Son yaşadığımız 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık ve Elbistan Merkezli depremler toplamda 11 ili etkilemiştir. Şiddetli hissedilen depremlerin, yoğun fiziksel yıkımla birlikte duygusal yönden de önemli sorunlara yol açtığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, deprem sonrası yetişkin bireylerin depresyon düzeylerini cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi ve yaş aralıklarına göre incelemektir. Bu araştırmaya Türkiye’de yaşayan toplam 458 yetişkin birey katılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu oluşturan yetişkin bireylerin 326’sı kadın (%71.2), 132’si (%28.8) erkektir. Google-formlar üzerinden hazırlanan anket formu çalışma grubuna kartopu örnekleme yöntemiyle ulaştırılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin normallik varsayımı için çarpıklık ve basıklık değerleri incelenmiştir. Ardından bulgular bağımsız örneklemler için t testi ve varyans analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, yetişkin bireylerin depresyon düzeyleri cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermiştir. Kadınların deprem sonrası depresyon düzeyleri erkeklere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir diğer bulgu sonucunda ise 18-35 yaş arası yetişkin bireylerin depresyon puan ortalaması 36 yaş ve üzeri bireylerden daha yüksek olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca üniversite mezunu bireylerin depresyon puanlarının ilkokul ve lise mezunu bireylerden anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmadaki bulguların, doğal afetlerin uzun vadeli ruh sağlığı sonuçlarına ilişkin mevcut bilgilere katkıda bulunması beklenmektedir.
Ali, M., Farooq, N., Bhatti, M. A. ve Kuroiwa, C. (2012). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of earthquake in Pakistan using Davidson Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.023
Anwar, J., Mpofu, E., Matthews, L. R., Shadoul, A. F. ve Brock, K. E. (2011). Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-523
Aşantuğrul, N. ve Çelik, A. K. (2022). Yetişkinlerde travma sonrası büyümenin yordayıcısı olarak covid-19 korkusu. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(43), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.798997
Bradshaw, S. (2004). Socio-economic impacts of natural disasters: a gender analysis. ECLAC. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/5596
Cénat, J. M. ve Derivois, D. (2014). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.025
Cerdá, M., Paczkowski, M., Galea, S., Nemethy, K., Péan, C. ve Desvarieux, M. (2013). psychopathology in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake: A population‐based study of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22007
Chen, X. Y., Chen, J., Shi, X., Jiang, M., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., ve Chan, C. L. W. (2020). Trajectories of maternal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder predict long-term mental health of children following the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 201-206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.084
Christiansen, D. M. ve Hansen, M. (2015). Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 26068. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.26068
Derivois, D., Cénat, J. M., Joseph, N. E., Karray, A. ve Chahraoui, K. (2017). Prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms in street children survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, four years after. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.034
Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring & procedures manual-II for the (revised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. Clinical Psychometric Research., 1-16.
Dorahy, M. J. ve Kannis-Dymand, L. (2012). Psychological distress following the 2010 Christchurch earthquake: A community assessment of two differentially affected suburbs. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17(3), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2011.616737
Fong, K. N., Law, Y. M., Luo, L., Zhao, Z. E., Chen, H., Ganesan, B. ve Shum, D. H. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 80, 103225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103225
Fung, H. W., Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Chien, W. T. ve Lam, S. K. K. (2023). Association Among Negative Life Events, Sense of Security, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents After the 2013 Ya’an Earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 17, e352. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.300
Galambos, N. L. ve Krahn, H. J. (2008). Depression and anger trajectories during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00458.
