Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 57 - 72, 01.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.690340

Abstract

References

  • An, H., Shin, S., & Lim, K. (2009). The effects of different instructor facilitation approaches on students’ interactions during asynchronous online discussions. Computers & Education, 53, 749–760. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.015 Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80-97. Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17. Andresen, M. A (2009). Asynchronous discussion forums: success factors, outcomes, assessments, and limitations. Educational Technology & Society, 12(1), 249-257. Barab, S. A., & Duffy, T. (2012). From practice fields to communities of practice. In D. Jonassen & S. Land (Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 29-65), New York, NY: Routledge. Bennett, S. (2003). Supporting collaborative project teams using computer-based technologies. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.), Online collaborative learning: Theory and practice (pp. 1-27). Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing. Berry, S. (2017). Building community in online doctoral classrooms: instructor practices that support community. Online Learning 21(2). doi: 10.24059/olj.v21i2.875 Bond, M. A., & Lockee, B. B. (2014). Building virtual communities of practice for distance educators. New York, NY: Springer. Brown, R. E. (2001). The process of community-building in distance learning classes. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2). Retrieved from https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/jaln_article/theprocess-of-community-building-in-distance-learning-classes-2/ Cho, M-H., & Tobias, S. (2016). Should instructors require discussion in online courses? Effects of online discussion on community of inquiry, learner time, satisfaction, and achievement. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(2), 123-140. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Dawson, S. (2006). A study of the relationship between student communication interaction and sense of community. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 153–162. Desai, M., Hart, J., & Richards, T. (2009). E-learning: Paradigm shift in education. Education, 129(2), 327-334. De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Keer, V. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46, 6-28. Fadde, P. J., & Vu, P. (2014). Blended online learning: Benefits, challenges, and misconceptions. In P. R. Lowenthal, C. S. York, & J. C. Richardson (Eds.), Online learning: Common misconceptions, benefits, and challenges (pp. 38-48). Hauppauge, YU. Nova Publishers. Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Garrison, D. R. (2007). Online community of inquiry review: Social, cognitive, and teaching presence issues. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(1), 61-72. Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148. 68 Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23. Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2/3), 87–105. Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(2/3), 147–166. Hrastinski, S. (2008a). The potential of synchronous communication to enhance participation in online discussions: A case study of two e-learning courses. Information & Management, 45(7), 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.07.005 Hrastinski, S. (2008b). Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 51-55. Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M. (Eds.) (2004). Learning, culture, and community in online education. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M., Robins, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2000). Community development among distance learners: Temporal and technological dimensions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00114.x/full Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2013). Audio-based versus text-based asynchronous online discussion: Two case studies. Instructional Sciences, 41, 365–380. Doi: 10.1007/s11251-012-9232-7 Hill, J. R. (2012). Learning communities: Theoretical foundations for making connections. In D. Jonassen & S. Land (Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 268-285), New York, NY: Routledge. Ice, P., Curtis, R., Phillips, P., & Wells, J. (2007). Using asynchronous audio feedback to enhance teaching presence and students’ sense of community. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(2), 3-25. Jonassen, D. H. (1995). Supporting communities of learners with technology: A vision for integrating technology with learning in schools. Educational Technology, 35(4), 60-63. Kent, C., Laslo, E., & Rafaeli, S. (2016). Interactivity in online discussions and learning outcomes. Computers & Education, 97, 116-128. Kozan, K., & Richardson, J. C. (2014). Interrelationships between and among social, teaching, and cognitive presence. Internet and Higher Education, 21, 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.007 Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computersupported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Computers in Human Behavior 19, 335–353. Lenning, O., & Ebbers, L. (1999). The powerful potential of learning communities: Improving education for the future. Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development. Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J., Bonk, C. J., & Lee, S. (2007). Does sense of community matter? An examination of participants’ perceptions of building learning communities in online courses. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(1), 9-24. Ludwig-Hardman, S., & Dunlap, J. C. (2003). Learner support services for online students: Scaffolding for success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v4.1/dunlap.html Luo, N., Zhang, M., & Qi, D. (2017). Effects of different interactions on students’ sense of community in e-learning environment. Computers & Education, 115, 153-160. Luppicini, R. (Ed.). (2007). Online learning communities. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. 69 Martin, F., Parker, M. A., & Deale, D. F. (2012). Examining interactivity in synchronous virtual classrooms. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(3), 228-261. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1174/2253 Misanchuk, M., & Anderson, T. (2001). Building community in an online learning environment: Communication, cooperation and collaboration. Proceedings of the Teaching Learning and Technology Conference, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/ED463725.pdf McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense of community. Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 73-81. Oha, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2007). Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for the virtual classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2004). Collaborating Online: Learning Together in Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass. Reeves, T.C., Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2004). A development research agenda for online collaborative learning. Educational Technology Research & Development, 52(4), 53-65. Retallick, J., Cocklin, B. and Coombe, K. (1999). Learning communities in education: Issues, strategies and contexts. New York, NY: Routledge. Roberts, E., & Lund, J. (2007). Exploring e-learning community in a global postgraduate programme. In R. Andrews & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of e-learning research (pp. 487–503). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Rovai, A. P. (2007). Facilitating online discussions effectively. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(1), 77–88. Rovai, A. P. (2002a). Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(3), 197–211. Rovai, A. P. (2002b). Building sense of community at a distance. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(1), Rovai, A. P. (2002c). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(4), 319–332. doi:10.1016/S1096- 7516(02)00130-6 Rovai, A. P. (2001). Building classroom community at a distance: A case study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(4), 33-48. Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283). Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012a). Sense of community in graduate online education: Contribution of learner to learner interaction. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(4), 228–249. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1339/2317 Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012b). Contribution of learner-instructor interaction to sense of community in graduate online education. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 8(4), 248-260. Shea, P. (2006). A study of students’ sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(1), 35-44 Retrieved from http://onlinelearningconsortium. org/sites/default/files/v10n1_4shea.pdf 70 Shea, P., Li, C., & Pickett, A. (2006). A study of teaching presence and student sense of learning community in fully online and web-enhanced college courses. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 175–190. Swan, K. (2003). Learning effectiveness: What the research tells us. In J. Bourne & J. C. Moore (Eds.), Elements of quality online education: Practice and direction (pp. 13-45). Needham, MA: Sloan Center for Online Education. Swan, K. (2002). Building learning communities in online courses: The importance of interaction. Education, Communication & Information, 2(1), 23-49. Swan, K., Shea, P., Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., & Maher, G. (2000) Building knowledge building communities: consistency, contact and communication in the virtual classroom. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 23, 389–413. Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221-258. Trespalacios, J., & Rand, J. (2015). Using asynchronous activities to promote sense of community and learning in an online course. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 5(4), 1-13. Tu, C. H. (2004). Online collaborative learning communities: Twenty-one designs to building an online collaborative learning community. Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited. Wegerif, R. (1998). The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49.

