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Autonomy Development in Adolescence

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 36, 152 - 162, 27.05.2011

Abstract

During adolescence, individuals attempt to become independent and want to make decisions about their own lives. This search for independence and the need for it, is conceptualized as “autonomy”. The purpose of this review was to examine the literature to analyze the concept of autonomy development
in adolescence. Review of existing psychology literature shows that conceptions of autonomy have taken several forms. Autonomy has evolved from concept of “separation” from the parent to the “self-governance” approach. While the theme of separation implies independence from others and being autonomous has been considered a requisite of healthy human development, self-governance approach to autonomy sees it as basic need and propose that autonomy and relatedness can coexist. Many research results indicated that becoming an autonomous individual and maintaining relationship with one’s parents and others have positive impacts
on adolescents’ well-being. Understanding the antecedents and consequences of adolescent autonomy will help psychologists, counselors and educators to develop appropriate health-promoting intervention programs.

References

  • Chirkov, V. I. ve Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U. S. Adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 32, 618-635.
  • Collins, W. A., Gleason, T. ve Sesma, A. (1997). Internalization, autonomy, and relationships: Development during adolescence. In J. E. Grusec, & L. Kyczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values (pp. 78–99). New York: Wiley.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Markus, H. R. (1999). The cultural constitution of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2, pp. 378–396). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Curtis, S. (1992). Promoting health through a developmental analysis of adolescent risk behavior. Journal of School Health, 62(9), 417–420.
  • Çileli, M. (2000). Change in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995. The Journal of Psychology, 134, 297-305.
  • Darling, N. Ve Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. Kemis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-49). New York: Plenum.
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
  • Deci, E. L., Schwartz, A., Scheinman, L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1981). An instrument to assess adult’s orientations toward control versus autonomy in children: Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 642–650.
  • Ekşi, A. (1990). Çocuk, Genç, Anababalar. İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Erikson, E. (1969). Identity, Youth and Crisis. New York:Norton.
  • Feldman, S. S. ve Rosenthal, D. A. (1991). Age expecations of behavioural autonomy in Hong Kong, Australian and American youth: The influence of family variables and adolescents’ values. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 1–23.
  • Freud, A. (1958). Adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 13, 255-278.
  • Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence E. Erlbaum Associates.
  • Grotevant, H. D. ve Cooper, C. R. (1985). Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity exploration in adolescence. Child Development, 56(2), 415–428.
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik- toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10, 1-14.
  • Haworth, J. G. ve Conrad, C. F. (1995). Master’s education in the United States: A contemporary portrait. In: P. M. Nerad, R. June, & D. S. Miller (Eds.), Graduate education in the United States (Vol. 2, pp. 263–282). New York: Garland.
  • Hill, J. ve Holmbeck, G. (1986). Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. In G. Whitehurst (Ed.), Annals of child development. Greenwich, CT:JAI.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. ve Karakitapoğlu-Aygun, Z. (1999). 1970’lerden 1990’1ara değerler: Üniversite düzeyinde gözlenen zaman, kuşak ve cinsiyet farklılıkları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(44), 1-22.
  • Jung, C. G. (1997). Analitik Psikoloji (çev. Ender Gürol). İstanbul: Payel Yayınevi.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1984). Socialization in traditional society: A challenge to psychology. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 145-157.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11, 36-44.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. In J.F. Berry, M.H. Segall, C. Kagitcibasi. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (pp.1-49). London: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures, theory and applications (2nd ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., Sunar, D. ve Bekman, S. (2001). Long- term effects of early intervention: Turkish low- income mothers and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 333-361.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2002). Self-construals, perceived parenting styles and wellbeing in different cultural and socio-economic contexts. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ve İmamoğlu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333-351.
  • Kenny E. M. ve Gallagher L. A. (2002) Instrumental and social/relational correlates of perceived maternal and paternal attachment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 203–219.
  • Kurdek, L. A. ve Fine, M. A., & Sinclair, R. J. (1995). School adjustment in sixth graders: Parenting transitions, family climate, and peer norm effects. Child Development, 66, 430-445.
  • La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384.
  • Maccoby, E. E. ve Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  • Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • McElhaney, K. B. ve Allen, J. P. (2001). Autonomy and adolescent social functioning: The moderating effect of risk. Child Development, 72(1), 220–235.
  • Muuss, R. E. (1988). Theories of Adolescence (fifth edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Neff, K. D. ve Harter, S. (2003). Relationship styles of self- focused autonomy, other- focused connectedness, and mutuality across multiple relationship contexts. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 81-99.
  • Noom, M. J., Deković, M.ve Meeus, W. H. J. (1999). Autonomy, attachment and psychosocial ad just ment during adolescence: A double-edged sword? Journal of Adolescence, 22, 771-783.
  • Noom, M. J., Dekovic, M. ve Meeus, W. (2001). Conceptual analysis and measurement of adolescent autonomy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 577–595.
  • Onur, B. (2007). Çocuk tarih ve toplum. İmge kitabevi yayınları: Ankara.
  • Özdemir, Y. (2009). Ergenlik döneminde benlik kurgusu gelişiminin kültür ve aile bağlamında incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Paikoff, R. L. ve Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 47-66.
  • Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Richmond, M., Carbonell, O. A., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M. R. ve Quiceno, J. (2002). Maternal caregiving and infant security in two cultures. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 67-78.
  • Ryan, R. M. (1993). Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development. In J. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 1-56). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Ryan, R. M. ve Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the he vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 60, 340–356.
  • Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
  • Sessa, F. M. ve Steinberg, L. (1991). Family structure and the development of autonomy during adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 38–55.
  • Ryan, R. M., ve La Guardia, J. G. (2000). What is being optimized over development?: A self-determination theory perspective on basic psychological needs across the life span. In S. Qualls & N. Abeles (Eds.), Psychology and the aging revolution (pp. 145-172). Washington, DC: APA Books
  • Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A.J., Kim, Y. ve Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 325-33.
  • Steinberg, L. (1999). Adolescence (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
  • Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Adolescent- parent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1-20.
  • Steinberg, L. ve Silverberg, S. B. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851.
  • Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S., Darling, N., Mounts, N., & Dornbusch, S. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
  • Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W. ve Soenens, B. (2005). Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners. Vitalizing or immobilizing?. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 468-483.
  • Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Kouides, R. ve Deci, E. L. (1999). Presenting the facts about smoking to adolescents: Effects of an autonomy-supportive style. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(9), 959–964.
  • Yımaz, A. (2000). Anne-baba tutum ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 7(3), 160-172.
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2001). Autonomy in adolescence. In J. V. Lerner & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Adolescence in America: An Encyclopedia (pp. 79-83). Denver, Co: Abc Clio.
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. ve Collins, W. A. (2003). Autonomy development during adolescence. In G. R. Adams & M. Berzonsky (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescence (pp. 175- 204). Oxford: Blackwell.