Gao, X., Leng, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, J., Cui, Q., Geng, B. ve Zhou, Y. (2019). Association between earthquake experience and depression 37 years after the Tangshan earthquake: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(8), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026110
Goodwin, R., Sugiyama, K., Sun, S., Aida, J. ve Ben-Ezra, M. (2020). Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake: two multilevel 6-year prospective analyses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.251
Guo, J., Wu, P., Tian, D., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, X. ve Qu, Z. (2014). Post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a repeated cross-sectional study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.001
Hirai, H., Nagao, M., Ohira, T., Maeda, M., Okazaki, K., Nakano, H. ve Shimabukuro, M. (2022). Psychological burden predicts new-onset diabetes in men: A longitudinal observational study in the Fukushima Health Management Survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 2840. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1008109
Karasar, N. (2022). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (37. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
Kun, P., Tong, X., Liu, Y., Pei, X. ve Luo, H. (2013). What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health, 127(7), 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.018
Kvestad, I., Ranjitkar, S., Ulak, M., Chandyo, R. K., Shrestha, M., Shrestha, L… ve Hysing, M. (2019). Earthquake exposure and post-traumatic stress among Nepalese mothers after the 2015 earthquakes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 734. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00734
Liu, C., Liu, D., Huang, N., Fu, M., Ahmed, J. F., Zhang, Y. ve Guo, J. (2021). The combined impact of gender and age on post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, and insomnia during COVID-19 outbreak in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 620023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.620023
Mandavia, A. D. ve Bonanno, G. A. (2019). When natural disaster follows economic downturn: The incremental impact of multiple stressor events on trajectories of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.12
Mauer, S., de Siqueira, A. S. S., Borges, M. K., Biella, M. M., Voshaar, R. C. O. ve Aprahamian, I. (2020).Relationship between affective temperament and major depressive disorder in older adults: A case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 949-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.038
Maya-Mondragón, J., Sánchez-Román, F. R., Palma-Zarco, A., Aguilar-Soto, M. ve Borja-Aburto, V. H. (2019). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression after the September 19th, 2017 earthquake in Mexico. Archives of medical research, 50(8), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.11.008
Mukherji, A., Ganapati, N. E. ve Rahill, G. (2014). Expecting the unexpected: field research in post-disaster settings. Natural Hazards, 73, 805-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1105-8
Özdoğan, A. Ç., Yalçın, R. Ü., Haspolat, N. K. ve Çelik, O. (2023). The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between preference for solitude, social competence, self-esteem and depression in emerging adults. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.43
Pan, X., Liu, W., Deng, G., Liu, T., Yan, J., Tang, Y. ... ve Xu, M. (2015). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513488625
Pandit, A. ve Nakagawa, Y. (2021). How Does Reciprocal Exchange of Social Support Alleviate Individuals’ Depression in an Earthquake-Damaged Community?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041585
Papadatou, D., Giannopoulou, I., Bitsakou, P., Bellali, T., Talias, M. A. ve Tselepi, K. (2012). Adolescents' reactions after a wildfire disaster in Greece. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21656
Patten, S. B., Wang, J. L., Williams, J. V., Currie, S., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J. ve El-Guebaly, N. (2006). Descriptive epidemiology of major depression in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 84-90.Powell, T., Li, S. J., Hsiao, Y., Ettari, C., Bhandari, A., Peterson, A. ve Shakya, N. (2019). Investigating the aftershock of a disaster: a study of health service utilization and mental health symptoms in post-earthquake Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081369
Rahill, G. J., Joshi, M., Lescano, C. ve Holbert, D. (2015). Symptoms of PTSD in a sample of female victims of sexual violence in post-earthquake Haiti. Journal of Affective disorders, 173, 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.067
Rajabi, M. S., Taghaddos, H. ve Zahrai, S. M. (2022). Improving Emergency Training for Earthquakes Through Immersive Virtual Environments and Anxiety Tests: A Case Study. Buildings, 12(11), 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111850
Ren, J., Jiang, X., Yao, J., Li, X., Liu, X., Pang, M. ve Chiang, C. L. V. (2015). Depression, social support, and coping styles among pregnant women after the Lushan earthquake in Ya’an, China. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-19.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135809
Schwind, J. S., Norman, S. A., Brown, R., Frances, R. H., Koss, E., Karmacharya, D. ve Santangelo, S. L. (2019). Association between earthquake exposures and mtal health outcomes in Phulpingdanda Village after the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. Community Mental Health Journal, 55, 1103-1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00404-w
Shi, X., Yu, N. X., Zhou, Y., Geng, F. ve Fan, F. (2016). Depressive symptoms and associated psychosocial factors among adolescent survivors 30 months after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: a follow-up study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00467
Streb, M., Häller, P. ve Michael, T. (2014). PTSD in paramedics: resilience and sense of coherence. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(4), 452-463. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000337
Şahin, N. H. ve Durak, A. (1994). Kısa semptom envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 44-56.
