MULTICULTURALISM, CULTURAL SENSITIVITY AND COUNSELING

Year 2008, Volume: 3 Issue: 29, 115 - 129, 23.04.2008

Özlem Karaırmak

Abstract

In this study, information was given about some concepts like diversity, cultural differences, ethnicity or cultural identity shaping the contemporary approaches in counseling and psychotherapy. Multiculturalism under the influnce of constructivism which places cultural realities and beliefs and subjective truths constructed by individuals from diverse cultural groups in a theoretical framework was presented and cultural
sensitivity was discussed. A need of metatheory offering integrative bridges between Western counseling theories and indigenous elements which have healing and curing effects was discussed from a multiculturalist view. In addition, the characteristics of individualist and collectivist cultures were briefly examined. To what extend Turkish society seeking a
place within European Union in a rapidly globalizing world protects its collectivist structure was discussed. In summary, in the present study, multicultural understanding in counseling evolving under the influence of constructivist approach which underlines subjective realities and personal narratives were
examined in detail. Its possible effects on counseling services in Turkey and applicability in Turkish culture were discussed as well.

Keywords

-

Çok Kültürlülük, Kültürel Duyarlılık ve Psikolojik Danışma

Abstract

Bu makalede, postmodernizmin etkisiyle ortaya çıkan çesitlilik, kültürel farklılıklar, etnik köken ve kültürel kimlik gibi kavramların psikolojik danısma ve psikoterapi alanlarındaki çagdas yaklasımları sekillendirmeye baslaması hakkında bilgi verilmistir. Farklı kültür gruplarından insanların yapılandırdıkları bireysel gerçekliklerini, kültürel dogrularını ve inanıslarını kuramsal bir çerçeveye oturtan yapılandırmacı yaklasımın
etkisindeki çok kültürlülük bakıs açısı sunulmus ve bu anlayısın gerektirdigi kültürel duyarlılık tartısılmıstır. Batılı psikolojik danısma kuramları ile iyilestirici ve tedavi edici etkisi olan kültüre özgü ögeleri birlestirici köprüler sunan çok kültürlülük kavramının hakim oldugu bir meta-kuram ihtiyacı üzerinde durulmustur. Ayrıca, bireyselci ve kolektif toplumların özellikleri incelenmis ve iki kavram arasında farklar göz önüne alınarak
hızla globallesen dünyada Avrupa Birligi’ne girme hazırlıklarında olan Türk toplumunun kolektif yapısını ne kadar korudugu tartısılmıstır. Özet olarak, yapılandırmacı yaklasımın etkisiyle ortaya çıktıgı düsünülen psikolojik danısmada çok kültürlü anlayıs ayrıntılı olarak incelenmistir. Türkiye’deki psikolojik danısma uygulamalarına etkileri ve Türk kültürüne uygunlugu ayrıca tartısılmıstır.