Ergenlikte Özerklik Gelişimi

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 36, 152 - 162, 27.05.2011

Abstract

Ergenlik döneminde bireyler bağımsız olmak için çaba harcamakta ve kendi yaşamları ile ilgili kararları kendileri almak istemektedirler. Bu bağımsızlık arayışı ve gereksinimi genel olarak “özerklik” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı ergenlik döneminde özerkliğin gelişimini anlamak için bu konudaki alanyazını incelemektir. Psikolojideki ilgili alan yazının incelenmesi sonucunda özerklik kavramının çeşitli şekillerde ele alındığı görülmektedir. Özerklik gelişimi “aileden ayrışma” anlamından “kendi kendini yönetme” kavramına doğru bir değişim yaşamıştır. Başkalarından bağımsız olma anlamına gelen ayrışma sağlıklı bir gelişim için ön koşul olarak görülürken, kendi kendini yönetme bakış açısı özerkliği temel bir gereksinim olarak görmekte ve özerkliğin başkaları ile ilişkileri sürdürerek sağlıklı bir şekilde gelişeceğini ileri sürmektedir. Birçok çalışma özerk olma ve aile ile yakın ilişkileri sürdürmenin ergenlerin iyi oluşları üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Ergenlikte özerkliği ortaya çıkaran etmenlerin ve özerkliğin sonuçlarının anlaşılması psikologlara, psikolojik danışmanlara ve eğitimcilere ergenleri daha iyi anlamalarında ve onlara yönelik hazırlayacakları, sağlıklı gelişimlerini destekleyici programların planlanmasında yardımcı olabilecektir.

