Yapay zekâ uygulamalarını kullanarak espor turizmi araştırmalarının incelenmesi: ChatGPT ve ZekAI karşılaştırması

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 54 - 68, 30.06.2025

Caner Yenisoy , Cemal Ersin Silik

https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1517704

Abstract

Dijitalleşme sürecinde yaşanan gelişmeler internet tabanlı birçok uygulamanın kullanılmasına imkân sağlamıştır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, ChatGPT ve ZekAI yapay zekâ uygulamalarını kullanarak espor turizmi araştırmalarının evrimini, mevcut durumunu ve gelecekteki yönelimlerini belirlemektir. Espor turizmi araştırmalarının incelenmesi için Shin ve Kang (2023) tarafından oluşturulan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme soruları uyarlama yapılarak kullanılmıştır. Görüşme soruları, her iki yapay zekâ uygulamasına farklı tarihlerde sorularak karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesi için nitel veri analizine yönelik yazılım olan MAXQDA programı kullanılmıştır. Yapılan tematik analiz sonuçlarına göre, iki yapay zekâ uygulamasının verdiği yanıtlar arasında birtakım farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular incelendiğinde, espor turizmi araştırmalarının evrimi noktasında ZekAI dört çalışma konusu ortaya koyarken, ChatGPT’nin yedi çalışma konusu ortaya koyduğu belirlenmiştir. Espor turizmi araştırmalarının mevcut durumuna bakıldığında, her iki yapay zekâ uygulamasının da espor turizmi araştırmalarının diğer akademik alanlardaki araştırmalar gibi disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşım benimsediğini ve araştırmalarda kullanılan yöntemlerin benzerlik içerdiğini öne sürmüştür. Espor turizmi araştırmalarının gelecekteki yönelimlerine ilişkin bulgularda ise ZekAI üç araştırma önerisi ortaya koyarken, ChatGPT’nin altı araştırma önerisi ortaya koyduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularda, ChatGPT’nin güncel kaynakları da taradığı ve ZekAI’ye kıyasla daha uzun yanıtlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, espor turizminin ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel boyutlarının giderek daha fazla önem kazandığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Teknoloji , Yapay zekâ , ChatGPT , ZekAI

Investigating esports tourism research using artificial intelligence applications: ChatGPT versus ZekAI

Abstract

Developments in the digitalization process have enabled the use of many internet-based applications. The main purpose of this research is to determine the evolution, current status and future directions of esports tourism research using ChatGPT and ZekAI artificial intelligence applications. Semi-structured interview questions created by Shin and Kang (2023) were adapted and used to examine esports tourism research. The interview questions were asked to both artificial intelligence applications on different dates and a comparison was made. MAXQDA, a software for qualitative data analysis, was used to analyze the data obtained. According to the results of the thematic analysis, some differences were found between the responses of the two artificial intelligence applications. When the findings were analyzed, it was determined that ZekAI displayed four study topics on the evolution of esports tourism research, while ChatGPT revealed seven study topics. Considering the current state of esports tourism research, both artificial intelligence applications suggested that esports tourism research adopts an interdisciplinary approach like research in other academic fields and the methods used in research are similar. In the findings regarding the future directions of esports tourism research, it was determined that ZekAI put forward three research proposals, while ChatGPT put forward six research proposals. In the findings, it was found that ChatGPT also scanned current sources and gave longer responses compared to ZekAI. The results expose that the economic, social and cultural dimensions of esports tourism are becoming increasingly important.

