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Collaboration and Virtual Learning in New Zealand Rural Primary Schools: A Review of the Literature

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 102 - 125, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.727983

Abstract

In this literature review, the authors examined three key areas that were chosen as relevant to the challenges faced by small rural schools, and collaborative practice between schools working in virtual learning environments in New Zealand. The first area was rural education, where definitions of rurality and the demographics and characteristics of small rural New Zealand schools were described, and the challenges and innovations in rural school setting were explored. The second area was collaborative practice, where features of effective collaboration were discussed as is the professional practice and theory that underpins collaboration across school networks. Finally, the third area was virtual learning, which was defined and described, along with the benefits and challenges of learning in virtual environments, and the growth of networked learning communities in New Zealand was chronicled. A comprehensive scope of the current New Zealand education landscape was included to provide the context in which this review resides.

References

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(2014). Learning and change networks: Connecting students with learning. Wellington, New Zealand: Aotearoa New Zealand Education Gazette. Retrieved from https:// gazette.education.govt.nz/articles/1H9csP-learning-and-change-networks-connecting-studentswith-learning/ Baills, L., & Rossi, T. (2001). The transition from isolated, rural contexts to boarding school - Can school physical education and sport play a part? Journal of Physical Education New Zealand, 34(1), 40-52. Barbour, M. K. (2011a). Primary and secondary e-learning: Examining the process of achieving maturity. Christchurch, New Zealand: Distance Education Association of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.vln.school.nz/mod/file/download.php?file_guid=114023 Barbour, M. K. (2011b). Addressing learner needs: An example from the VLN Primary. Retrieved from http:// www.vln.school.nz/groupcms/view/8282/learner-needs Barbour, M. K. (2014). A history of international K-12 online and blended instruction. In R. Ferdig & K. Kennedy (Eds)., Handbook of Research on K-12 Online and Blended Learning (pp. 25-50). Pittsburgh, PA: Entertainment Technology Center Press, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from http://press.etc.cmu.edu/content/handbook-research-k-12-online-and-blended-learning-0 Barbour, M. K. (2015). US and international K-12 online learning: How have they developed differently? In D. Rutledge & D. Slykhuis (Eds.), Proceeding of the 2015 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1446–1453). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib. org/p/150584/ Barbour, M. K., Davis, N., & Wenmoth, D. (2013). Networked Schools in New Zealand: Examples from the Virtual Learning Network. In R. McBride & M. Searson (Eds.), Proceeding of the 2013 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 4102–4107). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.. Retrieved from http://www.learntechlib.org/p/48763/ Barbour, M. K., Miron, G., & Huerta, L. (2017). Virtual schools in the U.S.: Case studies of policy, performance, and research evidence. Lansing, MI: Michigan Virtual Learning Research Institute. Retrieved from http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/VSCase-17.pdf Barbour, M., & Wenmoth, D. (2013). Virtual learning as an impetus for educational change: Charting a way forward for learning in New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Core Education. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/ced_fac/93 Barley, Z. A., & Beesley, A. D. (2007). Rural school success: What can we learn? Journal of Research in Rural Education, 22(1), 1-16. Retrieved from http://jrre.psu.edu/articles/22-3.pdf Bartholomaeus, P. (2013). Educating for sustainable rural futures. