Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 567 - 580, 19.12.2022

Abstract

This research examined the effect of social media addiction (SMA), under four factors "mood modification", "relapse", "conflict" “occupation”, on the depression levels (CES-D) of tourist guidance undergraduates in Turkey’s higher education tourism context. The study used a survey method with the participation of 404 tourist guidance undergraduates from randomly chosen tourism faculties. Frequency analysis, simple linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed on the collected data, and it was found with the simple linear regression analysis that SMA and CES-D are positively correlated. When the sub-scales of SMAS were submitted for multiple regression analysis, it was found that the sub-scale of the "Conflict" was positively correlated with participants’ depression levels whereas the sub-scale of the "Mood Modification” was found to be negatively correlated with participants' depression levels. The subscales “Relapse” and “Occupation” were found not to be significantly correlated with the participants’ depression levels. The current study produced original findings providing empirical data for the literature regarding Social Media Addiction (SMA) and its effect on depression among tourist guidance undergraduates as well as some theoretical and practical implications for the curriculum to be developed in tourist guidance departments of Tourism Faculties in Turkey for more effective management of students’ academic performance and achievement during their undergraduate education.

References

  • Akin, A., & İskender, M. (2011). Internet addiction and depression, anxiety and stress. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 138–148
  • Al-Menayes, J. J. (2015). SM use, engagement and addiction as predictors of academic performance. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7, 86-94.
  • Alzougool, B. (2018). Facebook addiction among ordinary users in Jordan. In ECSM 2018 5th European Conference on SM (p. 1). Academic Conferences and publishing limited.
  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Wainapel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). On the Internet, no one knows I am an introvert: Extroversion, neuroticism, and Internet interaction. Cyberpsychology & behaviour, 5(2), 125-128.
  • Anderson, S. E. (2003). The school district role in educational change: A review of the literature. Research on the role of the district”, ICEC, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2010). The relationship between “Workaholism” basic needs satisfaction at work and personality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 3-17.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological reports, 110(2), 501-517.
  • Andreassen, C., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Social network site addiction-an overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4053-4061.
  • Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175-184.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of SM and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of SM, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293
  • Baccarella, C. V., Wagner, T. F., Kietzmann, J. H., & McCarthy, I. P. (2018). SM? It’s serious! Understanding the dark side of SM. European Management Journal, 36(4), 431–438.
  • Balakrishnan, V., & Shamim, A. (2013). Malaysian Facebookers: Motives and addictive behaviours unravelled. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1342–1349.
  • Balcı, Ş., & Baloğlu, E. (2018). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ile Depresyon Arasındaki İlişki:" Üniversite Gençliği Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması". İletisim, (29).
  • Balcı, Ş., & Gölcü, A. (2013). Facebook Addiction among University Students in Turkey:" Selcuk University Example". Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(34), 255-278.
  • Balcı, Ş. & Tiryaki, S. (2014). Facebook Addiction among High School Students in Turkey.IISES Vienna 10th International Academic Conference, 03-06 June 2014, 119-133.
  • Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 701–705.
  • Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., & Pantic, I. (2015). Internet use, Facebook intrusion, and depression: Results of a cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry, 30(6), 681-684.
  • Bostanci, M., Ozdel, O., Oguzhanoglu, N. K., Ozdel, L., Ergin, A., Ergin, N., ... & Karadag, F. (2005). Depressive symptomatology among university students in Denizli, Turkey: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1).
  • Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., Bjorvatn, B. & Pallesen, S. (2011). The relationship between media use in the bedroom, sleep habits, and symptoms of insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 20, 569-575.
  • Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  • Ceyhan, A. A., Ceyhan, E., & Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2009). Investigation of University Students' Depression. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), (36).
  • Chan, T. H. (2014). Facebook and its effects on users' empathic social skills and life satisfaction: a double-edged sword effect. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(5), 276-280.
  • Chen, L., Wang, L., Qiu, X. H., Yang, X. X., Qiao, Z. X., Yang, Y. J., & Liang, Y. (2013). Depression among Chinese university students: Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. PloS one, 8(3), e58379
  • Chou, H. T. G., & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 117–121.
  • Chung, J. E. (2013). Social interaction in online support groups: Preference for online social interaction over offline social interaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1408-1414.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Action Research, Research Methods in Education, 5, 226-244
  • Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837-844.
