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Age and Gender Differences in Rumination

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 36, 191 - 199, 27.05.2011

Abstract

Rumination, as a type of response style to negative mood, has been proposed to be associated
with depression as well as several other psychological difficulties. However, the developmental pattern of rumination with sample of adolescents still remains not fully explored especially in different cultural context. Therefore, this study aims to examine a) age and gender differences in rumination tendency, and b) the mediating role of gender between ruminative response and psychological symptoms. The participants of the study were 866 (462 girls, 384 boys) adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 24years. The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Demographic Information Form were used to collect data. The result of two way ANOVA revealed that girls were found to be ruminating more than boys. Yet, the result showed no age differences in the response styles of adolescents. The result of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that gender mediates the relationship between ruminative response and psychological symptoms. Results are discussed in the light of the related literature.

References

  • Bugay, A. (2010). Investigation of social-cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables as predictors of self-forgiveness. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W. ve Taylor, S. (2001). The effect of rumination as a mediator of elevated anxiety sensitivity in major depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 25(5), 525-534.
  • Cyranowski, J.M., Frank, E., Young E. ve ark. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 21-27.
  • Çivitci, A. (2006). Ergenlerde mantıkdışı inanç ve sürekli kaygı ilişkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(12), 27-39. Fakültesi
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration scoring and procedures Manual, 3rd edn. National Computer Systems, Minneapolis, MN.
  • Erdur, Ö. (2002). Psychological reactions of Turkish earthquake survivors [Electronic resource]. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
  • Erdur- Baker, Ö. (2009). Peer victimization, rumination, and problem solving as risk contributors to adolescents’ depressive symptoms. The Journal of Psychology, 143(1),78-90.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Bugay, A. (incelemede). The Turkish version of the Ruminative Response Scale: An examination of its reliability and validity.
  • Erdur- Baker, Ö., Özgülük, S.B., Turan, N. ve Demirci- Danışık, N. (2009). Rumination and anger /anger expression styles as risk factors for psychological symptoms of adolescents, Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 32(9), 43-53.
  • Garber, J. (2000). Development and depression. In A. Samaroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 467-490) (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum.
  • Hankin, B.L., Abramson, L.Y., Moffitt, T.E., Silva, P.A., McGee, R. ve Angell, K.E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10- year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 128- 140.
  • Hilt, L. M., Cha, C. B. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent Moderators of the distress-function relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 63-71. girls:
  • Holsen, I., Kraft, P. ve Vitterso, J. (2000). Stability in depressed mood in adolescence results from a six- year longitudinal panel study, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(1), 61-78.
  • Jose, P. ve Brown, I. (2008). When does the gender difference in rumination begin? Gender and age differences in the use of rumination by adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(2), 180-192.
  • Kashani, J.H., Carlson, G.A., Beck, N.C., Hoeper, E.W., Corcoran, C.M., McAllister, J.A., Fallahi, C., Rosenberg, T.K. ve Reid, J.C. (1987). Depression, depressive symptoms, and depressed mood among a community sample of adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 931- 934.
  • Kuğu, N., Akyüz, G., Doğan, O., Ersan, E. ve İzgiç, F. (2006). The prevalence of among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 129-135.
  • Larson, R. ve Asmussen, L. (1991). Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions. In M.E. Colten and S. Gore (Eds) Social Institutions and Social Change (pp.21-41). New York: Akdube de Gruyter.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self- perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 339-349.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem-solving, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 176-190.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N.D. ve Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers. Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1041-1060.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 259-282.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504-511.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173-176.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Harrell, Z. A. (2002). Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16(4), 391-403. g e n d e r
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and post- traumatic stress symptoms following a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 115-121.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker,L. E. ve Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 92-104.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E. ve Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in adolescent females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 198-207.
  • Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E. ve Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 671-688.
  • Suadiye, Y. ve Aydın, A. (2009). Anksiyete bozukluğu olan ergenlerde bilişsel hatalar, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(4), 172-179.
  • Şahin N. H., Batıgün A. D., ve Uğurtaş S. (2002). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Ergenler için Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 29-39. kullanımı.
  • Şahin, N. H. ve Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9, 44-56.
  • Toros, F., Gamsız Bilgin, N., Buğdaycı, R., Şaşmaz, T., Kurt, O. ve Camdeviren, H. (2004). Prevalence of depression as measured by the CBDI in a predominantly adolescent school population in Turkey. European Psychiatry, 19(5), 264-271.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
  • Turan, N. (2009). The contribution of rumination, internal working models of attachment, and help seeking attitudes on psychological symptoms of university students. Yayınlanmamış Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Yüksek Lisans
  • Ziegert, D.I. ve Kistner, J.A. (2002). Response styles theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 325-334.

