Eğlence Endüstrisi veya Kültür Endüstrisi: Tüketim Toplumu Mimarları

Öz

Medya gerçekliğin algılanmasında ve hayatın olağan akışı içerisinde yer alan etkinliklerin değerlendirilmesinde egemen ideoloji çerçevesinde bakış açılarını yönlendirir ve toplumsal gerçekliği oluşturur. Bu bağlamda Frankfurt Okulu düşünürleri tarafından geliştirilen kültür endüstrisi kavramının oluşumunda medyanın oynadığı rol önemlidir. Özellikle Adorno ve Horkheimer tarafından ortaya atılan kültür endüstrisi kavramı, en temel şekliyle filmler, televizyon dizileri, pop müzik ya da radyolar gibi kitlelerin çalışma dışında kalan zamanlarda vakit geçirirken kullanmaları amacıyla üretilmiş ürünlerden oluştuğu savını ileri sürmektedir. Bu çalışma, kültür endüstrisi kavramına eş olarak ortaya çıkan eğlence endüstrisi kavramının doğuşunu Fordizm ve Post-Fordizm çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Çalışmada amaç, eğlence endüstrisi ve kültür endüstrisi arasındaki bağlantıyı Frankfurt Okulu düşünürleri çerçevesinde ve literatür taraması yöntemiyle yapmaktır. Çalışmanın temel amacı tüketim kültürü, kitlesel tüketim ve eğlence endüstrisi arasındaki ilişkileri analiz etmektir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, çeşitli medya mecraları aracılığıyla kültür endüstrisi ve eğlence endüstrisinin boş zaman aktiviteleri kapsamında, hızlı tüketimin sağlanması, kitlesel tüketimin arttırılması ve tüketim toplumunun pekiştirilmesinde ne kadar etkili olduğu saptanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eğlence Endüstrisi, Kültür Endüstrisi, Frankfurt Okulu, Tüketim Toplumu

Entertainment Industry versus Culture Industry: Designers of Consumption Society

Abstract

Media constructs social reality by influencing public opinion by referring to the dominant ideology while evaluating the daily activities and events and perceiving the realities. In this context, the role played by media in the creation of the culture industry concept developed by the Frankfurt School thinkers is important. Specifically, the concept of culture industry generated by Adorno and Horkheimer argues that movies, television series, pop music or radio are produced in order to be used by people to spend time in their free time when they are not occupied by work. This study investigates the birth of entertainment industry, a concept developed along with the concept of culture industry within the scope of Fordism and Post-Fordism. It aims at investigating the relationship between the entertainment industry and culture industry within the context of the Frankfurt School thinkers by means of the method of literature review. The main scope of the study is to analyze the relationship among culture industry, mass consumption and entertainment industry. Thus, this study determines that culture industry and entertainment industry are effective in the rise in mass consumption and the intensification of consumption society within the context of spare time activity by the use of a variety of means of communication and media

Keywords

• Entertainment Industry, Culture Industry, the Frankfurt School, Consumption Society

References

1. Agger, B. (1995). “Marcuse in Postmodernity”, in Marcuse: From the New Left to the Next Left. (Eds. J. Bokina and T. J. Lukes). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 27-40.
2. Alway, J. (1995). Critical Theory and Political Possibilities: Conceptions of Emancipatory Politics in the Works of Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, and Habermas, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.
3. Andrae, T. (1979). “Adorno on Film and Mass Culture The Culture Industry Reconsidered”, A Review of Contemporary Media. no. 20, pp. 34-37.
4. Adorno, T. W. (1991) The Culture Industry, Routledge, London.
5. ………….. (1994). The Stars Down to Earth and Other Essays on the Irrational in Culture, Routledge, London.
6. Benjamin, W. (1970). Illuminations: Essays and Reflections. (Trans. Harry Zohn). London: Fon- tana.
7. ……………. (1999). “The Artist as Producer”, in Walter, Collected Writings. Volume II, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
8. Bourdieu, P. (1996). The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

9. Cross, G. (1993). Time and Money, London: Routledge. p. 38.
10. Dawson, B. M. (2008). TV Repair: New Media “solutions” to Old Media Problems. ProQuest Dissertations.
11. During, S. (1999). The Cultural Studies Reader, Psychology Press, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 35.
12. Ewen, S. (1976). Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 70.
13. Fishburn, P. C. (1970). Utility Theory for Decision Making. New York, London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14. Gerbner, G. and L. Gross. (1976). “Living with Television: the Violence Profile”, Journal of Com- munication. 26(2).
15. Habermas, J. (1996). “Georg Simmel on Philosophy and Culture: Postscript to a Collection of Essays”, Critical Inquiry. (Trans. Mathieu Deflem). 22(3) Spring.
16. Herzog, H. (1941). “On Borrowed Experience”, Studies in Philosophy and Social Science. 11, pp. 65-95.
17. Hibbert, A. (2006). The Power of the Media. London: Franklin Watts. p. 6.
18. Horkheimer, M. and T. W. Adorno. (1972). Dialectic of Enlightenment, Herder and Herder, New York.
19. …………….. (1944). “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception”, in Cultural Theory: An Anthology, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex. (Eds. Imre Szeman and Timothy Kapo- sy). p. 42.
20. …………….. (2002). “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception”, in Dialectic of Enlightenment, (ed.) Gunzelin Scmid Noerr, (trans.) Edmund Jephcott, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, p. 94
21. Huyssen, A. (1986). After The Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture and Postmodernism, Macmillan, London.
22. Kellner, D. (1991). “Introduction”, in One-dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, (Ed. H. Marcuse). Boston: Beacon Press.
23. Lane, R. E. (1962). Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes What he Does, New York: The Free Press. p. 80.
24. Lowenthal, L. (1961). Literature, Popular Culture and Society, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey.
25. March, J.G. and J. P. Olsen. (1986). “Garbage Can Models of Decision Making in Organizations,” in Ambiguity and Command, (Eds. K.G. March and R. Weissinger-Baylon). USA: Longman Inc. pp. 11-35.
26. Marchand, R. (1985). Advertising the American Dream: Making way for modernity, 1920-1940. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.158.
27. Marcuse, H. (1941). “Some Social Implications of Modern Technology”, Studies in Philosophy and Social Science. IX(1). 414-439.
28. ………………. (1991). One-dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Socie- ty. Boston: Beacon Press.
29. Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
30. Potts, G. (2007). “Adorno on ‘The Donald’: Reality Television as Culture Industry”, Problema- tique Issue. (11) Spring, p. 1.
31. Reitz, C. (2000). Art, Alienation, and the Humanities: A Critical Engagement with Herbert Mar- cuse. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
32. Shippen, N. M. (2014). Decolonizing Time: Work, Leisure and Freedom, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 181.
33. Smith, A. (1937). The Wealth of Nations, Modern Library edition. New York. p. 625.
34. Thompson, E. P. (1967). “Time, Work-discipline, and Industrial Capitalism”, Jstor. (38) p. 95.
35. Womack, J. P.; D. T. Jones and D. Roos. (1990). The Machine that Changed the World. New York: MacMillan Publishing, Rawson Associates.