Research Article
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Comparative Analysis of Spelling Errors and Handwriting Legibility among Turkish and Syrian Refugee Primary School Students with Writing Difficulties

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 19 - 41
https://doi.org/10.37233/trsped.drr.1791447

Abstract

This study examines the spelling errors and handwriting legibility of primary school students from Turkish and Syrian backgrounds who experience writing difficulties in the Turkish language. A total of 30 third- and fourth-grade students, 15 Turkish and 15 Syrian-origin, were assessed through dictation and copying tasks using the Multidimensional Legibility Scale and the Spelling Error Form. While no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of spelling errors or legibility, subtle differences in error patterns were observed. Syrian-origin students exhibited more frequent vowel confusion, potentially due to the phonetic and structural differences between Arabic and Turkish. Both groups demonstrated common writing issues, including letter omission, confusion, and inconsistent spacing. The study also found that female students performed better than male students in legibility, suggesting gender-related differences in fine motor skills. Additionally, Syrian students exhibited slower writing speeds compared to their Turkish peers, likely due to cognitive and linguistic factors related to bilingualism. These findings underline the importance of early intervention, individualized teaching strategies, and a focus on both cognitive and motor skills in addressing writing difficulties. The study concludes by recommending targeted support for bilingual students, with attention to both linguistic and developmental needs to enhance their academic outcomes.

Ethical Statement

The authors acknowledge that all procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Human Research Educational Sciences Ethics Committee (Date: 23/09/2024; Protocol No: 14/08) and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