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 23(2), 101-113. 119 Bates, T. (2005). Technology, e-learning and distance education (2nd ed). New York: Routledge. Bolstad, R. (2011). Principles for a future-oriented education system. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 2011–2012(21), 77–95. Bolstad, R., Gilbert, J., McDowall, S., Bull, A., Boyd, S., & Hipkins, R. (2012). Supporting future-oriented learning & teaching a New Zealand perspective. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/109317/994_ Future-oriented-07062012.pdf Bolstad, R., & Lin, M. (2009). Students’ experiences of learning in virtual classrooms. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Retrieved from http://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/ files/students-experiences-learning-virtual-classrooms.pdf Borup, J., West, R. E., Graham, C. R., & Davies, R. S. (2014). The adolescent community of engagement framework: A lens for research on K-12 online learning. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 22(1), 107-129. Cavanaugh, C., Ferdig, R. E., & Freidhoff, J. R. (2015). Research into K-12 online & blended learning. In T. Clark & M. Barbour (Eds.), Online, Blended and Distance Education in Schools: Building Successful Programs (pp. 52-59). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC. Chapman, C., Chestnutt, H., Friel, N., Hall, S., & Lowden. K., (2016). Professional capital and collaborative inquiry networks for educational equity and improvement? Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 1(3), 178-197. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-03-2016-0007 Cloke, P. J. (2006). Conceptualizing rurality. In P. Cloke, T. Marsden & P. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of Rural Studies (pp. 18–29). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Corbett, M. (2007). Travels in space and place: Identity and rural schooling. Canadian Journal of Education, 30(3), 771-792. Cowie, B., & Hipkins, R. (2009). Curriculum implementation exploratory studies: Final report. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__ data/assets/pdf_file/0008/57824/930_CIESweb.pdf Crothers, C., Smith, P., Urale, P., & Bell, A. (2016). The internet in New Zealand 2015. Auckland, New Zealand: Institute of Culture, Discourse & Communication, Auckland University of Technology. Retrieved from https://icdc.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/73442/WIPNZ-Report-060515.pdf Daly, A. J. (Ed.). (2010). Social network theory and educational change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. Donehower, K., Hogg, C. & Schell, E. (2007). Rural literacies. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Donohoo, J. (2017). Collective efficacy: How educators’ beliefs impact student learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Duffy, G., & Gallagher, T. (2017). Shared education in contested spaces: How collaborative networks improve communities and schools. Journal of Educational Change, 18(1), 107-134. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10833-016-9279-3 Duke, B., Harper, G., & Johnston, M. (2013). Connectivism as a digital age learning theory. In L. Stefani, S. Tegginmath, & B. Todhunter (Eds.), The International HETL Review (pp. 4-13). Kew Gardens, NY: The International Higher Education Teaching and Learning Association Retrieved from https://www.hetl.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/HETLReview2013SpecialIssueArticle1.pdf Earl Rinehart, K. (2017). Judging what they do: Formal, informal, and self appraisal of New Zealand (rural) primary school principals. An unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/11543 Education Review. (2016, April). A Matter of Principal. Education Review: Leadership & Professional Development 2016. Retrieved from http://educationreview.co.nz/a-matter-of-principal/ 120 East, L. (2016). Why COOLs are so uncool... 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Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 102 - 125, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.727983