Keywords

Technology , Artificial intelligence , ChatGPT , ZekAI

References

• Aktuna, H. C. & Şimşek, E. (2021). Pandemi ve E-Spor Turizmi, In, G.S. Ergün (Ed.), Multidisipliner Turizm Çalışmaları, s. 52-61, Çizgi Kitabevi, Türkiye.
• Albayati, H. (2024). Investigating undergraduate students’ perceptions and awareness of using chatgpt as a regular assistance tool: a user acceptance perspective study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100203.
• Ali, F., Yasar, B., Ali, L. & Dogan, S. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of travelers’ trust towards personalized travel recommendations offered by chatgpt. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 114, 103588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103588.
• Allal-Cherif, O., Guaita-Martínez, J. & Sansaloni, E. M. (2024). Sustainable esports entrepreneurs in emerging countries: audacity, resourcefulness, ınnovation, transmission, and resilience in adversity. Journal of Business Research, 171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114382.
• Altun, O., Saydam, M. B., Karatepe, T. & Dima, Ş. M. (2024). Unveiling chatgpt in tourism education: exploring perceptions, advantages and recommendations from educators. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 16(1), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-01-2024-0018
• Babin, J.J., Chauhan, H.S. & Kistler, S.L. (2024). When Pretty Hurts: Beauty Premia and Penalties in eSports. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 217, 726-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2023.12.002
• Baidoo-Anu, D. & Owusu Ansah, L. (2023). Education in the era of generative artificial ıntelligence (aı): understanding the potential benefits of chatgpt in promoting teaching and learning. Journal of AI. 7(1), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.61969/jai.1337500.
• Bayram, A.T. (2018). Planlanmış davranış teorisi çerçevesinde e-spor turizmine katılma niyeti. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 5(2), 17-31.
• Becka, L., Antón, M. & Barrios, D. E. (2021). The Role of esports events in the tourism industry: The cases of Spain and Argentina. Handbook of Research on Pathways and Opportunities into the Business of eSports, 348–370. IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7300-6.ch016
• Beckmann, L. & Hark, P.F. (2024). ChatGPT and the banking business: insights from the us stock market on potential ımplications for banks. Finance Research Letters, 63(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105237
• Benichou, L. & ChatGPT. (2023). The role of using chatgpt aı in writing medical scientific articles. Journal of Stomatology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 124(5), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101456.
• Carvalho, I. & Ivanov, S. (2024). ChatGPT for tourism: Applications, benefits and risks. Tourism Review, 79(2), 290-303. DOI: 10.1108/TR-02-2023-0088.
• Chang, J., Park, J. & Park, J. (2023). Using an artificial ıntelligence chatbot in scientific inquiry: Focusing on a guided-ınquiry activity using ınquirybot. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 9(1), 44-74. https://doi.org/10.1163/23641177-bja10062.
• Curry, N., Baker, P. & Brookes, G. (2024). Generative AI for corpus approaches to discourse studies: a critical evaluation of chatgpt. Applied Corpus Linguistics, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acorp.2023.100082.
• Çetin, A. & Coşkuner, M. (2021). A conceptual overview of e-sports tourism as a new trend in the tourism industry. Journal of Management and Economic Studies, 3(1), 28-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2021.723.
• Dalgıç, A., Yaşar, E. & Demir, M. (2024). ChatGPT and learning outcomes in tourism education: the role of digital literacy and individualized learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 34, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2024.100481
• Deng, J. & Lin, Y. (2022). The benefits and challenges of chatgpt: An overview. Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems, 2(2), 81-83. https://doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i2.4465.
• Dilek, S. E. (2019). E-Sport events within tourism paradigm: A conceptual discussion. International Journal of Contemporary Tourism Research, 3(1), 12-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.525426.
• Dülgaroğlu, O. (2023). E-Sports events as a new trend in tourism. Journal of Global Tourism and Technology Research, 4(1), 1-9. DOI:10.54493/jgttr.1220083.
• Dwivedi, Y. K., Pandey, N., Currie, W. & Micu, A. (2024). Leveraging chatgpt and other generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications in the hospitality and tourism industry: practices, challenges and research agenda. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2023-0686.
• Elsaid, H. & Fathallah, M.A. (2023). Investigating the potential of e-sports tourism in new egyptian tourism cities. International Journal of Tourism, Archaeology and Hospitality, 3(2), 149-161. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijtah.2023.190662.1070.
• Eslgaming (ESL Play), (2024, April). The Growth and Future of Esports Tourism, https://www.eslgaming.com/article/growth-and-future-esports-tourism-156, Access Date: 14.04.2024.
