Metaphorical Process in Counseling Children

Abstract

Metaphors carrying therapeutic value are important in understanding tacit experiences and complex concepts when abstract thinking has not fully developed. Metaphors based on therapeutic cooperation may be perceived as a way of communicating with the child. The primary aim of the present study is to explain the signifi cance of metaphors which help abstract experiences to provide a concrete basis for therapeutic cooperation while counseling children. The importance of the use of metaphors while working with children is examined the titles of metaphor in the therapeutic helping process, metaphoric thinking in children, and metaphor examples in counseling children. Additionally, practical and tangible recommendations devoted to the facilitating role of metaphors in counseling practice with children are proposed. Finally, the study is intended to encourage and increase the use of metaphors in the practice of school counselors and other mental health professionals

Keywords

• metaphor
• conceptual metaphor
• children

Çocukla Psikolojik Danışmada Metaforik Süreç

Abstract

Terapötik değer taşıyan metaforlar, soyut düşüncenin henüz gelişmediği dönemlerde örtük yaşantıların ve karmaşık kavramların anlaşılmasında önemlidir. Terapötik işbirliğine dayanan metaforlar çocukla iletişim kurabilmenin bir yolu olarak görülebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı öncelikli olarak, çocuklarla psikolojik danışma sürecini yürütürken terapötik işbirliği zemininde soyut yaşantıların somutlaşmasına yardım eden metaforların önemini anlatmaktır. Çocuklarla metafor kullanımının önemi terapötik yardım sürecinde metafor, çocukta metaforik düşünce, çocukla psikolojik danışmada metafor örnekleri alt başlıkları ile ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, çocuklarla yürütülen psikolojik danışma uygulamalarında metaforların kolaylaştırıcı kullanımına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, çalışmada öncelikli olarak okul psikolojik danışmanlarının ve ruh sağlığı alanında çalışan diğer profesyonellerin uygulamalarında metafor kullanımlarını cesaretlendirmek ve artırmak hedeflenmiştir.

Keywords

• metafor
• kavramsal metafor
• çocuk

References

1. Adams, J. R. (2009). Using Winnie the Pooh characters to illustrate the transactional analysis ego states. Journal of Creativity In Mental Health, 4(3), 237-248.
2. Abbatiello, G. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and metaphor. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(3), 208-210.
3. Angus, L. E. ve Rennie, D. L. (1988). Therapists participation in metaphor generation: collaborative and noncollaborative styles. Psychotherapy, 25, 552-60.
4. Bedi, R. P. (2004). The therapeutic alliance and the interface of career counseling and personal counseling. Journal of Employment Counseling, 41(3), 126-135.
5. Billow, R. M. (1975). A cognitive developmental study of metaphor comprehension. Developmental Psychology, 11, 415-423.
6. Bowman, R. P. (1995). Using metaphors as tools for counseling children. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 29(3), 206-217.
7. Blenkiron, P. (2005). Stories and analogies in cognitive behavioral therapy: A clinical review. Behavioural and Cognitive Therapy, 33, 45–59.
8. Brooks, R. B. (1985). The beginning sessions of child therapy: Of messages and metaphors. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 22(4), 761-769.