References

  • Chirkov, V. I. ve Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U. S. Adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 32, 618-635.
  • Collins, W. A., Gleason, T. ve Sesma, A. (1997). Internalization, autonomy, and relationships: Development during adolescence. In J. E. Grusec, & L. Kyczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values (pp. 78–99). New York: Wiley.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Markus, H. R. (1999). The cultural constitution of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2, pp. 378–396). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Curtis, S. (1992). Promoting health through a developmental analysis of adolescent risk behavior. Journal of School Health, 62(9), 417–420.
  • Çileli, M. (2000). Change in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995. The Journal of Psychology, 134, 297-305.
  • Darling, N. Ve Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. Kemis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-49). New York: Plenum.
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
  • Deci, E. L., Schwartz, A., Scheinman, L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1981). An instrument to assess adult’s orientations toward control versus autonomy in children: Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 642–650.
  • Ekşi, A. (1990). Çocuk, Genç, Anababalar. İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Erikson, E. (1969). Identity, Youth and Crisis. New York:Norton.
  • Feldman, S. S. ve Rosenthal, D. A. (1991). Age expecations of behavioural autonomy in Hong Kong, Australian and American youth: The influence of family variables and adolescents’ values. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 1–23.
  • Freud, A. (1958). Adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 13, 255-278.
  • Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence E. Erlbaum Associates.
  • Grotevant, H. D. ve Cooper, C. R. (1985). Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity exploration in adolescence. Child Development, 56(2), 415–428.
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik- toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10, 1-14.
  • Haworth, J. G. ve Conrad, C. F. (1995). Master’s education in the United States: A contemporary portrait. In: P. M. Nerad, R. June, & D. S. Miller (Eds.), Graduate education in the United States (Vol. 2, pp. 263–282). New York: Garland.
  • Hill, J. ve Holmbeck, G. (1986). Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. In G. Whitehurst (Ed.), Annals of child development. Greenwich, CT:JAI.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. ve Karakitapoğlu-Aygun, Z. (1999). 1970’lerden 1990’1ara değerler: Üniversite düzeyinde gözlenen zaman, kuşak ve cinsiyet farklılıkları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(44), 1-22.
  • Jung, C. G. (1997). Analitik Psikoloji (çev. Ender Gürol). İstanbul: Payel Yayınevi.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1984). Socialization in traditional society: A challenge to psychology. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 145-157.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11, 36-44.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. In J.F. Berry, M.H. Segall, C. Kagitcibasi. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (pp.1-49). London: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures, theory and applications (2nd ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., Sunar, D. ve Bekman, S. (2001). Long- term effects of early intervention: Turkish low- income mothers and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 333-361.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2002). Self-construals, perceived parenting styles and wellbeing in different cultural and socio-economic contexts. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ve İmamoğlu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333-351.
  • Kenny E. M. ve Gallagher L. A. (2002) Instrumental and social/relational correlates of perceived maternal and paternal attachment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 203–219.
  • Kurdek, L. A. ve Fine, M. A., & Sinclair, R. J. (1995). School adjustment in sixth graders: Parenting transitions, family climate, and peer norm effects. Child Development, 66, 430-445.
  • La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384.
  • Maccoby, E. E. ve Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  • Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • McElhaney, K. B. ve Allen, J. P. (2001). Autonomy and adolescent social functioning: The moderating effect of risk. Child Development, 72(1), 220–235.
  • Muuss, R. E. (1988). Theories of Adolescence (fifth edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Neff, K. D. ve Harter, S. (2003). Relationship styles of self- focused autonomy, other- focused connectedness, and mutuality across multiple relationship contexts. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 81-99.
  • Noom, M. J., Deković, M.ve Meeus, W. H. J. (1999). Autonomy, attachment and psychosocial ad just ment during adolescence: A double-edged sword? Journal of Adolescence, 22, 771-783.
  • Noom, M. J., Dekovic, M. ve Meeus, W. (2001). Conceptual analysis and measurement of adolescent autonomy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 577–595.
  • Onur, B. (2007). Çocuk tarih ve toplum. İmge kitabevi yayınları: Ankara.
  • Özdemir, Y. (2009). Ergenlik döneminde benlik kurgusu gelişiminin kültür ve aile bağlamında incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Paikoff, R. L. ve Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 47-66.
  • Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Richmond, M., Carbonell, O. A., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M. R. ve Quiceno, J. (2002). Maternal caregiving and infant security in two cultures. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 67-78.
  • Ryan, R. M. (1993). Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development. In J. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 1-56). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Ryan, R. M. ve Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the he vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 60, 340–356.
  • Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
  • Sessa, F. M. ve Steinberg, L. (1991). Family structure and the development of autonomy during adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 38–55.
  • Ryan, R. M., ve La Guardia, J. G. (2000). What is being optimized over development?: A self-determination theory perspective on basic psychological needs across the life span. In S. Qualls & N. Abeles (Eds.), Psychology and the aging revolution (pp. 145-172). Washington, DC: APA Books
  • Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A.J., Kim, Y. ve Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 325-33.
  • Steinberg, L. (1999). Adolescence (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
  • Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Adolescent- parent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1-20.
  • Steinberg, L. ve Silverberg, S. B. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851.
  • Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S., Darling, N., Mounts, N., & Dornbusch, S. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
  • Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W. ve Soenens, B. (2005). Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners. Vitalizing or immobilizing?. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 468-483.
  • Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Kouides, R. ve Deci, E. L. (1999). Presenting the facts about smoking to adolescents: Effects of an autonomy-supportive style. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(9), 959–964.
  • Yımaz, A. (2000). Anne-baba tutum ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 7(3), 160-172.
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2001). Autonomy in adolescence. In J. V. Lerner & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Adolescence in America: An Encyclopedia (pp. 79-83). Denver, Co: Abc Clio.
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. ve Collins, W. A. (2003). Autonomy development during adolescence. In G. R. Adams & M. Berzonsky (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescence (pp. 175- 204). Oxford: Blackwell.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yalçın Özdemir This is me

Figen Çok This is me

Publication Date May 27, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 4 Issue: 36

Cite

APA Özdemir, Y., & Çok, F. (2011). Autonomy Development in Adolescence. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(36), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.48451

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.