Ruminasyon Düzeyinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Yaşa Göre İncelenmesi

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 36, 191 - 199, 27.05.2011

Abstract

Ruminasyon, stresli deneyimlere karşı verilen ve genellikle baş etmeyi güçleştiren tepkilerden biri olarak tanımlanmış ve depresif duygu durumu başta olmak üzere birçok psikolojik sorunla olan ilişkisi tepki stilleri araştırmacılarınca ortaya konmuştur. Ancak ruminasyonun ergen örnekleminde gösterdiği gelişimsel örüntü özellikle farklı kültürlerde henüz fazla derinlemesine incelenmemiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı ruminasyon eğilimlerinin a) öğrencilerin yaşları ve toplumsal cinsiyetlerine göre nasıl farklılaştığını
ve b) toplumsal cinsiyetle psikolojik sorunlar arasındaki ilişkide nasıl bir rol oynadığını belirlemektir. Araştırma örneklemini yaşları 14-24 arası değişen 866 (462 kız, 384 erkek) öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada gerekli bilgileri toplamak amacı ile Kısa Semptom Ölçeği, Ruminasyon Ölçeği ve Öğrenci Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. İki yönlü varyans analizi (two-way ANOVA) sonuçlarına göre kız öğrencilerin ruminasyon puanları erkek öğrencilerin puanlarından anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Ancak yaşa göre ruminasyon düzeyi farklılaşmamaktadır. Hiyerarşik çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçlarına
göre ise ruminasyonun toplumsal cinsiyet ve psikolojik sorun düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide aracı rolü olduğu gözlenmiştir. Diğer bir deyişle, kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre daha fazla ruminasyon eğiliminde olmaları onları psikolojik sorunlara daha açık hale getirmektedir. Bulgular, ruminasyon konusunda daha önce yurtiçi ve yurtdışında yürütülmüş olan çalışmalar ışığında tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Bugay, A. (2010). Investigation of social-cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables as predictors of self-forgiveness. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W. ve Taylor, S. (2001). The effect of rumination as a mediator of elevated anxiety sensitivity in major depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 25(5), 525-534.
  • Cyranowski, J.M., Frank, E., Young E. ve ark. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 21-27.
  • Çivitci, A. (2006). Ergenlerde mantıkdışı inanç ve sürekli kaygı ilişkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(12), 27-39. Fakültesi
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration scoring and procedures Manual, 3rd edn. National Computer Systems, Minneapolis, MN.
  • Erdur, Ö. (2002). Psychological reactions of Turkish earthquake survivors [Electronic resource]. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
  • Erdur- Baker, Ö. (2009). Peer victimization, rumination, and problem solving as risk contributors to adolescents’ depressive symptoms. The Journal of Psychology, 143(1),78-90.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Bugay, A. (incelemede). The Turkish version of the Ruminative Response Scale: An examination of its reliability and validity.
  • Erdur- Baker, Ö., Özgülük, S.B., Turan, N. ve Demirci- Danışık, N. (2009). Rumination and anger /anger expression styles as risk factors for psychological symptoms of adolescents, Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 32(9), 43-53.
  • Garber, J. (2000). Development and depression. In A. Samaroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 467-490) (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum.
  • Hankin, B.L., Abramson, L.Y., Moffitt, T.E., Silva, P.A., McGee, R. ve Angell, K.E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10- year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 128- 140.
  • Hilt, L. M., Cha, C. B. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent Moderators of the distress-function relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 63-71. girls:
  • Holsen, I., Kraft, P. ve Vitterso, J. (2000). Stability in depressed mood in adolescence results from a six- year longitudinal panel study, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(1), 61-78.
  • Jose, P. ve Brown, I. (2008). When does the gender difference in rumination begin? Gender and age differences in the use of rumination by adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(2), 180-192.
  • Kashani, J.H., Carlson, G.A., Beck, N.C., Hoeper, E.W., Corcoran, C.M., McAllister, J.A., Fallahi, C., Rosenberg, T.K. ve Reid, J.C. (1987). Depression, depressive symptoms, and depressed mood among a community sample of adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 931- 934.
  • Kuğu, N., Akyüz, G., Doğan, O., Ersan, E. ve İzgiç, F. (2006). The prevalence of among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 129-135.
  • Larson, R. ve Asmussen, L. (1991). Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions. In M.E. Colten and S. Gore (Eds) Social Institutions and Social Change (pp.21-41). New York: Akdube de Gruyter.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self- perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 339-349.
  • Lyubomirsky, S. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem-solving, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 176-190.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N.D. ve Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers. Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1041-1060.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 259-282.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504-511.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173-176.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Harrell, Z. A. (2002). Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16(4), 391-403. g e n d e r
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and post- traumatic stress symptoms following a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 115-121.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker,L. E. ve Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 92-104.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E. ve Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in adolescent females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 198-207.
  • Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E. ve Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 671-688.
  • Suadiye, Y. ve Aydın, A. (2009). Anksiyete bozukluğu olan ergenlerde bilişsel hatalar, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(4), 172-179.
  • Şahin N. H., Batıgün A. D., ve Uğurtaş S. (2002). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Ergenler için Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 29-39. kullanımı.
  • Şahin, N. H. ve Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9, 44-56.
  • Toros, F., Gamsız Bilgin, N., Buğdaycı, R., Şaşmaz, T., Kurt, O. ve Camdeviren, H. (2004). Prevalence of depression as measured by the CBDI in a predominantly adolescent school population in Turkey. European Psychiatry, 19(5), 264-271.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
  • Turan, N. (2009). The contribution of rumination, internal working models of attachment, and help seeking attitudes on psychological symptoms of university students. Yayınlanmamış Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Yüksek Lisans
  • Ziegert, D.I. ve Kistner, J.A. (2002). Response styles theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 325-334.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Aslı Bugay This is me

Özgür Erdur-baker This is me

Publication Date May 27, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 4 Issue: 36

Cite

APA Bugay, A., & Erdur-baker, Ö. (2011). Ruminasyon Düzeyinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Yaşa Göre İncelenmesi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(36), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.50586

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