Year 2020,
Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 57 - 72, 01.01.2020
Jesus Trespalacıos
Lida J. Urıbe-florez
References
- An, H., Shin, S., & Lim, K. (2009). The effects of different instructor facilitation approaches on students’
interactions during asynchronous online discussions. Computers & Education, 53, 749–760. doi:
10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.015
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review
of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80-97.
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer
conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17.
Andresen, M. A (2009). Asynchronous discussion forums: success factors, outcomes, assessments, and
limitations. Educational Technology & Society, 12(1), 249-257.
Barab, S. A., & Duffy, T. (2012). From practice fields to communities of practice. In D. Jonassen & S. Land
(Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 29-65), New York, NY:
Routledge.
Bennett, S. (2003). Supporting collaborative project teams using computer-based technologies. In T.
S. Roberts (Ed.), Online collaborative learning: Theory and practice (pp. 1-27). Hershey, PA:
Information Science Publishing.
Berry, S. (2017). Building community in online doctoral classrooms: instructor practices that support
community. Online Learning 21(2). doi: 10.24059/olj.v21i2.875
Bond, M. A., & Lockee, B. B. (2014). Building virtual communities of practice for distance educators. New
York, NY: Springer.
Brown, R. E. (2001). The process of community-building in distance learning classes. Journal of Asynchronous
Learning Networks, 5(2). Retrieved from https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/jaln_article/theprocess-of-community-building-in-distance-learning-classes-2/
Cho, M-H., & Tobias, S. (2016). Should instructors require discussion in online courses? Effects of online
discussion on community of inquiry, learner time, satisfaction, and achievement. International
Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(2), 123-140.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Dawson, S. (2006). A study of the relationship between student communication interaction and sense of
community. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 153–162.
Desai, M., Hart, J., & Richards, T. (2009). E-learning: Paradigm shift in education. Education, 129(2),
327-334.
De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Keer, V. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts
of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46, 6-28.
Fadde, P. J., & Vu, P. (2014). Blended online learning: Benefits, challenges, and misconceptions. In P. R.
Lowenthal, C. S. York, & J. C. Richardson (Eds.), Online learning: Common misconceptions,
benefits, and challenges (pp. 38-48). Hauppauge, YU. Nova Publishers.
Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and
practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and
practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Garrison, D. R. (2007). Online community of inquiry review: Social, cognitive, and teaching presence
issues. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(1), 61-72.
Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction
is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148.
68
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer
conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer
conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2/3), 87–105.
Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative
learning in computer conferences. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications,
1(2/3), 147–166.
Hrastinski, S. (2008a). The potential of synchronous communication to enhance participation in online
discussions: A case study of two e-learning courses. Information & Management, 45(7), 499-506.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.07.005
Hrastinski, S. (2008b). Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 51-55.
Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M. (Eds.) (2004). Learning, culture, and community in online education.
New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M., Robins, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2000). Community
development among distance learners: Temporal and technological dimensions. Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00114.x/full
Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2013). Audio-based versus text-based asynchronous online discussion: Two
case studies. Instructional Sciences, 41, 365–380. Doi: 10.1007/s11251-012-9232-7
Hill, J. R. (2012). Learning communities: Theoretical foundations for making connections. In D. Jonassen
& S. Land (Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 268-285), New
York, NY: Routledge.
Ice, P., Curtis, R., Phillips, P., & Wells, J. (2007). Using asynchronous audio feedback to enhance teaching
presence and students’ sense of community. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(2),
3-25.
Jonassen, D. H. (1995). Supporting communities of learners with technology: A vision for integrating
technology with learning in schools. Educational Technology, 35(4), 60-63.
Kent, C., Laslo, E., & Rafaeli, S. (2016). Interactivity in online discussions and learning outcomes. Computers
& Education, 97, 116-128.
Kozan, K., & Richardson, J. C. (2014). Interrelationships between and among social, teaching, and cognitive
presence. Internet and Higher Education, 21, 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.007
Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computersupported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Computers in Human
Behavior 19, 335–353.
Lenning, O., & Ebbers, L. (1999). The powerful potential of learning communities: Improving education for
the future. Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and
Human Development.
Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J., Bonk, C. J., & Lee, S. (2007). Does sense of community matter? An examination of
participants’ perceptions of building learning communities in online courses. The Quarterly Review
of Distance Education, 8(1), 9-24.
Ludwig-Hardman, S., & Dunlap, J. C. (2003). Learner support services for online students: Scaffolding for
success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(1). Retrieved from
http://www.irrodl.org/content/v4.1/dunlap.html
Luo, N., Zhang, M., & Qi, D. (2017). Effects of different interactions on students’ sense of community in
e-learning environment. Computers & Education, 115, 153-160.
Luppicini, R. (Ed.). (2007). Online learning communities. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
69
Martin, F., Parker, M. A., & Deale, D. F. (2012). Examining interactivity in synchronous virtual classrooms.
The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(3), 228-261. Retrieved
from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1174/2253
Misanchuk, M., & Anderson, T. (2001). Building community in an online learning environment:
Communication, cooperation and collaboration. Proceedings of the Teaching Learning and
Technology Conference, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/
fulltext/ED463725.pdf
McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense
of community. Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 73-81.
Oha, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction?
The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of
community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2007). Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for the virtual
classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2004). Collaborating Online: Learning Together in Community. San Francisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass.
Reeves, T.C., Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2004). A development research agenda for online collaborative
learning. Educational Technology Research & Development, 52(4), 53-65.
Retallick, J., Cocklin, B. and Coombe, K. (1999). Learning communities in education: Issues, strategies and
contexts. New York, NY: Routledge.
Roberts, E., & Lund, J. (2007). Exploring e-learning community in a global postgraduate programme. In R.
Andrews & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of e-learning research (pp. 487–503).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Rovai, A. P. (2007). Facilitating online discussions effectively. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(1),
77–88.
Rovai, A. P. (2002a). Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and
Higher Education, 5(3), 197–211.
Rovai, A. P. (2002b). Building sense of community at a distance. International Review of Research in Open
and Distance Learning, 3(1),
Rovai, A. P. (2002c). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous
learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(4), 319–332. doi:10.1016/S1096-
7516(02)00130-6
Rovai, A. P. (2001). Building classroom community at a distance: A case study. Educational Technology
Research and Development, 49(4), 33-48.
Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The
Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283).
Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012a). Sense of community in graduate online education: Contribution
of learner to learner interaction. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning,
13(4), 228–249. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1339/2317
Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012b). Contribution of learner-instructor interaction to sense of
community in graduate online education. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 8(4), 248-260.
Shea, P. (2006). A study of students’ sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of
Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(1), 35-44 Retrieved from http://onlinelearningconsortium.
org/sites/default/files/v10n1_4shea.pdf
70
Shea, P., Li, C., & Pickett, A. (2006). A study of teaching presence and student sense of learning community
in fully online and web-enhanced college courses. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 175–190.
Swan, K. (2003). Learning effectiveness: What the research tells us. In J. Bourne & J. C. Moore (Eds.),
Elements of quality online education: Practice and direction (pp. 13-45). Needham, MA: Sloan
Center for Online Education.
Swan, K. (2002). Building learning communities in online courses: The importance of interaction. Education,
Communication & Information, 2(1), 23-49.
Swan, K., Shea, P., Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., & Maher, G. (2000) Building knowledge building
communities: consistency, contact and communication in the virtual classroom. Journal of
Educational Computing Research, 23, 389–413.
Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities:
A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221-258.
Trespalacios, J., & Rand, J. (2015). Using asynchronous activities to promote sense of community and
learning in an online course. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 5(4),
1-13.
Tu, C. H. (2004). Online collaborative learning communities: Twenty-one designs to building an online
collaborative learning community. Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited.
Wegerif, R. (1998). The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous
Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49.