Keywords

-

References

• Ady, J. C. (1998). Negotiating across cultural boundries: Implications of individualism-collectivism and cases for application. In T.M. Singelis (Ed.), Teaaching about culture, ethnicity, and diversity. (pp 111-120). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Arredondo, P., Rosen, D. C., Rice, T., Perez, P. ve Tovar-Gamero, Z. G. (2005). Multicultural counseling: A 10-year content analysis of the journal of counseling and Development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83, 2,155-161.
• Arredondo, R, Toporek, R., Brown, S., Jones, J., Locke, D. C., Sanchez, J., et al. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Alexandria, VA: Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
• Aydın, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Turkey : Crossing cultural boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 281-298.
• Bent, R. J., Putman, D. G., Kiesler, D. J., ve Nowicki, S., Jr. (1976). Correlates of successful psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 149.
• Carter, R. T. (1990). The relationship between racism and racial identity among White Americans: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 46-50.
• Coleman, H. L. K.(2004). Multicultural counseling competencies in a pluralistic society. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26, 56-66.
• Coleman, L. K., Wampold, B. E., ve Casali, S. B. (1995). Ethnic minorities' ratings of ethnically similar and European American counselors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 55-64.
• Corey, G. (1996). Theoretical implications of MCT theory. In D. W. Sue, A. E. Ivey, P. B. Pedersen (Eds.), A Theory of Multicultural Counseling & Therapy (pp.65- 85). California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. D’Andrea, M. (2000). Postmodernism,
• constructivism and multiculturalism: three forces
• reshaping and expanding our thoughts about counseling.
• Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22, 1, 1-17.
• D’Andrea, M., Daniels, J., ve Heck, R. (1991). Evaluating the impact of multicultural counseling training. Journal of Counseling and Development, 20, 181-201.
• Doyle, A. B. (1998). Are emprically validated treatments valid for culturally diverse populations? In K. S. Dobson ve D. D. Craig (Eds). Emprically supported therapies: Best practice in proffessional psychology (pp.93-103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Elliott, R., Baker, C. B., Caskey, N., ve Pistrang, N. (1982). Differential helpfulness of counselor verbal response modes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 354-361.
• Fraga, E. D., Atkinson, D. R., ve Wampold, B. E. (2004). Ethnic group preferences for multicultural counseling competencies. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 1, 53-65.
• Garfield, S. L. (1986). Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 213-256). New York: Wiley.
• Garfield, S. L., ve Bergin, A. E. (1971). Therapeutic conditions and outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 108-114.
• Gergen, K. J., Gülerce, A., Lock, A. ve Misra, G. (1996). Psychological science in Turkey. American Psychologist, 51, 5, 496-503.
• Highlen, P. (1996). MCT theory and implications for organizations/systems. In D. W. Sue, A. E. Ivey, P. B. Pedersen (Eds.), A Theory of Multicultural Counseling & Therapy (pp.65-85). California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Hoftsede, G. (1983). National cultures revisited.Behavior Science Research, 18,285-305.
• Holcomb-McCoy C .C. (2005). Investigating school counselors’ perceived multicultural competence. Proffessional School Counseling, 8, 5, 414-423.
• Holcomb-McCoy, C., ve Myers, J. E. (1999). Multicultural competence and counselor training: A national survey. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 294- 302.
• Ivey, A. E. (1993). On the need for reconstruction of our present practice of counseling and psychotherapy.The Counseling Psychologist,21 225-228.
• Jones, E. E., ve Zoppel, C. L. (1982). Impact of client and therapist gender on psychotherapy process and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 259-272.
• Keithly, L. J., Samples. S. J., ve Strupp, H. H. (1980). Patient motivation as a predictor of process and outcome in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, 33, 87-97.
• Kolb, D. L., Beutler, L. E., Davis, C. S., Crago, M., & Shanfield, S. (1985). Patient and therapist process variables relating to dropout and change in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 22, 702- 710.
• Lambert, M. J. (1989). The individual therapist's contribution to psychotherapy process and outcome. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 469-485.
• Lee, C. C., ve Oh, M. Y. (1992). Indigenous models of helping in nonwestern countries: Implications for multicultural counseling. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 1, 3-10.
• Lowenthal, D. (1996). The postmodern counselor: some implications for practice, theory, research and professionalism. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 9, 4, 373-381.
• Mahoney, M. (1995). Theoretical developments in the cognitive and constructive psychotherapies. In M. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and Constructive Psycho- therapies (pp.3-19). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
• Matsumoto, D. (2000). Culture and Psychology (2nd Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• McCarthy, J. (2005). Individualism and collectivism: What do they have to do with counseling? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 108-117.
