Case Report
BibTex RIS Cite

DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ

Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 495 - 509, 15.12.2020

Abstract

İnsanlık
tarihinin son birkaç yüzyılı içinde varlık kazanarak evrensel ölçekte
gözlemlenen siyasi bir örgütlenme haline gelen devletler, uluslararası
politikayı anlamak üzere geliştirilen teorik yaklaşım ve kavramların uzunca bir
süre odak noktasında yer almıştır. Devletler halen uluslararası politikada
ayrıcalıklı bir konumda yer almalarına karşın, son dönemde ulus üstü ve ulus
altı aktörlerin uluslararası politikayı etkileme kapasitelerinde bir artış
gözlenmektedir. Küreselleşme, bölgeselleşme ve teknolojide yaşanan gelişmelerin
eş zamanlı işleyişi, yeni aktörlerin devletlerin yanı sıra uluslararası
politikada yer almalarının önünü açmıştır. Dolayısıyla devlet dışındaki
aktörlerin dış politika davranışları dikkate alınmaksızın günümüzde
uluslararası politikanın anlaşılması oldukça zordur. Bu çalışmada ulus altı
aktörlerin dış politika davranışlarını açıklamak üzere geliştirilen bir kavram
olan, paradiplomasi kavramı ele alınmaktadır. İki ana bölümden oluşan
çalışmanın ilk kısmında, paradiplomasi kavramının ortaya çıkışı ve Uluslararası
İlişkiler yazınındaki yeri incelenirken; çalışmanın ikinci kısımda
paradiplomatik faaliyette bulunan aktörler, söz konusu motivasyonları ve karşı
karşıya kaldıkları tepkilere odaklanarak uygulamada paradiplomasinin nasıl işlediği
konusu üzerinde durulmaktadır. 

References

  • Ackrén, M. (2019). “Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy in the North Atlantic and the Arctic—A Comparative Approach”. The Global Arctic Handbook, M. Finger and L. Heininen (Der) içinde, Springer, 236-250.
  • Aguirre, I. (1999). Making Sense of Paradiplomacy? An Intertextual Enquiry about a Concept in Search of a Definition. Regional and Federal Studies, 9(1), 185-209.
  • Aldecoa, F. ve M. Keating. (1999). Introduction. Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments, F. Aldecco ve M. Keating (Der.) içinde, London: Frank Cass, vii-x.
  • Chan, D. K. (2016). City Diplomacy and Glocal Governance: Revitalizing Cosmopolitan Democracy. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 29 (2), 134-160.
  • Chan, W. Y. (2019). The Soft Power and Paradiplomacy of Hong Kon. Asian Education and Development Studies, 8 (2), 161-172.
  • Chechi, A. (2018). Non-State Actors and the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Asia: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects. Asian Journal of International Law, 8, 461-489.
  • Cornago, Noé. (2010). On the Normalization of Sub-State Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 5, 11-36.
  • ---. (2018). Paradiplomacy and Protodiplomacy. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Temmuz 2019. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3174277.
  • Czapiewski, T. (2015). The (Para)Diplomacy of Scotland Towards Asian Countries. Acta Politica, No. 31, 59-75.
  • Demirtaş, B. (2016). Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimlerin Dış İlişkilerinin Analizi: Merkez-Çevre Etkileşimini Yeniden Düşünmek. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13 (52), 151-173.
  • Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun, Kabul Tarihi: 7/7/2010. Erişim Tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2019. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/BAKANLIK/mevzuat-2013.pdf.
  • Duchacek, I. D. (1990). Perforated Sovereignties: Towards a Typology of New Actors in International Relations. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, H. J. Michelmann ve P. Soldatos (Der.) içinde, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1-33.
  • Duran, M. (2016). Paradiplomacy as a Diplomatic Broker: Between Separating Differences and Engaging Commonalities. Brill Research Paper.