  • Çayırlı, E. (2017). Sosyal medya kullanım özelliklerinin kişilik yapılanmaları, yaşam doyumu ve depresyon açısından incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Işık University).
  • De Cock, R., Vangeel, J., Klein, A., Minotte, P., Rosas, O., & Meerkerk, G. J. (2014). Compulsive use of social networking sites in Belgium: Prevalence, profile, and the role of attitude toward work and school. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(3), 166-171.
  • Demir, Y. (2016). The relationship between loneliness and depression: Mediation role of internet addiction. Educational Process: International Journal, 5(2), 97–105
  • De Wit, L., Van Straten, A., Lamers, F., Cuijpers, P., & Penninx, B. (2011). Are sedentary television watching and computer use behaviours associated with anxiety and depressive disorders? Psychiatry Research, 186(2-3), 239-243.
  • Donnelly, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2016). Depression among users of social networking sites (SNSs): The role of SNS addiction and increased usage. Journal of Addiction and Preventive Medicine, 1(2), 107.
  • George, D. & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows, step by step, a simple guide and reference. Fourth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Glazzard, J., & Stones, S. (2016). SM and young people's mental health. Technology and Child Mental Health Approximately, I, 13.
  • Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 79–83.
  • Gosling, S. D., Augustine, A. A., Vazire, S., Holtzman, N., & Gaddis, S. (2011). Manifestations of personality in online social networks: Self-reported Facebook-related behaviours and observable profile information. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(9), 483-488.
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2010). The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 119–125.
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and issues. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 4(5).
  • Ha, J.H., Chin, B., Park, D.H., Ryu, S.H. & Yu, J. (2008). Characteristics of excessive cellular phone use in Korean adolescents. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11 (6), 783-786.
  • Hall, A. S., & Parsons, J. (2001). Internet addiction: College student case study using best practices in cognitive behaviour therapy. Journal of mental health counselling, 23(4), 312.
  • Haand, R., & Shuwang, Z. (2020). The relationship between SM addiction and depression: A quantitative study among university students in Khost, Afghanistan. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 780-786.
  • Heiligenstein, E., Guenther, G., Hsu, K., & Herman, K. (1996). Depression and academic impairment in college students. Journal of American College Health, 45(2), 59-64.
  • Hilliard, J. (2019). SM addiction - addiction centre. https://www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/social-mediaaddiction/
  • Horzum, M. B. (2011). Examining Computer Game Addiction Level of Primary School Students in Terms of Different Variables. Education and Science, 36 (159), 56-68.
  • Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). SM addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology, 13(1), 1.
  • Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8(3), 145.
  • Jasso-Medrano, J. L., & Lopez-Rosales, F. (2018). Measuring the relationship between SM use and addictive behaviour and depression and suicide ideation among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 183-191.
  • Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J. C., & Moreno, M. A. (2013). “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 128–130.
  • Jiang, T., Hou, Y., & Wang, Q. (2016). Does micro-blogging make us “shallow”? Sharing information online interferes with information comprehension. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 210–214.
  • Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58, 162–171.
  • Kandell, J.J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: The vulnerability of college students. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 1, 11-17.
  • Kemp, S. (2019). Digital 2019. We Are Social & Hootsuite, p. 76. https://es.slideshare.net/DataReportal/digital2019-argentina-january-2019-v01?from_action=save
  • Khattak, F. A., Ahmad, S., & Mohammad, H. (2017). Facebook addiction and depression: a comparative study of gender differences. PUTAJ-Humanities and Social Sciences, 25(1-2), 55-62.
  • Khawaja, N. G., & Bryden, K. J. (2006). The development and psychometric investigation of the university students’ depression inventory. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1), 21- 29.
  • Kırcaburun, K. (2016). Self-esteem, daily internet use and SM addiction as predictors of depression among Turkish adolescents. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 64–72.
  • Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M. Y., Yeun, E. J., Choi, S. Y., Seo, J. S., & Nam, B. W. (2006). Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(2), 185–192.
  • Koc, M., & Gulyagci, S. (2013). Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: The role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 279-284.
  • Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS one, 8(8), e69841.
  • Kuss, D. J., & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World journal of psychiatry, 6(1), 143.
  • Lane, J., Lane, A. M., & Kyprianou, A. (2004). Self-efficacy, self-esteem and their impact on academic performance. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 247–256.
  • Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of SM usage and SM multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 286–291.
  • Lee, J. Y., Park, E. J., Kwon, M., Choi, J. H., Jeong, J. E., Choi, J. S., & Kim, D. J. (2014). The difference in comorbidities and behavioural aspects between internet abuse and internet dependence in Korean male adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation, 11(4), 387.
  • Lin, K. Y., & Lu, H. P. (2011). Why people use social networking sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1152–1161.
  • Lin, L. yi, Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Hoffman, B. L., Giles, L. M., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between SM use and depression among U.S. Young adults: Research article: SM and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323–331.
  • Malik, S., & Khan, M. (2015). Impact of Facebook addiction on narcissistic behaviour and self-esteem among students. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 65, 260–263.
  • Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 357–364.
  • Morgan, C., & Cotten, S. R. (2003). The relationship between Internet activities and depressive symptoms in a sample of college freshmen. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 133-142.
  • Nida, T. K. (2018). Facebook addiction and its association with academic performance. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 3(5), 1–3.
  • Nie, N. H. (2001). Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the Internet: Reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioural Scientist, 45(3), 420-435.
  • Orsal, O., Orsal, O., Unsal, A., & Ozalp, S. S. (2013). Evaluation of internet addiction and depression among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 445-454.
  • YÖK (2022). Yükseköğretim Kurulu, Lisans Tercih Sihirbazı. Available at: https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/tercih-sihirbazi-t4-tablo.php?p=dil Access Date: 22 July 2022
  • Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433-449.
  • Özgür, H. (2013). Analyzing the relationship between social networking addiction, interaction anxiousness and levels of loneliness of pre-service teachers Öğretmen adaylarının sosyal ağ bağımlılığı, etkileşim kaygısı ve yalnızlık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 10(2), 667-690.
  • Pant, A., & Rajput, R. S. (2019). Linear Regression Analysis Using R for Research and Development. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336981868_Linear_Regression_Analysis_Using_R_for_Research_and_Development Access Date: 22 June 2022
  • Pantic, I., Damjanovic, A., Todorovic, J., Topalovic, D., Bojovic-Jovic, D., Ristic, S., & Pantic, S. (2012). Association between online social networking and depression in high school students: Behavioral physiology viewpoint. Psychiatria Danubina, 24, 90–93.
  • Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 652–657.
  • Pasek, J., & Hargittai, E. (2009). Facebook and academic performance: Reconciling a media sensation with data. First Monday, 14.
  • Pew Research Center. (2015). SM update 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from: http://www.webcitation.org/6ajEhvS11.
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
  • Rosenberg, J., & Egbert, N. (2011). Online impression management: Personality traits and concerns for secondary goals as predictors of self-presentation tactics on Facebook. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 1– 18.
  • Ruiz-Olivares, R., Lucena V., Pino M.J. & Herruzo, J. (2010). Analysis of behaviour related to use of the internet, mobile telephones, compulsive shopping and gambling among university students. Adicciones, 22(4), 301-309
  • Sagioglou, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2014). Facebook’s emotional consequences: Why Facebook causes a decrease in mood and why people still use it. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 359-363.
  • Savastio, R. (2013). Facebook causes depression new study says. Available at: http://guardianlv.com/2013/08/facebook-causes-depression-new-study-says/
  • Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 3(4), e5842.
  • Sevilla, C. (2012). Social network addiction and your next case. Attorney Journal. Available at: http://attorneyjournalsd.com/blog/2012/08/02/ social-network-addiction-and-your-next-case/
  • Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Sidani, J. E., Bowman, N. D., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2017). Problematic SM use and depressive symptoms among US young adults: A nationally representative study. Social science & medicine, 182, 150-157.
  • Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Dew, M. A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., & Primack, B. A. (2018). SM use and depression and anxiety symptoms: A cluster analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior, 42(2), 116–128.
  • Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omori, K., & Allen, M. (2014). Does Facebook make you lonely? A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 446-452.
  • Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 213–240.
  • Starcevic, V. (2013). Is Internet addiction a useful concept? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(1), 16-19.
  • Steers, M. L. N., Wickham, R. E., & Acitelli, L. K. (2014). Seeing everyone else's highlight reels: How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(8), 701-731.
  • Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434-445.
