Decision Support Systems, 45(4), 1031-1045. Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J. & Lee, S. (2008). An examination of the relationship among structure, trust, and conflict management styles in virtual teams. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 21: 77–93 Martins, L.L., Gilson, L.L., & Maynard, M.T. (2004). Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6): 805-835. Mitchell, A., & Zigurs, I. (2009). Trust in virtual teams: Solved or still a mystery? Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 40(3), 61-83. Nandhakumar, J., & Baskerville, R. (2006). Durability of online teamworking: patterns of trust. Information Technology & People, 19(4), 371-389. Ocker, R. J., & Fjermestad, J. (2008). Communication differences in virtual design teams: findings from a multi-method analysis of high and low performing experimental teams. The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, 39(1), 51-67. Panteli, N., & Duncan, E. (2004). Trust and temporary virtual teams: alternative explanations and dramaturgical relationships. Information Technology & People, 17(4), 423-441. Phielix, C., Prins, F. J., Kirschner, P. A., Erkens, G., & Jaspers, J. (2010). Group awareness of social and cognitive performance in a CSCL environment: Effects of a peer feedback and reflection tool. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1087-1102. 164 Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Ridings, C. M., Gefen, D., & Arinze, B. (2002). Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(3-4), 271-295. Salomon, G., & Globerson, T. (1989). When teams do not function the way they ought to. International Journal of Educational Research, 13, 89-99. Sangin, M., Molinari, G., Nussli, M.-A. & Dillenbourg, P. (2010) Facilitating peer knowledge modeling: effects of a knowledge awareness tool on collaborative learning outcomes and processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1059-1067. Serva, M., & Fuller, M. (2004). Aligning what we do and what we measure in business schools: Incorporating active learning and effective media use in the assessment of instruction. Journal of Management Education, 28(1), 19–38 Stacey, E. (2002). Learning links online: Establishing constructivist and collaborative learning environments. Paper presented at the Untangling the Web: Establishing Learning Links, Melbourne. http://dro. deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30004665/stacey-learninglinksonline-2002.pdf Staples, D. S. & Webster, J. (2008). Exploring the effects of trust, task interdependence and virtualness on knowledge sharing in teams. Information Systems Journal, 18: 617–640. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Inc. Tseng, H. (2008). The relationships between trust and satisfaction and performance among the virtual teams with different developmental processes, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Northern Colorado West, M. A. & Wallace, M. (1988). Innovations in Primary Health Care Teams: The Effects Roles and Climates, Conference Paper Presented in Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society at University of Manchester, Manchester. Williams, E. A., Duray, R. & Reddy, V. (2006). Teamwork orientation, group cohesiveness, and student learning: a study of the use of teams in online distance education. Journal of Management Education, 30(4): 592-616. Wilson, J.M., Straus, S.G. & McEvily, W.J. (2006(. All in due time: The development of trust in computermediated and face-to-face groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99, 16-33. Van Gennip, N.A.E., Segers, M.S.R., & Tillema, H.H. (2010). Peer assessment as a collaborative learning activity: The role of interpersonal variables and conceptions. Learning and Instruction, 20, 280-290 Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 153 - 164, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.601929