• Fan, Z. & Chen, C. (2024). CuPe-KG: Cultural perspective–based knowledge graph construction of tourism resources via pretrained language models. Information Processing and Management, 61(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103646.
• González, R., Poenaru, D., Woo, R., Trappey, A. F., Carter, S., Darcy, D., Encisco, E., Gulack, B., Miniati, D., Tombash, E., Huang, E. Y. & Pediatric Surgery ChatGPT Collaborative Group (2024). ChatGPT: What every pediatric surgeon should know about its potential uses and pitfalls. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 59(5), 941-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.01.007.
• Gough, C. (2024, April). Worldwide eSports Viewer Numbers 2020-2025, https://www.statista.com/statistics/490480/global-esports-audience-size-viewer-type/#statisticContainer, Access Date: 14.04.2024.
• Gursoy, D., Li, Y. & Song, H. (2023). ChatGPT and the hospitality and tourism ındustry: an overview of current trends and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 32(5), 579-592, https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2023.2211993.
• Hamari, J. & Sjöblom, M. (2017). What is esports and why do people watch it? Internet Research, 27(2), 211-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085.
• Hlee, S. & Lee, H. (2023). Spatial agglomeration effects on esports events: an intra- and inter-industry and regional analysis approach. Information Processing and Management, 60(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103246
• Ivanov, S. & Soliman, M. (2023). Game of Algorithms: ChatGPT implications for the future of tourism education and research. Journal of Tourism Futures, 9(2), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-02-2023-0038.
• Javaid, M., Haleem, A. & Singh, R. P. (2023). A Study on ChatGPT for industry 4.0: Background, potentials, challenges, and eventualities. Journal of Economy and Technology, 1, 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2023.08.001.
• Jeong, D. & Youk, S. (2023). Refining eSports: A quantitative cartography of esports literature. Entertainment Computing, 47, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2023.100597
• Jukiewicz, M. (2024). The future of grading programming assignments in education: the role of chatgpt in automating the assessment and feedback process. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 52, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101522.
• Kara, K. & Ekici Ç. R. (2021). E-spor turizmine yönelik literatür taraması. İçinde A. Kaya & S. Uslu (Ed.), Akademik Serbest Zaman ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları ss. 41-65, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Yayınları. Konya.
• Kim, Y.H., Nauright, J. & Suveatwatanakul, C. (2020). The Rise of e-sports and potential for post-covıd continued growth. Sport in Society, 23(11), 1861-1871. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1819695.
• Komatsu, M., Matsumoto, T. & Prowant, C. (2021). Learning through esports in ınnovation practice on electrical technology. Procedia Computer Science, 192, 2550-2557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.024.
• Leon, M., Hinojosa-Ramos, M.V., León-Lopez, A., Belli, S., López-Raventós, C. & Florez, H. (2022). eSports Events Trend: A promising opportunity for tourism offerings. Sustainability, 14(21), 13803. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113803.
• Lund, B.D. & Wang, T. (2023). Chatting about ChatGPT: How may aı and gpt ımpact academia and libraries? Library Hi Tech News, 40(3), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2023-0009.
• Masłowski, P. & Karasiewicz, T. (2021). Esports as a new trend in the tourism industry. Geography and Tourism, 9(1), 95-105. DOI:10.34767/GAT.2021.09.08.
• Melissano, G., Tinelli, G. & Soderlund, T. (2024). Current artificial intelligence based chatbots may produce ınaccurate and potentially harmful ınformation for patients with aortic disease. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 67(4), 683-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.10.042.
• Mich, L. & Garigliano, R. (2023). ChatGPT for E-Tourism: a technological perspective. Information Technology & Tourism, 25, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-023-00248-x.
• Mo, J., Wu, Z. & Yuan, Y. (2023). Air pollution kills competition: evidence from esports. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 122, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102886.
• Molnár, A. & Müller, A. (2023). The digital development of eu member states and ıts effect on esport performance. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 50(4), 1430-1438. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.50423-1141.
• Nautiyal, R., Albrecht, J. N. & Nautiyal, A. (2023). ChatGPT and tourism academia. Annals of Tourism Research, 99, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103544
• Nikas I. A. & Poulaki I. (2021). eSports Tourism: Sports Tourism in a Modern Tourism Environment," Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, in: Vicky Katsoni & Ciná van Zyl (Ed.), Culture and Tourism in a Smart, Globalized, and Sustainable World, pp. 105-115, Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-72469-6_7.
• Pedraza-Ramirez, I., Musculus, L., Raab, M. & Laborde, S. (2020). Setting the scientific stage for esports psychology: a systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 319-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1723122.