  • Grydehøji, A. (2014). Goals, Capabilities, and Instruments of Paradiplomacy by Subnational Jurisdictions. Local Actions in a Global Context: Paradiplomacy by Subnational Jurisdictions, A. Grydehøj vd. (Der) içinde, Brussels: Centre Maurits Coppieters, 10-20.
  • İskit, T. (2012). Diplomasi: Tarihi, Teorisi, Kurumları ve Uygulaması. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. 4. Baskı.
  • Jha, P. C. (2014). Federalism, Regionalism and States’ Paradiplomacy in India. Federalism in India: Towards a Fresh Balance of Power, L. Lobo ve J. Shah (Der.) içinde, Rawat Publication, 1-27.
  • Joenniemi P. ve A. Sergunin. (2014). Paradiplomacy as a Capacity-Building Strategy: The Case of Russia’s Northwestern Subnational Actors. Problems of Post Communism, 61 (6), 18-33.
  • Keating, Micheal. (1996). Nations Against the State. Macmillan Press.
  • Keohane, R. ve J. Nye. (1973). Transnational Relations and World Politics. Harward University Press.
  • Kincaid, J. (1990). Constituent Diplomacy in Federal Polities and the Nation State: Conflict and Cooperation. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, H. J. Michelmann ve P. Soldatos (Der.) içinde, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 54-75.
  • Kuznetsov, A. S. (2015). Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy: Subnational Governments in International Affairs. Routledge Press.
  • Lecours, A. (2008). Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Discussion Paper.
  • Maclean, G. ve K. R. Nossal. (1993). Triangular Dynamics: Australian States, Canadian Provinces and Relations with China. Foreign Relations and Federal States, Brian Hocking (Der.) içinde, Leicester University Press, 170-189.
  • Mohammed, H. K. ve F. Owtram. (2014). Paradiplomacy of Regional Governments in International Relations: The Foreign Relations of the Kurdistan Regional Government (2003 – 2010). Iran and the Caucasus, 18, 65-84.
  • Mursitama T.N. ve L. Lee. (2018). “Towards a Framework of Smart City Diplomacy”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
  • Paquin, S. ve G. Lachapelle. (2005). Why Do Sub-States and Regions Practice International Relations. Mastering Globalization: New Sub-States’ Governance and Strategies, G. Lachapelle ve S. Paquin (Der.) içinde, Oxon: Routledge, 77-89.
  • Paquin, S. (2018). Identity Paradiplomacy in Québec. Québec Studies, 66, 3-26.
  • Soldatos, P. (1990). “An Explanatory Framework for the Study of Federated States as Foreign-policy Actors”. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, H. J. Michelmann ve P. Soldatos (Der.) içinde, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 34-53.
  • Sönmez, E. K. (2014). Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Basin: What Role for City Diplomacy. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14 (4), 489-507.
  • Susiatiningsih, Hermini vd. (2018).“Decentralization in International Relations: A Study of Semarang City’s Paradiplomacy. ICENIS Conference: Semerang-Endonezya. Ağustos 14-15.
  • Tavares, R. (2016a). Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • ---. (2016b). Forget Nations: Cities Will Transform the Way We Conduct Foreign Affairs. (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/forget-the-nation-state-cities-will-transform-the-way-we-conduct-foreign-affairs, Erişim Tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2019).
  • Voicu, Ioan. (2001). Coping with Business Diplomacy in a Globalized World. ABAC Journal. 21 (3).
  • Zarghani, S. H., M. J. Ranjkesh ve M. Eskandaran. (2014). City Diplomacy, Analysis of the Role of Cities as the New Actor in International Relations. Urban-Regional Studies and Research Journal, 5 (20), 33-36.
Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 495 - 509, 15.12.2020