Abstract

References

  • 21st Century Learning Reference Group. (2014). Future-focused learning in connected communities. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.education.govt.nz/ assets/Documents/Ministry/Initiatives/FutureFocusedLearning30May2014.pdf Ainscow, M. (2016). Collaboration as a strategy for promoting equity in education: possibilities and barriers. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 1(2), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-12- 2015-0013 Ali, A. (2017). The development of the learning exchange schools in New Zealand: An actor network theory and complexity theory analysis. An unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/6457 Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(3), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.19173/ irrodl.v12i3.890 Annan, J., & Carpenter, R. (2014). Learning and change networks: Connecting students with learning. Wellington, New Zealand: Aotearoa New Zealand Education Gazette. Retrieved from https:// gazette.education.govt.nz/articles/1H9csP-learning-and-change-networks-connecting-studentswith-learning/ Baills, L., & Rossi, T. (2001). The transition from isolated, rural contexts to boarding school - Can school physical education and sport play a part? Journal of Physical Education New Zealand, 34(1), 40-52. Barbour, M. K. (2011a). Primary and secondary e-learning: Examining the process of achieving maturity. Christchurch, New Zealand: Distance Education Association of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.vln.school.nz/mod/file/download.php?file_guid=114023 Barbour, M. K. (2011b). Addressing learner needs: An example from the VLN Primary. Retrieved from http:// www.vln.school.nz/groupcms/view/8282/learner-needs Barbour, M. K. (2014). A history of international K-12 online and blended instruction. In R. Ferdig & K. Kennedy (Eds)., Handbook of Research on K-12 Online and Blended Learning (pp. 25-50). Pittsburgh, PA: Entertainment Technology Center Press, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from http://press.etc.cmu.edu/content/handbook-research-k-12-online-and-blended-learning-0 Barbour, M. K. (2015). US and international K-12 online learning: How have they developed differently? In D. Rutledge & D. Slykhuis (Eds.), Proceeding of the 2015 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1446–1453). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib. org/p/150584/ Barbour, M. K., Davis, N., & Wenmoth, D. (2013). Networked Schools in New Zealand: Examples from the Virtual Learning Network. In R. McBride & M. Searson (Eds.), Proceeding of the 2013 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 4102–4107). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.. Retrieved from http://www.learntechlib.org/p/48763/ Barbour, M. K., Miron, G., & Huerta, L. (2017). Virtual schools in the U.S.: Case studies of policy, performance, and research evidence. Lansing, MI: Michigan Virtual Learning Research Institute. Retrieved from http://media.mivu.org/institute/pdf/VSCase-17.pdf Barbour, M., & Wenmoth, D. (2013). Virtual learning as an impetus for educational change: Charting a way forward for learning in New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Core Education. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/ced_fac/93 Barley, Z. A., & Beesley, A. D. (2007). Rural school success: What can we learn? Journal of Research in Rural Education, 22(1), 1-16. Retrieved from http://jrre.psu.edu/articles/22-3.pdf Bartholomaeus, P. (2013). Educating for sustainable rural futures. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 23(2), 101-113. 119 Bates, T. (2005). Technology, e-learning and distance education (2nd ed). New York: Routledge. Bolstad, R. (2011). Principles for a future-oriented education system. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 2011–2012(21), 77–95. Bolstad, R., Gilbert, J., McDowall, S., Bull, A., Boyd, S., & Hipkins, R. (2012). Supporting future-oriented learning & teaching a New Zealand perspective. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/109317/994_ Future-oriented-07062012.pdf Bolstad, R., & Lin, M. (2009). Students’ experiences of learning in virtual classrooms. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Retrieved from http://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/ files/students-experiences-learning-virtual-classrooms.pdf Borup, J., West, R. E., Graham, C. R., & Davies, R. S. (2014). The adolescent community of engagement framework: A lens for research on K-12 online learning. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 22(1), 107-129. Cavanaugh, C., Ferdig, R. E., & Freidhoff, J. R. (2015). Research into K-12 online & blended learning. In T. Clark & M. Barbour (Eds.), Online, Blended and Distance Education in Schools: Building Successful Programs (pp. 52-59). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC. Chapman, C., Chestnutt, H., Friel, N., Hall, S., & Lowden. K., (2016). Professional capital and collaborative inquiry networks for educational equity and improvement? Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 1(3), 178-197. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-03-2016-0007 Cloke, P. J. (2006). Conceptualizing rurality. In P. Cloke, T. Marsden & P. Mooney (Eds.), Handbook of Rural Studies (pp. 18–29). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Corbett, M. (2007). Travels in space and place: Identity and rural schooling. Canadian Journal of Education, 30(3), 771-792. Cowie, B., & Hipkins, R. (2009). Curriculum implementation exploratory studies: Final report. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__ data/assets/pdf_file/0008/57824/930_CIESweb.pdf Crothers, C., Smith, P., Urale, P., & Bell, A. (2016). The internet in New Zealand 2015. Auckland, New Zealand: Institute of Culture, Discourse & Communication, Auckland University of Technology. Retrieved from https://icdc.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/73442/WIPNZ-Report-060515.pdf Daly, A. J. (Ed.). (2010). Social network theory and educational change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. Donehower, K., Hogg, C. & Schell, E. (2007). Rural literacies. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Donohoo, J. (2017). Collective efficacy: How educators’ beliefs impact student learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Duffy, G., & Gallagher, T. (2017). Shared education in contested spaces: How collaborative networks improve communities and schools. 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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Rachel Whalley This is me

Michael K. Barbour This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2020
Submission Date February 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Whalley, R., & K. Barbour, M. (2020). Collaboration and Virtual Learning in New Zealand Rural Primary Schools: A Review of the Literature. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(2), 102-125. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.727983