  • Subrahmanyam, K., Smahel, D., & Greenfield, P. (2006). Connecting developmental constructions to the Internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 395.
  • Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. (2008). Online communication and adolescent relationships. The future of children, 119-146.
  • Tang, J. H., Chen, M. C., Yang, C. Y., Chung, T. Y., & Lee, Y. A. (2016). Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, and Facebook addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 33, 102–108.
  • Tolentino, J. C., & Schmidt, S. L. (2018). DSM-5 criteria and depression severity: implications for clinical practice. Frontiers in psychiatry, 450.
  • Tsitsika, A., Janikian, M., Schoenmakers, T. M., Tzavela, E. C., Olafsson, K., Wójcik, S., & Richardson, C. (2014). Internet addictive behaviour in adolescence: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 17(8), 528-535.
  • Twenge, J. (2006). Generation me: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York: Basic Books. Vandervoort, D.(1999). Quality of social support in mental and physical health. Current Psychology, 18(2), 205.
  • Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and linked to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17.
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 584–590.
  • Wang, P., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Xie, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., Ouyang, M., & Lei, L. (2018). Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 127(2), 162–167.
  • Waqas, A., Khurshid, Z., Ali, M., & Khaliq, H. (2018). Association between usage of SM and depression among young adults. Journal of Management Info, 5(4), 26–30.
  • Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A. (2011). Examining the impact of distracting multitasking with technology on real-time classroom learning. Computers & Education, 58, 365–374.
  • Wu, A. M., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 160–166.
  • Yalçın, G. (2015). Sosyal medyanın yoğun kullanımının ileri ergenlikte yalnızlık ve depresyona etkisi (Unpublished MA Thesis). Arel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Yeltepe, H. & İkizler, H.C. (2007). Validation and Relaibilty Study of Exercise Dependence Scale–21 in Turkish. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 8, 29-35.
  • Young, K. S. (2009). Internet addiction: Diagnosis and treatment consideration. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39, 241-246.
  • Yusoff, M. S. B., Abdul Rahim, A. F., Baba, A. A., Ismail, S. B., Mat Pa, M. N., & Esa, A. R. (2013). Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students. Asian journal of psychiatry, 6(2), 128-133.
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 567 - 580, 19.12.2022

Abstract

References

  • Akin, A., & İskender, M. (2011). Internet addiction and depression, anxiety and stress. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 138–148
  • Al-Menayes, J. J. (2015). SM use, engagement and addiction as predictors of academic performance. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7, 86-94.
  • Alzougool, B. (2018). Facebook addiction among ordinary users in Jordan. In ECSM 2018 5th European Conference on SM (p. 1). Academic Conferences and publishing limited.
  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Wainapel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). On the Internet, no one knows I am an introvert: Extroversion, neuroticism, and Internet interaction. Cyberpsychology & behaviour, 5(2), 125-128.
  • Anderson, S. E. (2003). The school district role in educational change: A review of the literature. Research on the role of the district”, ICEC, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2010). The relationship between “Workaholism” basic needs satisfaction at work and personality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 3-17.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological reports, 110(2), 501-517.
  • Andreassen, C., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Social network site addiction-an overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4053-4061.
  • Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175-184.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of SM and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of SM, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293
  • Baccarella, C. V., Wagner, T. F., Kietzmann, J. H., & McCarthy, I. P. (2018). SM? It’s serious! Understanding the dark side of SM. European Management Journal, 36(4), 431–438.
  • Balakrishnan, V., & Shamim, A. (2013). Malaysian Facebookers: Motives and addictive behaviours unravelled. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1342–1349.
  • Balcı, Ş., & Baloğlu, E. (2018). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ile Depresyon Arasındaki İlişki:" Üniversite Gençliği Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması". İletisim, (29).
  • Balcı, Ş., & Gölcü, A. (2013). Facebook Addiction among University Students in Turkey:" Selcuk University Example". Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(34), 255-278.
  • Balcı, Ş. & Tiryaki, S. (2014). Facebook Addiction among High School Students in Turkey.IISES Vienna 10th International Academic Conference, 03-06 June 2014, 119-133.
  • Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 701–705.
  • Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., & Pantic, I. (2015). Internet use, Facebook intrusion, and depression: Results of a cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry, 30(6), 681-684.