References

  • Abed, S. N., Abbas, D. M., & Dawood, I. (2023). Lifetime prevalence of dysgraphia and associated family environment characteristics in primary schools. International Journal of Public Health Science, 12(3), 1243–1248. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i3.22526
  • Akçin, N. (2009). Öğrenme güçlüğü gösteren çocukların yazma sürecinde gösterdiği özellikler. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(29), 5–18. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1820
  • Albirini, A. (2016). Modern Arabic sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity. Routledge.
  • Alkan, G., & Başar, M. (2020). Disgrafili öğrencilerin yazma hatalarının incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(227), 371–388. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/milliegitim/issue/56322/703398
  • August, D., & Shanahan, T. (Eds.). (2017). Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. Routledge.
  • Berninger, V. W., & Amtmann, D. (2003). Preventing written expression disabilities through early and continuing assessment and intervention for handwriting and/or spelling problems: Research into practice. In B. K. Shapiro, R. B. Raskind, & M. Katzir (Eds.), Reading and writing difficulties: Theories, diagnosis, and intervention, 217–247. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Berninger, V. W., & Graham, S. (1998). Language by hand: A synthesis of a decade of research on handwriting. Handwriting Review, 12, 11–25. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573105975557633664
  • Berninger, V. W., & Richards, T. L. (2010). Inter-relationships among behavioral markers, genes, brain and treatment in dyslexia and dysgraphia. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(127), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.10.22
  • Bialystok, E. (2018). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(3), 570 -571. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728908003477
  • Block, K., Cross, S., Riggs, E., & Gibbs, L. (2014). Supporting schools to create an inclusive environment for refugee students. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(12), 1337–1355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.899636
  • Crosson, A. C., & Lesaux, N. K. (2010). Revisiting assumptions about the relationship of fluent reading to comprehension: Spanish-speaking students in middle school. Reading & Writing, 23, 475-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9168-8
  • Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire: Volume 23. Multilingual Matters.
  • Çelik, Ç., & İçduygu, A. (2019). Schools and refugee children: The case of Syrians in Turkey. International Migration, 57(2), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12488
  • Dere, İ., & Demirci, E. (2023). Türkiye’de göçmen öğrencilerin eğitimde karşılaştıkları sorunlar. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(INCSOS VIII Özel Sayısı), 108-135. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1239654
  • Erden, G., Kurdoğlu, F. & Uslu, R. (2002). İlköğretim okullarına devam eden Türk çocukların sınıf düzeylerine göre okuma hızı ve yazım hataları mormlarının geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(1), 5-13. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-12610-001
  • Ersoy, Ö., & Avcı, N. (2001). Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklar ve eğitimleri özel eğitim. Ya-Pa Yayınları.
  • Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(4), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x
  • Graham, S. (2010). Want to improve children's writing? Don't neglect their handwriting. American Educator, 33(4), 20–27. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/graham.pdf
  • Güngör, F., & Şenel, E. A. (2018). Yabancı uyruklu ilkokul öğrencilerinin eğitim-öğretiminde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 8(2), 124–173. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ajesi/issue/38903/454575
  • Hawke, J. L., Olson, R. K., Willcutt, E. G., Wadsworth, S. J., & DeFries, J. C. (2009). Gender ratios for reading difficulties. Dyslexia, 15, 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.389
  • Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 11(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.286
  • Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma modelleri (25. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kormos, J. (2014). Speech production and second language acquisition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203763964
  • Korpershoek, H., Canrinus, E. T., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & de Boer, H. (2020). The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: A meta-analytic review. Research Papers in Education, 35(6), 641–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1615116
  • Marr, D., Windsor, M., & Cermak, S. (2001). Handwriting readiness: Locatives and visuomotor skills in the kindergarten year. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 3(1), 2-17. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED452998.pdf
  • Melekoğlu, M. A., & Yıldız, G. (2021). Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan bireyler: Aileler için rehber kitapçık. MEB Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Menken, K. (2013). Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum. Language Teaching, 46(4), 438-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444813000281
  • Ministry of National Education [MoNE]. (2022). Geçici koruma altında bulunan (Suriye) yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin eğitim kademelerine göre okullaşma oranları. Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Genel Müdürlüğü. http://hbogm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2022_01/26165737_goc2022sunu.pdf
  • Mülteciler ve Sığınmacılar Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Derneği, (2025). Saha gözlem raporu: Göçmenlere yönelik uygulamalar ve yansımaları. https://multeciler.org.tr/saha-gozlem-raporu-gocmenlere-yonelik-uygulamalar-ve-yansimalari/
  • Nizamoğlu, A. V. (2022). Suriyeli öğrencilerin Türk eğitim sistemine entegrasyonu ve PİKTES projesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(27), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.27.07
  • OECD. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/09/education-at-a-glance-2023_581c9602/e13bef63-en.pdf
  • Outakoski, H., Lindgren, E., Westum, A., & Sullivan, K. P. H. (2019). Researching writing development to support language maintenance and revitalization: Design and methodological challenges. In C. Cocq & K. P. H. Sullivan (Eds.), Perspectives on Indigenous Writing and Literacies (165-185). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishing.
  • Paradis, J., Genesee, F., & Crago, M. B. (2021). Dual language development & disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning (3rd ed.). Brookes Publishing.
  • Puranik, C. S., Petscher, Y., & Lonigan, C. J. (2014). Learning to write letters: Examination of student and letter factors. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 128, 152-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.009
  • Rosenblum, S., Weiss, P. L., & Parush, S. (2020). Product and process evaluation of handwriting difficulties. Educational Psychology Review, 15(1), 41–81. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021371425220
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Joshi, R. M. (2014). Handbook of Arabic literacy: Insights and perspectives. Springer.
  • Sarier, Y. (2020). Türkiye’de mülteci öğrencilerin eğitimi üzerine bir meta-sentez çalışması: Sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Eğitimde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 3(1), 80–111. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1048451
  • Shapiro, S., Farrelly, R., & Curry, M. J. (2018). Educating refugee-background students: Critical issues and dynamic contexts. Multilingual Matters.
  • Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2022). Annual research review: Reading disorders revisited–The critical importance of oral language. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(5), 635–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13324
  • Şenol, F. B., ve Turan, F. (2023). Çocuklarda öz-düzenleme, erken akademik yeterlik ve erken okuryazarlık: Sosyoekonomik risk durumuna göre inceleme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2023(54), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1025776
  • UNHCR. (2024). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2023. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/media/global-trends-report-2023
  • Wadsworth, S. J., DeFries, J. C., Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., & Olson, R. K. (2016). Genetic etiologies of comorbidity and stability for reading difficulties and ADHD: A replication study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 19(3), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.80
  • Yıldız, M., & Ateş, S. (2010). İlk okuma yazmayı farklı yöntemlerle öğrenen ilköğretim 3. sınıf öğrencilerinin yazılarının okunaklılık ve yazım hataları bakımından karşılaştırılması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14, 11-30. https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423935145.pdf
  • Zhang, J., & Wang, Q. (2023). Reading and writing difficulties in bilingual learners. Annals of Dyslexia, 73(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-023-00282-8

Yazma Güçlüğü Bulunan Türkiye Kökenli ve Suriye Göçmeni İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Yazım Hataları ve El Yazısı Okunaklılığının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 19 - 41
https://doi.org/10.37233/trsped.drr.1791447