Tabachnick, B.G. ve Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Tang, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Xue, C. ve Zhang, L. (2014). A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-623
Tempesta, D., Curcio, G., De Gennaro, L. ve Ferrara, M. (2013). Long-term impact of earthquakes on sleep quality. PLoS One, 8(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055936
Thapa, P., Acharya, L., Bhatta, B. D., Paneru, S. B., Khattri, J. B., Chakraborty, P. K. ve Sharma, R. (2018). Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder after earthquake. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 16(1), 53-57. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNHRC/article/view/19
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). Depremin yol açtığı hasar. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf. Son erişim tarihi: 03.04.2023
Wang, Y., Xu, J. ve Lu, Y. (2020). Associations among trauma exposure, post-traumatic
stress disorder, and depression symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 264, 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.067
Wen, J., Shi, Y. K., Li, Y. P., Yuan, P. ve Wang, F. (2012). Quality of life, physical diseases, and psychological impairment among survivors 3 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population based survey. PloS One 7(8), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043081
Wind, T. R. ve Komproe, I. H. (2012). The mechanisms that associate community social capital with post-disaster mental health: a multilevel model. SocialScience & Medicine, 75(9), 1715-1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.032
Wray, N. R., Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E. M., Abdellaoui, A. ve Viktorin, A. (2018). Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature Genetics, 50(5), 668-681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-009
Xi, Y., Yu, H., Yao, Y., Peng, K., Wang, Y. ve Chen, R. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958
Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M. ve Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57
Ying, L., Wu, X., Lin, C. ve Jiang, L. (2014). Traumatic severity and trait resilience as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. PloS One, 9(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089401
Investigation of Depression Levels of Adults After Earthquake
The last 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Pazarcık, and Elbistan-centered earthquakes affected 11 provinces in total. It is estimated that earthquakes that are felt severely cause significant emotional problems as well as intense physical destruction. This study aims to examine the depression levels of adult individuals after the earthquake according to gender, education level, and age range. A total of 458 adult individuals living in Turkey participated in this research. Of the adult individuals in the study group, 326 (71.2%) were female and 132 (28.8%) were male. The questionnaire form prepared via Google Forms was delivered to the study group by snowball sampling method. Skewness and kurtosis values were examined for the normality assumption of the research data. The findings were then analyzed using a t-test and analysis of variance for independent samples. Results, depression levels of adult individuals differed according to gender. Post-earthquake depression levels in women were higher than in men. As a result of another finding, it was revealed that the average depression score of adults aged 18-35 was higher than that of individuals aged 36 and over. In addition, it was determined that the depression scores of university graduates were significantly higher than primary and high school graduates. The findings in this study are expected to contribute to current knowledge of the long-term mental health consequences of natural disasters.
Ali, M., Farooq, N., Bhatti, M. A. ve Kuroiwa, C. (2012). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of earthquake in Pakistan using Davidson Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.023
Anwar, J., Mpofu, E., Matthews, L. R., Shadoul, A. F. ve Brock, K. E. (2011). Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-523
Aşantuğrul, N. ve Çelik, A. K. (2022). Yetişkinlerde travma sonrası büyümenin yordayıcısı olarak covid-19 korkusu. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(43), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.798997
Bradshaw, S. (2004). Socio-economic impacts of natural disasters: a gender analysis. ECLAC. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/5596
Cénat, J. M. ve Derivois, D. (2014). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.025
Cerdá, M., Paczkowski, M., Galea, S., Nemethy, K., Péan, C. ve Desvarieux, M. (2013). psychopathology in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake: A population‐based study of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22007
Chen, X. Y., Chen, J., Shi, X., Jiang, M., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., ve Chan, C. L. W. (2020). Trajectories of maternal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder predict long-term mental health of children following the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 201-206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.084
Christiansen, D. M. ve Hansen, M. (2015). Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 26068. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.26068
Derivois, D., Cénat, J. M., Joseph, N. E., Karray, A. ve Chahraoui, K. (2017). Prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms in street children survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, four years after. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.034
Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring & procedures manual-II for the (revised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. Clinical Psychometric Research., 1-16.