  • Bostanci, M., Ozdel, O., Oguzhanoglu, N. K., Ozdel, L., Ergin, A., Ergin, N., ... & Karadag, F. (2005). Depressive symptomatology among university students in Denizli, Turkey: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1).
  • Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., Bjorvatn, B. & Pallesen, S. (2011). The relationship between media use in the bedroom, sleep habits, and symptoms of insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 20, 569-575.
  • Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  • Ceyhan, A. A., Ceyhan, E., & Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2009). Investigation of University Students' Depression. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), (36).
  • Chan, T. H. (2014). Facebook and its effects on users' empathic social skills and life satisfaction: a double-edged sword effect. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(5), 276-280.
  • Chen, L., Wang, L., Qiu, X. H., Yang, X. X., Qiao, Z. X., Yang, Y. J., & Liang, Y. (2013). Depression among Chinese university students: Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. PloS one, 8(3), e58379
  • Chou, H. T. G., & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 117–121.
  • Chung, J. E. (2013). Social interaction in online support groups: Preference for online social interaction over offline social interaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1408-1414.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Action Research, Research Methods in Education, 5, 226-244
  • Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837-844.
  • Çayırlı, E. (2017). Sosyal medya kullanım özelliklerinin kişilik yapılanmaları, yaşam doyumu ve depresyon açısından incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Işık University).
  • De Cock, R., Vangeel, J., Klein, A., Minotte, P., Rosas, O., & Meerkerk, G. J. (2014). Compulsive use of social networking sites in Belgium: Prevalence, profile, and the role of attitude toward work and school. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(3), 166-171.
  • Demir, Y. (2016). The relationship between loneliness and depression: Mediation role of internet addiction. Educational Process: International Journal, 5(2), 97–105
  • De Wit, L., Van Straten, A., Lamers, F., Cuijpers, P., & Penninx, B. (2011). Are sedentary television watching and computer use behaviours associated with anxiety and depressive disorders? Psychiatry Research, 186(2-3), 239-243.
  • Donnelly, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2016). Depression among users of social networking sites (SNSs): The role of SNS addiction and increased usage. Journal of Addiction and Preventive Medicine, 1(2), 107.
  • George, D. & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows, step by step, a simple guide and reference. Fourth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Glazzard, J., & Stones, S. (2016). SM and young people's mental health. Technology and Child Mental Health Approximately, I, 13.
  • Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 79–83.
  • Gosling, S. D., Augustine, A. A., Vazire, S., Holtzman, N., & Gaddis, S. (2011). Manifestations of personality in online social networks: Self-reported Facebook-related behaviours and observable profile information. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(9), 483-488.
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2010). The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 119–125.
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and issues. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 4(5).
  • Ha, J.H., Chin, B., Park, D.H., Ryu, S.H. & Yu, J. (2008). Characteristics of excessive cellular phone use in Korean adolescents. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11 (6), 783-786.
  • Hall, A. S., & Parsons, J. (2001). Internet addiction: College student case study using best practices in cognitive behaviour therapy. Journal of mental health counselling, 23(4), 312.
  • Haand, R., & Shuwang, Z. (2020). The relationship between SM addiction and depression: A quantitative study among university students in Khost, Afghanistan. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 780-786.
  • Heiligenstein, E., Guenther, G., Hsu, K., & Herman, K. (1996). Depression and academic impairment in college students. Journal of American College Health, 45(2), 59-64.
  • Hilliard, J. (2019). SM addiction - addiction centre. https://www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/social-mediaaddiction/
  • Horzum, M. B. (2011). Examining Computer Game Addiction Level of Primary School Students in Terms of Different Variables. Education and Science, 36 (159), 56-68.
  • Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). SM addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology, 13(1), 1.
  • Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8(3), 145.
  • Jasso-Medrano, J. L., & Lopez-Rosales, F. (2018). Measuring the relationship between SM use and addictive behaviour and depression and suicide ideation among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 183-191.
  • Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J. C., & Moreno, M. A. (2013). “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 128–130.
  • Jiang, T., Hou, Y., & Wang, Q. (2016). Does micro-blogging make us “shallow”? Sharing information online interferes with information comprehension. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 210–214.
  • Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58, 162–171.
  • Kandell, J.J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: The vulnerability of college students. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 1, 11-17.