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkçe dilinde yazma güçlüğü görülen Türkiye ve Suriye kökenli ilkokul öğrencilerinin yazım hataları ve el yazısı okunaklılığı araştırılmıştır. 15 Türk ve 15 Suriye kökenli olmak üzere toplam 30 üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencisi, Çok Boyutlu Okunabilirlik Ölçeği ve Yazım Hatası Formu kullanılarak dikte ve kopyalama metinler aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. İki grup arasında yazım hataları veya okunaklılık açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken, hata örüntülerinde ince farklılıklar gözlenmiştir. Suriye kökenli öğrenciler, Arapça ve Türkçe arasındaki fonetik ve yapısal farklılıklardan kaynaklanan daha sık ünlü karışıklığı sergilemiştir. Her iki grup da harf atlaması, harf karıştırma ve tutarsız boşluk gibi ortak yazma sorunları göstermiştir. Çalışmada kız öğrencilerin okunaklılık konusunda erkek öğrencilerden daha iyi performans gösterdiği bulunmuş ve bu durum ince motor becerilerinde cinsiyete bağlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Ek olarak, Suriyeli öğrenciler, iki dillilikle ilgili bilişsel ve dilsel faktörlerden dolayı, Türk akranlarına kıyasla daha yavaş yazma hızı sergilemiştir. Bu bulgular, yazma güçlüklerinin giderilmesinde erken müdahalenin, bireyselleştirilmiş öğretim stratejilerinin ve hem bilişsel hem de motor becerilere odaklanmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmada, iki dilli öğrencilere, akademik başarılarını iyileştirmek için hem dilsel hem de gelişimsel gereksinimleri göz önünde bulundurularak destek çeşitliliğinin sağlanması önerilmektedir.