Developing Online Sense of Community: Graduate Students’ Experiences and Perceptions

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 57 - 72, 01.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.690340

Abstract

Building a sense of community (SoC) is an important process in the success of distance education and students’ retention. However, developing a community in online learning environments is not an easy task. The purpose of this research study is to explore perceptions of graduate students on SoC and learning after using different collaborative activities with diverse forms of interaction (text, audio, and video) in an online educational research course. Quantitative data from two surveys and qualitative data from individual interviews were collected. Findings indicate that multimodal and scaffolding interactive activities help to support connectedness and learning, and therefore foster online graduate students’ sense of community. The results of this study add to the literature with regard to instructional strategies used to support the development of online sense of community.

References

  • An, H., Shin, S., & Lim, K. (2009). The effects of different instructor facilitation approaches on students’ interactions during asynchronous online discussions. Computers & Education, 53, 749–760. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.015 Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80-97. Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17. Andresen, M. A (2009). Asynchronous discussion forums: success factors, outcomes, assessments, and limitations. Educational Technology & Society, 12(1), 249-257. Barab, S. A., & Duffy, T. (2012). From practice fields to communities of practice. In D. Jonassen & S. Land (Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 29-65), New York, NY: Routledge. Bennett, S. (2003). Supporting collaborative project teams using computer-based technologies. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.), Online collaborative learning: Theory and practice (pp. 1-27). Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing. Berry, S. (2017). Building community in online doctoral classrooms: instructor practices that support community. Online Learning 21(2). doi: 10.24059/olj.v21i2.875 Bond, M. A., & Lockee, B. B. (2014). Building virtual communities of practice for distance educators. New York, NY: Springer. Brown, R. E. (2001). The process of community-building in distance learning classes. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2). Retrieved from https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/jaln_article/theprocess-of-community-building-in-distance-learning-classes-2/ Cho, M-H., & Tobias, S. (2016). Should instructors require discussion in online courses? Effects of online discussion on community of inquiry, learner time, satisfaction, and achievement. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(2), 123-140. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Dawson, S. (2006). A study of the relationship between student communication interaction and sense of community. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 153–162. Desai, M., Hart, J., & Richards, T. (2009). E-learning: Paradigm shift in education. Education, 129(2), 327-334. De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Keer, V. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46, 6-28. Fadde, P. J., & Vu, P. (2014). Blended online learning: Benefits, challenges, and misconceptions. In P. R. Lowenthal, C. S. York, & J. C. Richardson (Eds.), Online learning: Common misconceptions, benefits, and challenges (pp. 38-48). Hauppauge, YU. Nova Publishers. Garrison, D. R. (2017). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Garrison, D. R. (2007). Online community of inquiry review: Social, cognitive, and teaching presence issues. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(1), 61-72. Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148. 68 Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23. Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2/3), 87–105. Gunawardena, C. N. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(2/3), 147–166. Hrastinski, S. (2008a). The potential of synchronous communication to enhance participation in online discussions: A case study of two e-learning courses. Information & Management, 45(7), 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.07.005 Hrastinski, S. (2008b). Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 51-55. Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M. (Eds.) (2004). Learning, culture, and community in online education. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Haythornthwaite, C., Kazmer, M. M., Robins, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2000). Community development among distance learners: Temporal and technological dimensions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00114.x/full Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2013). Audio-based versus text-based asynchronous online discussion: Two case studies. Instructional Sciences, 41, 365–380. Doi: 10.1007/s11251-012-9232-7 Hill, J. R. (2012). Learning communities: Theoretical foundations for making connections. In D. Jonassen & S. Land (Eds), Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments (2nd ed., pp. 268-285), New York, NY: Routledge. Ice, P., Curtis, R., Phillips, P., & Wells, J. (2007). Using asynchronous audio feedback to enhance teaching presence and students’ sense of community. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(2), 3-25. Jonassen, D. H. (1995). Supporting communities of learners with technology: A vision for integrating technology with learning in schools. Educational Technology, 35(4), 60-63. Kent, C., Laslo, E., & Rafaeli, S. (2016). Interactivity in online discussions and learning outcomes. Computers & Education, 97, 116-128. Kozan, K., & Richardson, J. C. (2014). Interrelationships between and among social, teaching, and cognitive presence. Internet and Higher Education, 21, 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.007 Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computersupported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Computers in Human Behavior 19, 335–353. Lenning, O., & Ebbers, L. (1999). The powerful potential of learning communities: Improving education for the future. Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development. Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J., Bonk, C. J., & Lee, S. (2007). Does sense of community matter? An examination of participants’ perceptions of building learning communities in online courses. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(1), 9-24. Ludwig-Hardman, S., & Dunlap, J. C. (2003). Learner support services for online students: Scaffolding for success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v4.1/dunlap.html Luo, N., Zhang, M., & Qi, D. (2017). Effects of different interactions on students’ sense of community in e-learning environment. Computers & Education, 115, 153-160. Luppicini, R. (Ed.). (2007). Online learning communities. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. 69 Martin, F., Parker, M. A., & Deale, D. F. (2012). Examining interactivity in synchronous virtual classrooms. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(3), 228-261. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1174/2253 Misanchuk, M., & Anderson, T. (2001). Building community in an online learning environment: Communication, cooperation and collaboration. Proceedings of the Teaching Learning and Technology Conference, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/ED463725.pdf McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense of community. Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 73-81. Oha, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2007). Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for the virtual classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2004). Collaborating Online: Learning Together in Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass. Reeves, T.C., Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2004). A development research agenda for online collaborative learning. Educational Technology Research & Development, 52(4), 53-65. Retallick, J., Cocklin, B. and Coombe, K. (1999). Learning communities in education: Issues, strategies and contexts. New York, NY: Routledge. Roberts, E., & Lund, J. (2007). Exploring e-learning community in a global postgraduate programme. In R. Andrews & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of e-learning research (pp. 487–503). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Rovai, A. P. (2007). Facilitating online discussions effectively. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(1), 77–88. Rovai, A. P. (2002a). Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(3), 197–211. Rovai, A. P. (2002b). Building sense of community at a distance. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(1), Rovai, A. P. (2002c). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(4), 319–332. doi:10.1016/S1096- 7516(02)00130-6 Rovai, A. P. (2001). Building classroom community at a distance: A case study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(4), 33-48. Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283). Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012a). Sense of community in graduate online education: Contribution of learner to learner interaction. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(4), 228–249. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1339/2317 Shackelford, J., & Maxwell, M. (2012b). Contribution of learner-instructor interaction to sense of community in graduate online education. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 8(4), 248-260. Shea, P. (2006). A study of students’ sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(1), 35-44 Retrieved from http://onlinelearningconsortium. org/sites/default/files/v10n1_4shea.pdf 70 Shea, P., Li, C., & Pickett, A. (2006). A study of teaching presence and student sense of learning community in fully online and web-enhanced college courses. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 175–190. Swan, K. (2003). Learning effectiveness: What the research tells us. In J. Bourne & J. C. Moore (Eds.), Elements of quality online education: Practice and direction (pp. 13-45). Needham, MA: Sloan Center for Online Education. Swan, K. (2002). Building learning communities in online courses: The importance of interaction. Education, Communication & Information, 2(1), 23-49. Swan, K., Shea, P., Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., & Maher, G. (2000) Building knowledge building communities: consistency, contact and communication in the virtual classroom. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 23, 389–413. Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221-258. Trespalacios, J., & Rand, J. (2015). Using asynchronous activities to promote sense of community and learning in an online course. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 5(4), 1-13. Tu, C. H. (2004). Online collaborative learning communities: Twenty-one designs to building an online collaborative learning community. Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited. Wegerif, R. (1998). The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2(1), 34–49.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Jesus Trespalacıos This is me 0000-0002-3162-3601

Lida J. Urıbe-florez This is me 0000-0001-8254-4228

Publication Date January 1, 2020
Submission Date January 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Trespalacıos, J., & Urıbe-florez, L. J. (2020). Developing Online Sense of Community: Graduate Students’ Experiences and Perceptions. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.690340

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