  • Kemp, S. (2019). Digital 2019. We Are Social & Hootsuite, p. 76. https://es.slideshare.net/DataReportal/digital2019-argentina-january-2019-v01?from_action=save
  • Khattak, F. A., Ahmad, S., & Mohammad, H. (2017). Facebook addiction and depression: a comparative study of gender differences. PUTAJ-Humanities and Social Sciences, 25(1-2), 55-62.
  • Khawaja, N. G., & Bryden, K. J. (2006). The development and psychometric investigation of the university students’ depression inventory. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1), 21- 29.
  • Kırcaburun, K. (2016). Self-esteem, daily internet use and SM addiction as predictors of depression among Turkish adolescents. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 64–72.
  • Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M. Y., Yeun, E. J., Choi, S. Y., Seo, J. S., & Nam, B. W. (2006). Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(2), 185–192.
  • Koc, M., & Gulyagci, S. (2013). Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: The role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 279-284.
  • Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS one, 8(8), e69841.
  • Kuss, D. J., & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World journal of psychiatry, 6(1), 143.
  • Lane, J., Lane, A. M., & Kyprianou, A. (2004). Self-efficacy, self-esteem and their impact on academic performance. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 247–256.
  • Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of SM usage and SM multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 286–291.
  • Lee, J. Y., Park, E. J., Kwon, M., Choi, J. H., Jeong, J. E., Choi, J. S., & Kim, D. J. (2014). The difference in comorbidities and behavioural aspects between internet abuse and internet dependence in Korean male adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation, 11(4), 387.
  • Lin, K. Y., & Lu, H. P. (2011). Why people use social networking sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1152–1161.
  • Lin, L. yi, Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Hoffman, B. L., Giles, L. M., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between SM use and depression among U.S. Young adults: Research article: SM and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323–331.
  • Malik, S., & Khan, M. (2015). Impact of Facebook addiction on narcissistic behaviour and self-esteem among students. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 65, 260–263.
  • Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 357–364.
  • Morgan, C., & Cotten, S. R. (2003). The relationship between Internet activities and depressive symptoms in a sample of college freshmen. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 133-142.
  • Nida, T. K. (2018). Facebook addiction and its association with academic performance. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 3(5), 1–3.
  • Nie, N. H. (2001). Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the Internet: Reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioural Scientist, 45(3), 420-435.
  • Orsal, O., Orsal, O., Unsal, A., & Ozalp, S. S. (2013). Evaluation of internet addiction and depression among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 445-454.
  • YÖK (2022). Yükseköğretim Kurulu, Lisans Tercih Sihirbazı. Available at: https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/tercih-sihirbazi-t4-tablo.php?p=dil Access Date: 22 July 2022
  • Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433-449.
  • Özgür, H. (2013). Analyzing the relationship between social networking addiction, interaction anxiousness and levels of loneliness of pre-service teachers Öğretmen adaylarının sosyal ağ bağımlılığı, etkileşim kaygısı ve yalnızlık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 10(2), 667-690.
  • Pant, A., & Rajput, R. S. (2019). Linear Regression Analysis Using R for Research and Development. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336981868_Linear_Regression_Analysis_Using_R_for_Research_and_Development Access Date: 22 June 2022
  • Pantic, I., Damjanovic, A., Todorovic, J., Topalovic, D., Bojovic-Jovic, D., Ristic, S., & Pantic, S. (2012). Association between online social networking and depression in high school students: Behavioral physiology viewpoint. Psychiatria Danubina, 24, 90–93.
  • Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 652–657.
  • Pasek, J., & Hargittai, E. (2009). Facebook and academic performance: Reconciling a media sensation with data. First Monday, 14.
  • Pew Research Center. (2015). SM update 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from: http://www.webcitation.org/6ajEhvS11.
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
  • Rosenberg, J., & Egbert, N. (2011). Online impression management: Personality traits and concerns for secondary goals as predictors of self-presentation tactics on Facebook. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 1– 18.
  • Ruiz-Olivares, R., Lucena V., Pino M.J. & Herruzo, J. (2010). Analysis of behaviour related to use of the internet, mobile telephones, compulsive shopping and gambling among university students. Adicciones, 22(4), 301-309
  • Sagioglou, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2014). Facebook’s emotional consequences: Why Facebook causes a decrease in mood and why people still use it. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 359-363.