• Pham, H. C., Duong, C. D. & Nguyen, G. K. H. (2024). What drives tourists’ continuance ıntention to use chatgpt for travel services? a stimulus-organism-response perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 78, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103758
• Pluss, M. A., Bennett, K. J. M., Novak, A. R., Panchuk, D., Coutts, A. J. & Fransen, J. (2019). Esports: the chess of the 21st century. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00156.
• Poulus, D. R., Sargeant, J., Zarate, D., Griffiths, M. D. & Stavropoulos, V. (2024). Burnout, resilience, and coping among esports players: a network analysis approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 153, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108139.
• Rather, R. A. (2024). AI-Powered chatgpt in the hospitality and tourism industry: benefits, challenges, theoretical framework, propositions and future research directions. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2287799
• Ratten, V. & Jones, P. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT): Implications for management educators. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100857
• Rietz, J. & Hallmann, K. (2023). A systematic review on spectator behavior in esports: why do people watch? International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 24(1), 38-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-12-2021-0241.
• Rosell-Llorens, M. (2017). eSport gaming: The rise of a new sports practice. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, (11)4, 464-476. DOI:10.1080/17511321.2017.1318947.
• Rudolf, K., Bickmann, P., Froböse, I., Tholl, C., Wechsler, K. & Grieben, C. (2020). Demographics and health behavior of video game and esports players in Germany: The esports study 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061870.
• Shin, H. & Kang, J. (2023). Bridging the gap of bibliometric analysis: the evolution, current state, and future directions of tourism research using chatgpt. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 57, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.09.001.
• Skavronskaya, L., Hadinejad, A. & Cotterell, D. (2023). Reversing the threat of artificial ıntelligence to opportunity: a discussion of chatgpt in tourism education. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 23(2), 253-258, DOI: 10.1080/15313220.2023.2196658.
• Talaei-Khoei, A., Yang, A. T. & Masialeti. (2024). How does ıncorporating chatgpt within a firm reinforce agility-mediated performance? the moderating role of ınnovation ınfusion and firms’ ethical ıdentity. Technovation, 132, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2024.102975.
• Tavus, K. (2024, April). Yerli ve Milli Yapay Zekâ: ZekAI Nedir? Nasıl Kullanılır?, https://www.tamindir.com/blog/zekai-nedir_85374/, Access Date: 22.04.2024.
• Thompson, J., Taheri, B. & Scheuring, F. (2022). Developing esport tourism through fandom experience at in-person events. Tourism Management, 91, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104531.
• Trotter, M.G., Coulter, T.J., Davis, P.A., Poulus, D.R. & Polman, R. (2022). Examining the impact of school esports program participation on student health and psychological development. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.807341.
• Vegara-Ferri, J. M., Ibáñez-Ortega, D., Carboneros, M., López-Gullón, J. M. & Angosto, S. (2020). Evaluation of the tourist perception of the spectator in an esport event. Publicaciones, 50(1), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v50i1.15992.
• Wagner, M.G. (2006). On the Scientific Relevance of eSports. Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Internet Computing & Conference on Computer Games Development, ICOMP 2006 ss.437-442. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, June 26-29.
• Wahyudi, F. & Kencana, W.H. (2024). Instagram content strategy for esports events @mpl.ıd.offıcıal in increasing esports tourism. Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Business, 3(2), 414-430, https://doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v3i2.959.
• Wang, X., You, X., Xu, Y. & Zheng, J. (2024). Online posting ıntention: do the social communication and brand equity of esports matter? International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 25(1), 161-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-2023-0189.
• Wong, I. A., Lian, Q. L. & Sun, D. (2023). Autonomous travel decision-making: an early glimpse into chatgpt and generative AI. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.06.022.
• Yenisoy, C. & Konaklıoğlu, E. (2023). “Potansiyel turizm faaliyeti olarak espor turizmi ve espor açısından turist davranışlarının belirlenmesi”, In, I. Yazıcıoğlu, F. N. Küçükergin, E. Şimşek, (Ed.), Green Inspiration, ss. 720-745, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Yenişehirlioğlu, E., Erdoğan, Ç., Şahin, S. & Ulama, Ş. (2018). A conceptional research on determining the tourism potential of electronic sports events: e-sports tourism. The Journal of Kesit Academy, 4(16), 341-353.
• ZekAI (ZekAI Yapay Zekâ Platformu), (2024, March). Curiosity Technology, https://zekai.co/tr/about, Access Date: 12.03.2024.
• Zhang, Y. & Prebensen, N.K. (2024). Co-Creating with chatgpt for tourism marketing materials. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 5(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2024.100124.