References

  • Abed, S. N., Abbas, D. M., & Dawood, I. (2023). Lifetime prevalence of dysgraphia and associated family environment characteristics in primary schools. International Journal of Public Health Science, 12(3), 1243–1248. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i3.22526
  • Akçin, N. (2009). Öğrenme güçlüğü gösteren çocukların yazma sürecinde gösterdiği özellikler. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(29), 5–18. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1820
  • Albirini, A. (2016). Modern Arabic sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity. Routledge.
  • Alkan, G., & Başar, M. (2020). Disgrafili öğrencilerin yazma hatalarının incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(227), 371–388. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/milliegitim/issue/56322/703398
  • August, D., & Shanahan, T. (Eds.). (2017). Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. Routledge.
  • Berninger, V. W., & Amtmann, D. (2003). Preventing written expression disabilities through early and continuing assessment and intervention for handwriting and/or spelling problems: Research into practice. In B. K. Shapiro, R. B. Raskind, & M. Katzir (Eds.), Reading and writing difficulties: Theories, diagnosis, and intervention, 217–247. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Berninger, V. W., & Graham, S. (1998). Language by hand: A synthesis of a decade of research on handwriting. Handwriting Review, 12, 11–25. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573105975557633664
  • Berninger, V. W., & Richards, T. L. (2010). Inter-relationships among behavioral markers, genes, brain and treatment in dyslexia and dysgraphia. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(127), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.10.22
  • Bialystok, E. (2018). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(3), 570 -571. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728908003477
  • Block, K., Cross, S., Riggs, E., & Gibbs, L. (2014). Supporting schools to create an inclusive environment for refugee students. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(12), 1337–1355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.899636
  • Crosson, A. C., & Lesaux, N. K. (2010). Revisiting assumptions about the relationship of fluent reading to comprehension: Spanish-speaking students in middle school. Reading & Writing, 23, 475-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9168-8
  • Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire: Volume 23. Multilingual Matters.
  • Çelik, Ç., & İçduygu, A. (2019). Schools and refugee children: The case of Syrians in Turkey. International Migration, 57(2), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12488
  • Dere, İ., & Demirci, E. (2023). Türkiye’de göçmen öğrencilerin eğitimde karşılaştıkları sorunlar. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(INCSOS VIII Özel Sayısı), 108-135. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1239654
  • Erden, G., Kurdoğlu, F. & Uslu, R. (2002). İlköğretim okullarına devam eden Türk çocukların sınıf düzeylerine göre okuma hızı ve yazım hataları mormlarının geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(1), 5-13. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-12610-001
  • Ersoy, Ö., & Avcı, N. (2001). Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklar ve eğitimleri özel eğitim. Ya-Pa Yayınları.
  • Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(4), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x
  • Graham, S. (2010). Want to improve children's writing? Don't neglect their handwriting. American Educator, 33(4), 20–27. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/graham.pdf
  • Güngör, F., & Şenel, E. A. (2018). Yabancı uyruklu ilkokul öğrencilerinin eğitim-öğretiminde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 8(2), 124–173. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ajesi/issue/38903/454575
  • Hawke, J. L., Olson, R. K., Willcutt, E. G., Wadsworth, S. J., & DeFries, J. C. (2009). Gender ratios for reading difficulties. Dyslexia, 15, 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.389
  • Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 11(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.286
  • Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma modelleri (25. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kormos, J. (2014). Speech production and second language acquisition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203763964
  • Korpershoek, H., Canrinus, E. T., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & de Boer, H. (2020). The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: A meta-analytic review. Research Papers in Education, 35(6), 641–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1615116
  • Marr, D., Windsor, M., & Cermak, S. (2001). Handwriting readiness: Locatives and visuomotor skills in the kindergarten year. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 3(1), 2-17. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED452998.pdf
  • Melekoğlu, M. A., & Yıldız, G. (2021). Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan bireyler: Aileler için rehber kitapçık. MEB Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Menken, K. (2013). Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum. Language Teaching, 46(4), 438-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444813000281
  • Ministry of National Education [MoNE]. (2022). Geçici koruma altında bulunan (Suriye) yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin eğitim kademelerine göre okullaşma oranları. Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Genel Müdürlüğü. http://hbogm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2022_01/26165737_goc2022sunu.pdf
  • Mülteciler ve Sığınmacılar Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Derneği, (2025). Saha gözlem raporu: Göçmenlere yönelik uygulamalar ve yansımaları. https://multeciler.org.tr/saha-gozlem-raporu-gocmenlere-yonelik-uygulamalar-ve-yansimalari/
  • Nizamoğlu, A. V. (2022). Suriyeli öğrencilerin Türk eğitim sistemine entegrasyonu ve PİKTES projesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(27), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.27.07
  • OECD. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/09/education-at-a-glance-2023_581c9602/e13bef63-en.pdf
  • Outakoski, H., Lindgren, E., Westum, A., & Sullivan, K. P. H. (2019). Researching writing development to support language maintenance and revitalization: Design and methodological challenges. In C. Cocq & K. P. H. Sullivan (Eds.), Perspectives on Indigenous Writing and Literacies (165-185). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishing.
  • Paradis, J., Genesee, F., & Crago, M. B. (2021). Dual language development & disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning (3rd ed.). Brookes Publishing.
  • Puranik, C. S., Petscher, Y., & Lonigan, C. J. (2014). Learning to write letters: Examination of student and letter factors. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 128, 152-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.009
  • Rosenblum, S., Weiss, P. L., & Parush, S. (2020). Product and process evaluation of handwriting difficulties. Educational Psychology Review, 15(1), 41–81. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021371425220
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Joshi, R. M. (2014). Handbook of Arabic literacy: Insights and perspectives. Springer.
  • Sarier, Y. (2020). Türkiye’de mülteci öğrencilerin eğitimi üzerine bir meta-sentez çalışması: Sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Eğitimde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 3(1), 80–111. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1048451
  • Shapiro, S., Farrelly, R., & Curry, M. J. (2018). Educating refugee-background students: Critical issues and dynamic contexts. Multilingual Matters.
  • Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2022). Annual research review: Reading disorders revisited–The critical importance of oral language. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(5), 635–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13324
  • Şenol, F. B., ve Turan, F. (2023). Çocuklarda öz-düzenleme, erken akademik yeterlik ve erken okuryazarlık: Sosyoekonomik risk durumuna göre inceleme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2023(54), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1025776
  • UNHCR. (2024). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2023. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/media/global-trends-report-2023
  • Wadsworth, S. J., DeFries, J. C., Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., & Olson, R. K. (2016). Genetic etiologies of comorbidity and stability for reading difficulties and ADHD: A replication study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 19(3), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.80
  • Yıldız, M., & Ateş, S. (2010). İlk okuma yazmayı farklı yöntemlerle öğrenen ilköğretim 3. sınıf öğrencilerinin yazılarının okunaklılık ve yazım hataları bakımından karşılaştırılması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14, 11-30. https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423935145.pdf
  • Zhang, J., & Wang, Q. (2023). Reading and writing difficulties in bilingual learners. Annals of Dyslexia, 73(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-023-00282-8
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Special Education and Disability (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gadir Daas 0009-0007-7058-6739

Orhan Aydın 0000-0002-9695-2414

Early Pub Date November 12, 2025
Publication Date November 24, 2025
Submission Date September 26, 2025
Acceptance Date November 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Daas, G., & Aydın, O. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Spelling Errors and Handwriting Legibility among Turkish and Syrian Refugee Primary School Students with Writing Difficulties. Turkish Journal of Special Education Research and Practice, 7(2), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.37233/trsped.drr.1791447