Developing Online Sense of Community: Graduate Students’ Experiences and Perceptions
Year 2020,
Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 57 - 72, 01.01.2020
Jesus Trespalacıos
Lida J. Urıbe-florez
Abstract
Building a sense of community (SoC) is an important process in the success of distance education and students’ retention. However, developing a community in online learning environments is not an easy task. The purpose of this research study is to explore perceptions of graduate students on SoC and learning after using different collaborative activities with diverse forms of interaction (text, audio, and video) in an online educational research course. Quantitative data from two surveys and qualitative data from individual interviews were collected. Findings indicate that multimodal and scaffolding interactive activities help to support connectedness and learning, and therefore foster online graduate students’ sense of community. The results of this study add to the literature with regard to instructional strategies used to support the development of online sense of community.
References
- An, H., Shin, S., & Lim, K. (2009). The effects of different instructor facilitation approaches on students’
interactions during asynchronous online discussions. Computers & Education, 53, 749–760. doi:
10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.015
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review
of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80-97.
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer
conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17.
Andresen, M. A (2009). Asynchronous discussion forums: success factors, outcomes, assessments, and
limitations. Educational Technology & Society, 12(1), 249-257.
Barab, S. A., & Duffy, T. (2012). From practice fields to communities of practice. In D. Jonassen & S. Land
(Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 29-65), New York, NY:
Routledge.
Bennett, S. (2003). Supporting collaborative project teams using computer-based technologies. In T.
S. Roberts (Ed.), Online collaborative learning: Theory and practice (pp. 1-27). Hershey, PA:
Information Science Publishing.
Berry, S. (2017). Building community in online doctoral classrooms: instructor practices that support
community. Online Learning 21(2). doi: 10.24059/olj.v21i2.875
Bond, M. A., & Lockee, B. B. (2014). Building virtual communities of practice for distance educators. New
York, NY: Springer.
Brown, R. E. (2001). The process of community-building in distance learning classes. Journal of Asynchronous
Learning Networks, 5(2). Retrieved from https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/jaln_article/theprocess-of-community-building-in-distance-learning-classes-2/
Cho, M-H., & Tobias, S. (2016). Should instructors require discussion in online courses? Effects of online
discussion on community of inquiry, learner time, satisfaction, and achievement. International
Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(2), 123-140.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Dawson, S. (2006). A study of the relationship between student communication interaction and sense of
community. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 153–162.
Desai, M., Hart, J., & Richards, T. (2009). E-learning: Paradigm shift in education. Education, 129(2),
327-334.
De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Keer, V. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts
of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46, 6-28.
Fadde, P. J., & Vu, P. (2014). Blended online learning: Benefits, challenges, and misconceptions. In P. R.
Lowenthal, C. S. York, & J. C. Richardson (Eds.), Online learning: Common misconceptions,
benefits, and challenges (pp. 38-48). Hauppauge, YU. Nova Publishers.
Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and
practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and
practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Garrison, D. R. (2007). Online community of inquiry review: Social, cognitive, and teaching presence
issues. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(1), 61-72.
Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction
is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148.
68
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer
conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer
conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2/3), 87–105.
Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative
learning in computer conferences. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications,
1(2/3), 147–166.
Hrastinski, S. (2008a). The potential of synchronous communication to enhance participation in online
discussions: A case study of two e-learning courses. Information & Management, 45(7), 499-506.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.07.005
Hrastinski, S. (2008b). Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 51-55.
Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M. (Eds.) (2004). Learning, culture, and community in online education.
New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M., Robins, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2000). Community
development among distance learners: Temporal and technological dimensions. Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00114.x/full
Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2013). Audio-based versus text-based asynchronous online discussion: Two
case studies. Instructional Sciences, 41, 365–380. Doi: 10.1007/s11251-012-9232-7
Hill, J. R. (2012). Learning communities: Theoretical foundations for making connections. In D. Jonassen
& S. Land (Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 268-285), New
York, NY: Routledge.
Ice, P., Curtis, R., Phillips, P., & Wells, J. (2007). Using asynchronous audio feedback to enhance teaching
presence and students’ sense of community. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(2),
3-25.
Jonassen, D. H. (1995). Supporting communities of learners with technology: A vision for integrating
technology with learning in schools. Educational Technology, 35(4), 60-63.
Kent, C., Laslo, E., & Rafaeli, S. (2016). Interactivity in online discussions and learning outcomes. Computers
& Education, 97, 116-128.