Dorahy, M. J. ve Kannis-Dymand, L. (2012). Psychological distress following the 2010 Christchurch earthquake: A community assessment of two differentially affected suburbs. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17(3), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2011.616737
Fong, K. N., Law, Y. M., Luo, L., Zhao, Z. E., Chen, H., Ganesan, B. ve Shum, D. H. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 80, 103225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103225
Fung, H. W., Liu, C., Yuan, G. F., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Chien, W. T. ve Lam, S. K. K. (2023). Association Among Negative Life Events, Sense of Security, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents After the 2013 Ya’an Earthquake. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 17, e352. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.300
Galambos, N. L. ve Krahn, H. J. (2008). Depression and anger trajectories during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00458.
Gao, X., Leng, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, J., Cui, Q., Geng, B. ve Zhou, Y. (2019). Association between earthquake experience and depression 37 years after the Tangshan earthquake: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(8), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026110
Goodwin, R., Sugiyama, K., Sun, S., Aida, J. ve Ben-Ezra, M. (2020). Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake: two multilevel 6-year prospective analyses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.251
Guo, J., Wu, P., Tian, D., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, X. ve Qu, Z. (2014). Post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a repeated cross-sectional study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.001
Hirai, H., Nagao, M., Ohira, T., Maeda, M., Okazaki, K., Nakano, H. ve Shimabukuro, M. (2022). Psychological burden predicts new-onset diabetes in men: A longitudinal observational study in the Fukushima Health Management Survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 2840. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1008109
Karasar, N. (2022). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (37. baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
Kun, P., Tong, X., Liu, Y., Pei, X. ve Luo, H. (2013). What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health, 127(7), 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.018
Kvestad, I., Ranjitkar, S., Ulak, M., Chandyo, R. K., Shrestha, M., Shrestha, L… ve Hysing, M. (2019). Earthquake exposure and post-traumatic stress among Nepalese mothers after the 2015 earthquakes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 734. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00734
Liu, C., Liu, D., Huang, N., Fu, M., Ahmed, J. F., Zhang, Y. ve Guo, J. (2021). The combined impact of gender and age on post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, and insomnia during COVID-19 outbreak in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 620023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.620023
Mandavia, A. D. ve Bonanno, G. A. (2019). When natural disaster follows economic downturn: The incremental impact of multiple stressor events on trajectories of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.12
Mauer, S., de Siqueira, A. S. S., Borges, M. K., Biella, M. M., Voshaar, R. C. O. ve Aprahamian, I. (2020).Relationship between affective temperament and major depressive disorder in older adults: A case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 949-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.038
Maya-Mondragón, J., Sánchez-Román, F. R., Palma-Zarco, A., Aguilar-Soto, M. ve Borja-Aburto, V. H. (2019). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression after the September 19th, 2017 earthquake in Mexico. Archives of medical research, 50(8), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.11.008
Mukherji, A., Ganapati, N. E. ve Rahill, G. (2014). Expecting the unexpected: field research in post-disaster settings. Natural Hazards, 73, 805-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1105-8
Özdoğan, A. Ç., Yalçın, R. Ü., Haspolat, N. K. ve Çelik, O. (2023). The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between preference for solitude, social competence, self-esteem and depression in emerging adults. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.43
Pan, X., Liu, W., Deng, G., Liu, T., Yan, J., Tang, Y. ... ve Xu, M. (2015). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513488625
Pandit, A. ve Nakagawa, Y. (2021). How Does Reciprocal Exchange of Social Support Alleviate Individuals’ Depression in an Earthquake-Damaged Community?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041585