  • Savastio, R. (2013). Facebook causes depression new study says. Available at: http://guardianlv.com/2013/08/facebook-causes-depression-new-study-says/
  • Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 3(4), e5842.
  • Sevilla, C. (2012). Social network addiction and your next case. Attorney Journal. Available at: http://attorneyjournalsd.com/blog/2012/08/02/ social-network-addiction-and-your-next-case/
  • Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Sidani, J. E., Bowman, N. D., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2017). Problematic SM use and depressive symptoms among US young adults: A nationally representative study. Social science & medicine, 182, 150-157.
  • Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Dew, M. A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., & Primack, B. A. (2018). SM use and depression and anxiety symptoms: A cluster analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior, 42(2), 116–128.
  • Song, H., Zmyslinski-Seelig, A., Kim, J., Drent, A., Victor, A., Omori, K., & Allen, M. (2014). Does Facebook make you lonely? A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 446-452.
  • Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 213–240.
  • Starcevic, V. (2013). Is Internet addiction a useful concept? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(1), 16-19.
  • Steers, M. L. N., Wickham, R. E., & Acitelli, L. K. (2014). Seeing everyone else's highlight reels: How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(8), 701-731.
  • Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434-445.
  • Subrahmanyam, K., Smahel, D., & Greenfield, P. (2006). Connecting developmental constructions to the Internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 395.
  • Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. (2008). Online communication and adolescent relationships. The future of children, 119-146.
  • Tang, J. H., Chen, M. C., Yang, C. Y., Chung, T. Y., & Lee, Y. A. (2016). Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, and Facebook addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 33, 102–108.
  • Tolentino, J. C., & Schmidt, S. L. (2018). DSM-5 criteria and depression severity: implications for clinical practice. Frontiers in psychiatry, 450.
  • Tsitsika, A., Janikian, M., Schoenmakers, T. M., Tzavela, E. C., Olafsson, K., Wójcik, S., & Richardson, C. (2014). Internet addictive behaviour in adolescence: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 17(8), 528-535.
  • Twenge, J. (2006). Generation me: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York: Basic Books. Vandervoort, D.(1999). Quality of social support in mental and physical health. Current Psychology, 18(2), 205.
  • Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and linked to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17.
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 584–590.
  • Wang, P., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Xie, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., Ouyang, M., & Lei, L. (2018). Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 127(2), 162–167.
  • Waqas, A., Khurshid, Z., Ali, M., & Khaliq, H. (2018). Association between usage of SM and depression among young adults. Journal of Management Info, 5(4), 26–30.
  • Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A. (2011). Examining the impact of distracting multitasking with technology on real-time classroom learning. Computers & Education, 58, 365–374.
  • Wu, A. M., Cheung, V. I., Ku, L., & Hung, E. P. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 160–166.
  • Yalçın, G. (2015). Sosyal medyanın yoğun kullanımının ileri ergenlikte yalnızlık ve depresyona etkisi (Unpublished MA Thesis). Arel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Yeltepe, H. & İkizler, H.C. (2007). Validation and Relaibilty Study of Exercise Dependence Scale–21 in Turkish. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 8, 29-35.
  • Young, K. S. (2009). Internet addiction: Diagnosis and treatment consideration. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39, 241-246.
  • Yusoff, M. S. B., Abdul Rahim, A. F., Baba, A. A., Ismail, S. B., Mat Pa, M. N., & Esa, A. R. (2013). Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students. Asian journal of psychiatry, 6(2), 128-133.
There are 110 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Davut Uysal 0000-0001-8241-4407

Publication Date December 19, 2022
Submission Date May 12, 2022
Acceptance Date September 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Uysal, D. (2022). Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 9(2), 567-580.
AMA Uysal D. Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. December 2022;9(2):567-580.
Chicago Uysal, Davut. “Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 9, no. 2 (December 2022): 567-80.
EndNote Uysal D (December 1, 2022) Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 9 2 567–580.
IEEE D. Uysal, “Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey”, Turizm Akademik Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 567–580, 2022.
ISNAD Uysal, Davut. “Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 9/2 (December 2022), 567-580.
JAMA Uysal D. Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2022;9:567–580.
MLA Uysal, Davut. “Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, 2022, pp. 567-80.
Vancouver Uysal D. Investigation of the Effect of Social Media Addiction on the Depression Levels of Tourist Guidance Undergraduates in Turkey. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2022;9(2):567-80.