• Munley, P. H., Lidderdale, M. A., Thiagarajan, M. ve Null, U. (2004). Identity development and multicultural competency. Journa of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32, 283-295.
• Naroll, R. (1983). The Moral Order. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. O'Hara, M., ve Anderson, W.T. (1991, September/October). Welcome to the postmodern world. Family Therapy Networker, 19-25.
• O'Malley, S. S., Suh, C. S., ve Strupp, H. H. (1983). The Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale: A report of the scale development and a process-outcome study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 51, 581- 586.
• Orlinsky, D. E., ve Howard. K. I. (1986). Process and outcome in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (Chapter 8, pp. 311-381) New York: Wiley.
• Pedersen, P. (1994). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. (2d ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
• Pedersen, P. (2000) The importance of “Cultural Psychology” theory for multicultural counselors. (ed.) Carter, R. Handbook of Racial-Cultural Counseling and Psychology.
• Ponterotto, J. G. (1996). Multicultural counseling in the twenty-first century. Counseling Psychologist, 24, 2,
• Pope-Davis D. B., ve Ottavi, T. M. (1994). The relationship between racism and racial identity among White Americans: A replication and extension. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 293-297.
• Pope-Davis, D. B. ve Constantine, M. G. (1996). MCT Theory and Implications for Practice. In D. W. Sue, A. E. Ivey, P. B. Pedersen (Eds.), A Theory of Multicultural Counseling & Therapy (pp.65-85). California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
• Pope-Davis, D. B., Reynolds, A. L., Dings, J. G., ve Ottavi, T. M. (1994). Multicultural competencies of doctoral interns at university counseling centers: An exploratory investigation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 466-470.
• Reid, P. T. (2002). Multicultural psychology: Bringing together gender and ethnicity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 2, 13-114.
• Ridley, C. R., Mendoza, D. W., Kanitz, B. E., Angermeier, L., ve Zenk, R. (1994). Cultural sensitivity in multicultural counseling: A perceptual schema model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 125-136.
• Rigazio_DiGillio, S., Ivey, E. A., ve Locke, D. C. (1997). Continuing the postmodern dialogue: Enhancing and contextualizing multiple voices. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 19, 3, 233-255.
• Rosenthal, R. (1983). Assessing the statistical importance of the effects of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 4-13.
• Roysircar, G., Gard, G., Hubbell, R., ve Ortega, M. (2005). Development of counseling trainees’ multicultural awareness through mentoring English as a second language students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 17-33.
• Sachs, J. S. (1983). Negative factors in brief psychotherapy: An empirical assessment. Journal of Con- sulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 557-564.
• Shapiro, D. A., ve Shapiro, D. (1982). Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 581-604.
• Siviş, R. (2002). Yapılandirmacı yaklaşım ve Türkiye’de psikolojik danışma alanındaki uygulanabilirliği. Türk PsikolojiK Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2, 17, 43-48.
• Smith. M. L., ve Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-760.
• Stein, D. M., ve Lambert, M. J. (1984). On the relationship between therapist experience and psycho- therapy outcome. Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 127-142.
• Sue, D. W. (1990). Culture specific techniques in counseling: A conceptual framework. Professional Psychology, 21, 424-433.
• Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence.The Counseling Psychologist, 29, 790-821.
• Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., ve McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultrual counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 477-486.
• Sue, D. W., Ivey, A. E., ve Pedersen, P. B. (1996). A Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
• Triandis, H. C., Chan, D. K. -S., Bhawuk, D. P.S., Iwao, S., ve Sinha, J. B. P. (1995). Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrisim. International Journal of Psychology, 30, 461-480.
• Vontress, C. E. ve Jackson, M. (2004). Reactions to multicultural counseling competencies debate. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26, 74-80.
• Voss, D. ve Schutze J. C. (1989). Postmodernism in context: Perspectives of a structural change in society, literature, and literary criticism. New German Critique, 47, Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapydebate: Models, methods, and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
• Weinrach, S. G. ve Thomas, K. R. (2002). A critical analysis of multicultural counseling competencies: Implications for the practice of mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24, 20-25.
• Wheeler, L., Reis, H. T., ve Bond, M. H. (1989). Collectivisim-individualism in everyday social life: The middle kingdom and the melting pot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 79-86.
• Worthington, R. L., Mobley, M., Franks, R. P., ve Tan, J. A. (2000). Multicultural counseling competencies verbal content, counselor attributions, and social desirability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 4,460- 468.