9. Carlson, R. (2001). Therapeutic use of story in therapy with children. Guidance and Counseling, 16(3), 92.
10. Chesley, G. L., Gillett, D. A. ve Wagner, W. G. (2008). Verbal and nonverbal metaphor with children in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 86(4), 399-411
11. Cowles, J. (1997). Lessons from “the little prince”: Therapeutic relationships with children. Professional School Counseling, 1(1), 57-60.
12. Ecker, B. ve Hulley, L. (1996). Depth-oriented brief therapy: How to be brief when you were trained to be deep, and vice versa. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
13. Friedberg, R. D. ve Wilt, L. H. (2010). Metaphors and stories in cognitive behavioral therapy with children. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 28(2), 100-113.
14. Gardner, H. (1974). Metaphors and modalities: How children project polar adjectives onto diverse domains. Child Development, 45, 84-91.
15. Gonçalves, O. F. ve Craine, M. H. (1990). The use of metaphors in cognitive therapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 4(2), 135-149.
16. Groth-Marnat, G. (1992). Past cultural traditions of therapeutic metaphor. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 29(3), 1-8.
17. Hanes, M. J. (1995). Utilizing road drawings as a therapeutic metaphor in art therapy. American Journal of Art Therapy, 34(1), 19.
18. Heston, M. L. ve Kottman, T. (1997). Movies as metaphors: A counseling intervention. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 36(2), 92.
19. Huss, E. M. ve O’Connor, T. S. J. (1995). The broken balloon: A metaphor for divorce. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 23, 211–223.
20. Heller, S. ve Steele, T. (1986). There’s no such thing as hypnosis. Phoenix, AZ: Falcon Press.
21. Hoskins, M. ve Leseho, J. (1996). Changing metaphors of the self: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74(3), 243-252.
22. James, P. (2002). Ideas in practice: Fostering metaphoric thinking. Journal of Developmental Education, 25(3), 26-33.
23. Keil, E (1983). On the emergence of semantic and conceptual distinctions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112,357-386.
24. Kottman, T. ve Stiles, K. (1990). The mutual storytelling technique: An adlerian application in child therapy. Individual Psychology: The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research and Practice, 46(2), 148-156.
25. Kopp, R. (1995). Metaphor therapy: Using client-generated metaphors in psychotherapy. New York: Brunel and Mazel.
26. Kopp, R. ve Craw, M. (1998). Metaphoric language, metaphoric cognition, and cognitive therapy. Psychotherapy, 35(3), 306-311.
27. Lakoff, G. ve Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
28. Landreth, G. L. (1993). Self-expressive communication. In C. E.Schaefer (Ed.), The therapeutic powers of play (pp. 41–63). Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
29. Leary, D.(1990). Metaphors in the history of psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
30. Lee, R. F. ve Kamhi, A. G. (1990). Metaphoric competence in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 476–482.
31. Levitt, H., Korman, Y. ve Angus, L. (2000). A metaphor analysis in treatments of depression: Metaphor as a marker of change. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 13, 151–165.
32. Lyddon, W. J., Clay, A. L. ve Sparks, C. L. (2001). Metaphor and change in Counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(3), 269-274.
33. Matthews, W. J. ve Dardeck, K. L. (1985). Construction of metaphor in the counseling process. American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal, 7(1), 11-23.
34. Mays, M. (1990) The use of metaphor in hypnotherapy and psychotherapy. Individual Psychology, 46(4), 423-430.
35. Martin, J., Cummings, A. ve Hallberg, E. (1992).Therapists’ intentional use of metaphor: Memorability, clinical impact, and possible epistemic/motivational functions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 143-145.
36. Mills, J. C. ve Crowley, R. J. (1986). Therapeutic metaphors for children and the child within. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
37. Mould, T. J., Oades, L. G. ve Crowe, T. P. (2010). The use of metaphor for understanding and managing psychotic experiences: A systematic review. Journal of Mental Health, 19(3), 282-293.
38. Neimeyer, R. A. (1993). An appraisal of constructivist psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 221–234.
39. Otto, M. (2000). Stories and metaphors in cognitive- behavior therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7, 166–172.
40. Robert, T. ve Kelly, V. A. (2010). Metaphor as an instrument for orchestrating change in counselor training and the counseling process. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88(2), 182-188
41. Rosenman, S. (2008). Metaphor, meaning and psychitry. The Royal Austrian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 16(6), 391-396.
42. Roussell, M. A. (1995). Using developmental theme metaphors with children in France: Traditional and naturalistic. Guidance and Counseling, 11(1), 21-24.
43. Sims, P. A. (2003). Working with metaphor. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 57(4): 528–536.
44. Stallard, P. (2002). Cognitive behaviour therapy with children and young people: A review of selective review of key issues. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 297–309.
45. Sopory, P. (2005). Metaphor and affect, Poetics Today, 26(3), 433–458.
46. Suit, J. L. ve Paradise, L. V. (1985). Effects of metaphors and cognitive complexity on perceived counselor characteristics. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(1), 23-28.
47. Van Parys, H. ve Rober, P. (2013). Micro-analysis of a therapist-generated metaphor referring to the position of a parentifi ed child in the family. Journal of Family Therapy, 35(1), 89-113.
48. Vosniadou, S. (1987). Children and metaphors. Child Development, 58, 870-885.
49. Waggoner, J. E. ve Palermo, D. S. (1989). Betty is a bouncing bubble: Children’s comprehension of emotion-descriptive metaphors. Developmental Psychology, 25, 152–163.
50. Waggoner, J. E., Palermo, D. S. ve Kirsh, S. J. (1997). Bouncing bubbles can pop: Contextual sensitivity in children’s metaphorcomprehension. Metaphor and Symbol, 12, 217–229.
51. Waters, K. (2011). The hungry-for-attention metaphor: Integrating narrative and behavioural therapy for families with attention seeking children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 32(3), 208-219.
52. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2015, 5 (43)