Abstract

References

  • Ackrén, M. (2019). “Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy in the North Atlantic and the Arctic—A Comparative Approach”. The Global Arctic Handbook, M. Finger and L. Heininen (Der) içinde, Springer, 236-250.
  • Aguirre, I. (1999). Making Sense of Paradiplomacy? An Intertextual Enquiry about a Concept in Search of a Definition. Regional and Federal Studies, 9(1), 185-209.
  • Aldecoa, F. ve M. Keating. (1999). Introduction. Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments, F. Aldecco ve M. Keating (Der.) içinde, London: Frank Cass, vii-x.
  • Chan, D. K. (2016). City Diplomacy and Glocal Governance: Revitalizing Cosmopolitan Democracy. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 29 (2), 134-160.
  • Chan, W. Y. (2019). The Soft Power and Paradiplomacy of Hong Kon. Asian Education and Development Studies, 8 (2), 161-172.
  • Chechi, A. (2018). Non-State Actors and the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Asia: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects. Asian Journal of International Law, 8, 461-489.
  • Cornago, Noé. (2010). On the Normalization of Sub-State Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 5, 11-36.
  • ---. (2018). Paradiplomacy and Protodiplomacy. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Temmuz 2019. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3174277.
  • Czapiewski, T. (2015). The (Para)Diplomacy of Scotland Towards Asian Countries. Acta Politica, No. 31, 59-75.
  • Demirtaş, B. (2016). Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimlerin Dış İlişkilerinin Analizi: Merkez-Çevre Etkileşimini Yeniden Düşünmek. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13 (52), 151-173.
  • Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun, Kabul Tarihi: 7/7/2010. Erişim Tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2019. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/BAKANLIK/mevzuat-2013.pdf.
  • Duchacek, I. D. (1990). Perforated Sovereignties: Towards a Typology of New Actors in International Relations. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, H. J. Michelmann ve P. Soldatos (Der.) içinde, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1-33.
  • Duran, M. (2016). Paradiplomacy as a Diplomatic Broker: Between Separating Differences and Engaging Commonalities. Brill Research Paper.
  • Grydehøji, A. (2014). Goals, Capabilities, and Instruments of Paradiplomacy by Subnational Jurisdictions. Local Actions in a Global Context: Paradiplomacy by Subnational Jurisdictions, A. Grydehøj vd. (Der) içinde, Brussels: Centre Maurits Coppieters, 10-20.
  • İskit, T. (2012). Diplomasi: Tarihi, Teorisi, Kurumları ve Uygulaması. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. 4. Baskı.
  • Jha, P. C. (2014). Federalism, Regionalism and States’ Paradiplomacy in India. Federalism in India: Towards a Fresh Balance of Power, L. Lobo ve J. Shah (Der.) içinde, Rawat Publication, 1-27.
  • Joenniemi P. ve A. Sergunin. (2014). Paradiplomacy as a Capacity-Building Strategy: The Case of Russia’s Northwestern Subnational Actors. Problems of Post Communism, 61 (6), 18-33.
  • Keating, Micheal. (1996). Nations Against the State. Macmillan Press.
  • Keohane, R. ve J. Nye. (1973). Transnational Relations and World Politics. Harward University Press.
  • Kincaid, J. (1990). Constituent Diplomacy in Federal Polities and the Nation State: Conflict and Cooperation. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, H. J. Michelmann ve P. Soldatos (Der.) içinde, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 54-75.
  • Kuznetsov, A. S. (2015). Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy: Subnational Governments in International Affairs. Routledge Press.
  • Lecours, A. (2008). Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Discussion Paper.
  • Maclean, G. ve K. R. Nossal. (1993). Triangular Dynamics: Australian States, Canadian Provinces and Relations with China. Foreign Relations and Federal States, Brian Hocking (Der.) içinde, Leicester University Press, 170-189.
  • Mohammed, H. K. ve F. Owtram. (2014). Paradiplomacy of Regional Governments in International Relations: The Foreign Relations of the Kurdistan Regional Government (2003 – 2010). Iran and the Caucasus, 18, 65-84.
  • Mursitama T.N. ve L. Lee. (2018). “Towards a Framework of Smart City Diplomacy”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
  • Paquin, S. ve G. Lachapelle. (2005). Why Do Sub-States and Regions Practice International Relations. Mastering Globalization: New Sub-States’ Governance and Strategies, G. Lachapelle ve S. Paquin (Der.) içinde, Oxon: Routledge, 77-89.
  • Paquin, S. (2018). Identity Paradiplomacy in Québec. Québec Studies, 66, 3-26.
  • Soldatos, P. (1990). “An Explanatory Framework for the Study of Federated States as Foreign-policy Actors”. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units, H. J. Michelmann ve P. Soldatos (Der.) içinde, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 34-53.
  • Sönmez, E. K. (2014). Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Basin: What Role for City Diplomacy. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14 (4), 489-507.
  • Susiatiningsih, Hermini vd. (2018).“Decentralization in International Relations: A Study of Semarang City’s Paradiplomacy. ICENIS Conference: Semerang-Endonezya. Ağustos 14-15.
  • Tavares, R. (2016a). Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • ---. (2016b). Forget Nations: Cities Will Transform the Way We Conduct Foreign Affairs. (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/forget-the-nation-state-cities-will-transform-the-way-we-conduct-foreign-affairs, Erişim Tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2019).
  • Voicu, Ioan. (2001). Coping with Business Diplomacy in a Globalized World. ABAC Journal. 21 (3).
  • Zarghani, S. H., M. J. Ranjkesh ve M. Eskandaran. (2014). City Diplomacy, Analysis of the Role of Cities as the New Actor in International Relations. Urban-Regional Studies and Research Journal, 5 (20), 33-36.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seven Erdoğan

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Submission Date August 7, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Erdoğan, S. (2020). DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(3), 495-509.
AMA Erdoğan S. DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. December 2020;24(3):495-509.
Chicago Erdoğan, Seven. “DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 24, no. 3 (December 2020): 495-509.
EndNote Erdoğan S (December 1, 2020) DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 24 3 495–509.
IEEE S. Erdoğan, “DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ”, Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 495–509, 2020.
ISNAD Erdoğan, Seven. “DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 24/3 (December 2020), 495-509.
JAMA Erdoğan S. DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2020;24:495–509.
MLA Erdoğan, Seven. “DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, 2020, pp. 495-09.
Vancouver Erdoğan S. DÖNÜŞEN DİPLOMASİNİN YENİ YÜZÜ: PARADİPLOMASİ. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2020;24(3):495-509.