Papadatou, D., Giannopoulou, I., Bitsakou, P., Bellali, T., Talias, M. A. ve Tselepi, K. (2012). Adolescents' reactions after a wildfire disaster in Greece. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21656
Patten, S. B., Wang, J. L., Williams, J. V., Currie, S., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J. ve El-Guebaly, N. (2006). Descriptive epidemiology of major depression in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 84-90.Powell, T., Li, S. J., Hsiao, Y., Ettari, C., Bhandari, A., Peterson, A. ve Shakya, N. (2019). Investigating the aftershock of a disaster: a study of health service utilization and mental health symptoms in post-earthquake Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081369
Rahill, G. J., Joshi, M., Lescano, C. ve Holbert, D. (2015). Symptoms of PTSD in a sample of female victims of sexual violence in post-earthquake Haiti. Journal of Affective disorders, 173, 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.067
Rajabi, M. S., Taghaddos, H. ve Zahrai, S. M. (2022). Improving Emergency Training for Earthquakes Through Immersive Virtual Environments and Anxiety Tests: A Case Study. Buildings, 12(11), 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111850
Ren, J., Jiang, X., Yao, J., Li, X., Liu, X., Pang, M. ve Chiang, C. L. V. (2015). Depression, social support, and coping styles among pregnant women after the Lushan earthquake in Ya’an, China. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-19.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135809
Schwind, J. S., Norman, S. A., Brown, R., Frances, R. H., Koss, E., Karmacharya, D. ve Santangelo, S. L. (2019). Association between earthquake exposures and mtal health outcomes in Phulpingdanda Village after the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. Community Mental Health Journal, 55, 1103-1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00404-w
Shi, X., Yu, N. X., Zhou, Y., Geng, F. ve Fan, F. (2016). Depressive symptoms and associated psychosocial factors among adolescent survivors 30 months after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: a follow-up study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00467
Streb, M., Häller, P. ve Michael, T. (2014). PTSD in paramedics: resilience and sense of coherence. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(4), 452-463. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000337
Şahin, N. H. ve Durak, A. (1994). Kısa semptom envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 44-56.
Tabachnick, B.G. ve Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Tang, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Xue, C. ve Zhang, L. (2014). A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-623
Tempesta, D., Curcio, G., De Gennaro, L. ve Ferrara, M. (2013). Long-term impact of earthquakes on sleep quality. PLoS One, 8(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055936
Thapa, P., Acharya, L., Bhatta, B. D., Paneru, S. B., Khattri, J. B., Chakraborty, P. K. ve Sharma, R. (2018). Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder after earthquake. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 16(1), 53-57. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNHRC/article/view/19
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). Depremin yol açtığı hasar. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf. Son erişim tarihi: 03.04.2023
Wang, Y., Xu, J. ve Lu, Y. (2020). Associations among trauma exposure, post-traumatic
stress disorder, and depression symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 264, 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.067
Wen, J., Shi, Y. K., Li, Y. P., Yuan, P. ve Wang, F. (2012). Quality of life, physical diseases, and psychological impairment among survivors 3 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population based survey. PloS One 7(8), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043081
Wind, T. R. ve Komproe, I. H. (2012). The mechanisms that associate community social capital with post-disaster mental health: a multilevel model. SocialScience & Medicine, 75(9), 1715-1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.032
Wray, N. R., Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E. M., Abdellaoui, A. ve Viktorin, A. (2018). Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nature Genetics, 50(5), 668-681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-009
Xi, Y., Yu, H., Yao, Y., Peng, K., Wang, Y. ve Chen, R. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958
Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M. ve Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57
Ying, L., Wu, X., Lin, C. ve Jiang, L. (2014). Traumatic severity and trait resilience as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. PloS One, 9(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089401