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, A. H., McEwan, R., Bal, J., & Carletta, J. (2007). Virtual team meetings: An analysis of communication and context. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 2558–2580. Bos, N., Olson, J., Gergle, D., Olson, G., & Wright, Z. (2002). Effects of four computer-mediated communications channels on trust development. Proc. CHI 2002, ACM Press, pp. 135-140. Cheng, X., Nolan, T., & Macaulay, L. (2013). Don’t give up the community: a viewpoint of trust development in online collaboration. Information Technology & People, 26(3), 298-318. Coppola, N.W., Hiltz, S.R & Rotter, N. (2004). Building trust in virtual teams. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 4, 95 – 104. Crossman, A., & Lee-Kelley, L. (2004). Trust, commitment and team working: The paradox of virtual organizations. Global Networks, 4 (4), 375-390. 163 Crowe, P., Collins, M., Larue, O., Green, R., Hough, A., & Juvina, I. (2017, September). Examining the Role of Trust in Peer-Assisted Learning. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 165-169). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. De Meo, P., Messina, F., Rosaci, D., & Sarné, G. M. (2017). Combining trust and skills evaluation to form e-Learning classes in online social networks. Information Sciences, 405, 107-122. Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: And Sex, Drugs, and Rock’n’ Roll (2nd ed.). Sage Publications: London. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2000). How to design and evaluate research in education New York: McGraw. Fransen, J. Kirschner, P.A. & Erkens, G. (2011). Mediating team effectiveness in the context of collaborative learning: The importance of team and task awareness. Computers in Human Behavior 27(3): 1103- 1113. Fransen, J., Weinberger, A., & Kirschner, P. (2013). Team effectiveness and team development in CSCL. Educational Psychologist, 48, 9–24. Gerdes, A. (2010). Revealing preconditions for trustful collaboration in CSCL. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 5, 345-353. Handy, C. (1995). Trust and the virtual organization. Harvard Business Review, 73, 40-50. Isohätälä, J., Järvenoja, H., & Järvelä, S. (2017). Socially shared regulation of learning and participation in social interaction in collaborative learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 81, 11-24. Jannsen, J., Erkens, G. & Kirschner, P. A. (2010). Group awareness tools: It’s what you do with it that matters. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1046-1058. Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches (3rd ed.) Sage Publications: Los Angeles. Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. doi: 10.1007/bf02291575 Kiffin-Petersen, S. A. (2004). Trust: A neglected variable in team effectiveness research. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, 10(1), 38–53. Leroy, L., Rittner, J. L., Johnson, K. E., Gerteis, J., & Miller, T. (2017). Facilitative Components of Collaborative Learning: A Review of Nine Health Research Networks. Healthcare Policy, 12(3), 19–33. Lin, C., Standing, C., & Liu, Y. (2008). A model to develop effective virtual teams, Decision Support Systems, 45(4), 1031-1045. Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J. & Lee, S. (2008). An examination of the relationship among structure, trust, and conflict management styles in virtual teams. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 21: 77–93 Martins, L.L., Gilson, L.L., & Maynard, M.T. (2004). Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6): 805-835. Mitchell, A., & Zigurs, I. (2009). Trust in virtual teams: Solved or still a mystery? Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 40(3), 61-83. Nandhakumar, J., & Baskerville, R. (2006). Durability of online teamworking: patterns of trust. Information Technology & People, 19(4), 371-389. Ocker, R. J., & Fjermestad, J. (2008). Communication differences in virtual design teams: findings from a multi-method analysis of high and low performing experimental teams. The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, 39(1), 51-67. Panteli, N., & Duncan, E. (2004). Trust and temporary virtual teams: alternative explanations and dramaturgical relationships. Information Technology & People, 17(4), 423-441. Phielix, C., Prins, F. J., Kirschner, P. A., Erkens, G., & Jaspers, J. (2010). Group awareness of social and cognitive performance in a CSCL environment: Effects of a peer feedback and reflection tool. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1087-1102. 164 Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Ridings, C. M., Gefen, D., & Arinze, B. (2002). Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(3-4), 271-295. Salomon, G., & Globerson, T. (1989). When teams do not function the way they ought to. International Journal of Educational Research, 13, 89-99. Sangin, M., Molinari, G., Nussli, M.-A. & Dillenbourg, P. (2010) Facilitating peer knowledge modeling: effects of a knowledge awareness tool on collaborative learning outcomes and processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1059-1067. Serva, M., & Fuller, M. (2004). Aligning what we do and what we measure in business schools: Incorporating active learning and effective media use in the assessment of instruction. Journal of Management Education, 28(1), 19–38 Stacey, E. (2002). Learning links online: Establishing constructivist and collaborative learning environments. Paper presented at the Untangling the Web: Establishing Learning Links, Melbourne. http://dro. deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30004665/stacey-learninglinksonline-2002.pdf Staples, D. S. & Webster, J. (2008). Exploring the effects of trust, task interdependence and virtualness on knowledge sharing in teams. Information Systems Journal, 18: 617–640. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Inc. Tseng, H. (2008). The relationships between trust and satisfaction and performance among the virtual teams with different developmental processes, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Northern Colorado West, M. A. & Wallace, M. (1988). Innovations in Primary Health Care Teams: The Effects Roles and Climates, Conference Paper Presented in Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society at University of Manchester, Manchester. Williams, E. A., Duray, R. & Reddy, V. (2006). Teamwork orientation, group cohesiveness, and student learning: a study of the use of teams in online distance education. Journal of Management Education, 30(4): 592-616. Wilson, J.M., Straus, S.G. & McEvily, W.J. (2006(. All in due time: The development of trust in computermediated and face-to-face groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99, 16-33. Van Gennip, N.A.E., Segers, M.S.R., & Tillema, H.H. (2010). Peer assessment as a collaborative learning activity: The role of interpersonal variables and conceptions. Learning and Instruction, 20, 280-290 Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Meltem Huri Baturay This is me 0000-0003-2402-6275

Sacip Toker This is me 0000-0003-1437-6642

Publication Date July 1, 2019
Submission Date April 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Baturay, M. H., & Toker, S. (2019). The Comparison of Trust in Virtual and Face-To-Face Collaborative Learning Teams. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(3), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.601929