Kozan, K., & Richardson, J. C. (2014). Interrelationships between and among social, teaching, and cognitive
presence. Internet and Higher Education, 21, 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.007
Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computersupported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Computers in Human
Behavior 19, 335–353.
Lenning, O., & Ebbers, L. (1999). The powerful potential of learning communities: Improving education for
the future. Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and
Human Development.
Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J., Bonk, C. J., & Lee, S. (2007). Does sense of community matter? An examination of
participants’ perceptions of building learning communities in online courses. The Quarterly Review
of Distance Education, 8(1), 9-24.
Ludwig-Hardman, S., & Dunlap, J. C. (2003). Learner support services for online students: Scaffolding for
success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(1). Retrieved from
http://www.irrodl.org/content/v4.1/dunlap.html
Luo, N., Zhang, M., & Qi, D. (2017). Effects of different interactions on students’ sense of community in
e-learning environment. Computers & Education, 115, 153-160.
Luppicini, R. (Ed.). (2007). Online learning communities. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
69
Martin, F., Parker, M. A., & Deale, D. F. (2012). Examining interactivity in synchronous virtual classrooms.
The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(3), 228-261. Retrieved
from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1174/2253
Misanchuk, M., & Anderson, T. (2001). Building community in an online learning environment:
Communication, cooperation and collaboration. Proceedings of the Teaching Learning and
Technology Conference, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/
fulltext/ED463725.pdf
McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense
of community. Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 73-81.
Oha, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction?
The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of
community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2007). Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for the virtual
classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2004). Collaborating Online: Learning Together in Community. San Francisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass.
Reeves, T.C., Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2004). A development research agenda for online collaborative
learning. Educational Technology Research & Development, 52(4), 53-65.
Retallick, J., Cocklin, B. and Coombe, K. (1999). Learning communities in education: Issues, strategies and
contexts. New York, NY: Routledge.
Roberts, E., & Lund, J. (2007). Exploring e-learning community in a global postgraduate programme. In R.
Andrews & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of e-learning research (pp. 487–503).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Rovai, A. P. (2007). Facilitating online discussions effectively. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(1),
77–88.
Rovai, A. P. (2002a). Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and
Higher Education, 5(3), 197–211.
Rovai, A. P. (2002b). Building sense of community at a distance. International Review of Research in Open
and Distance Learning, 3(1),
Rovai, A. P. (2002c). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous
learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(4), 319–332. doi:10.1016/S1096-
7516(02)00130-6
Rovai, A. P. (2001). Building classroom community at a distance: A case study. Educational Technology
Research and Development, 49(4), 33-48.
Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The
Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283).
Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012a). Sense of community in graduate online education: Contribution
of learner to learner interaction. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning,
13(4), 228–249. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1339/2317
Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012b). Contribution of learner-instructor interaction to sense of
community in graduate online education. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 8(4), 248-260.
Shea, P. (2006). A study of students’ sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of
Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(1), 35-44 Retrieved from http://onlinelearningconsortium.
org/sites/default/files/v10n1_4shea.pdf
70
Shea, P., Li, C., & Pickett, A. (2006). A study of teaching presence and student sense of learning community
in fully online and web-enhanced college courses. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 175–190.
Swan, K. (2003). Learning effectiveness: What the research tells us. In J. Bourne & J. C. Moore (Eds.),
Elements of quality online education: Practice and direction (pp. 13-45). Needham, MA: Sloan
Center for Online Education.
Swan, K. (2002). Building learning communities in online courses: The importance of interaction. Education,
Communication & Information, 2(1), 23-49.
Swan, K., Shea, P., Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., & Maher, G. (2000) Building knowledge building
communities: consistency, contact and communication in the virtual classroom. Journal of
Educational Computing Research, 23, 389–413.
Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities:
A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221-258.
Trespalacios, J., & Rand, J. (2015). Using asynchronous activities to promote sense of community and
learning in an online course. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 5(4),
1-13.
Tu, C. H. (2004). Online collaborative learning communities: Twenty-one designs to building an online
collaborative learning community. Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited.
Wegerif, R. (1998). The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous
Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49.