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Futbol Hakemlerinin Fiziksel Performans Profili: Sürat, Çeviklik ve Dayanıklılık Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2026, Volume: 28 Issue: 1 , 74 - 79 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1723647
https://izlik.org/JA87FE69LU

Abstract

Futbol hakemliği, yalnızca oyunun kurallarını uygulamaktan ibaret olmayan; yüksek düzeyde fiziksel uygunluk, karar verme becerisi ve konsantrasyon gerektiren profesyonel bir meslektir. Maç süresince hakemlerin, oyunun temposuna uyum sağlamaları, pozisyonları doğru değerlendirmeleri ve anlık kararlar verebilmeleri büyük ölçüde fiziksel kapasitelerine bağlıdır. Bu bağlamda, sürat, çeviklik ve dayanıklılık gibi temel fiziksel özellikler, hakemlerin sahadaki etkinliği üzerinde doğrudan belirleyici olmaktadır (Weston ve ark., 2010). Bu çalışma, amatör liglerde görev yapan futbol hakemlerinin fiziksel özellikleri ve seçilmiş fiziksel performans sürat, çeviklik ve dayanıklılık parametreleri arasındaki ilişkileri tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu’na bağlı amatör liglerde aktif olarak görev yapan 112 erkek futbol hakemi katılmıştır. Futbol hakemlerinin fiziksel özellikleri için yaş, boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, beden kütle indeksi (BKI) seçilmiş fiziksel performans parametrelerinden ise sürat, çeviklik ve dayanıklılık parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler için SPSS paket programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin tanımlayıcı istatistikleri ve normallik dağılımları için analizler yapılmıştır. Bunun yanısıra parametreler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada, yaş ve boy uzunluğu arasında, yaş ve BKI arasında, boy uzunluğu ve vücut ağırlığı arasında, boy uzunluğu ve BKI arasında, vücut ağırlığı ve BKI arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<0.01, p<0.05). Araştırmanın soncunda, futbol hakemlerinin fiziksel özellikleri arasında anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Ancak sürat, çeviklik ve dayanıklılık parametreleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Bu durum, fiziksel performans unsurlarını oluşturan bu parametrelerin farklı antrenman tipleri uygulanarak birbirinden bağımsız gelişebileceğini öne sürmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Araştırma Helsinki bildirgesine uygun hazırlandı. Araştırma için ÇOMÜ Etik Kurul’undan (2025-02) izin alındı.

References

  • 1. Akça E. The effect of 30-metre speed and complex training applied to professional footballers on high-intensity running and sprint activity profile [Master's thesis]. Balıkesir (Turkey): Balıkesir University; 2023.
  • 2. Baydemir B, Yurdakul HO, Aksoy S. The effect of different training strategies applied to football referees on Maxvo2 and running performance. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2021;15(10):2933–7.
  • 3. Baydemir, B. (2025). Focused Attention, Reaction Time, and Reactive Agility in Football Referees: A Cognitive and Physical-Based Comparison. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 658- 664.
  • 4. Benazeera UJ. Association between eating habits and body mass index (BMI) of adolescents. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3(8):940–3.
  • 5. Bingül MK. Evaluation of balance, proprioception and physical performance parameters of football referees in different classes [Master's thesis]. Eskişehir (Turkey): Anadolu University; 2016.
  • 6. Castagna C, Pérez Leguizamón A, Araújo Póvoas SC. Fitness assessment in talented football referees: an academy based longitudinal field-study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021;62(6):741–8.
  • 7. Castagna C, Abt G, D’Ottavio S. Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Med. 2007;37:625–46.
  • 8. Chen X, Zhang W, He J, Li D, Xie H, Zhou Y, Sun J. Meta-analysis of the intermittent time of post-activation potentiation enhancement on sprint ability. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;63(1):86–94.
  • 9. Fessi MS, Makni E, Jemni M, Elloumi M, Chamari K, Nabli MA, et al. Reliability and criterion-related validity of a new repeated agility test. Biol Sport. 2016;33(2):159–64.
  • 10. Giménez JV, Sáez-Gallego NM, Jiménez-Parra JF, Valenzuela A, García-Rubio J. Physical fitness and decision-making in elite football referees: Influence on match performance. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;15(3):555–67.
  • 11. Ilhan A, Muniroglu S, Rakıcıoğlu N. Effect of body composition on the athletic performance of soccer referees. J Nutr Sci. 2023;12:e66.
  • 12. Martínez-Lemos I, Otero Rodriguez A, Diz J, Ayán C. Reliability and criterion-related validity of the Cooper test in pre-adolescents and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2024;42(3):222–36.
  • 13. Reilly T, Gregson W. Special populations: the referee and assistant referee. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(7):795–801.
  • 14. Romano V, Tuzi M, Di Gregorio A, Sacco AM, Belviso I, Sirico F, et al. Correlation between official and common field-based fitness tests in elite soccer referees. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021;6(3):59.
  • 15. Sánchez-García M, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Solano D, Castillo D. Relationships between sprint ability and endurance capacity in soccer referees. Sports. 2018;6(2):28.
  • 16. Tiama Z, Nacoulma E, Doukoure A, Oke S. Effects of a short-term cross-training program on physical performance in elite soccer referees. Adv Phys Educ. 2023;13(2):143–56.
  • 17. Weston M, Bird S, Helsen W, Nevill A, Castagna C. The impact of first versus second half extra-time on repeated sprint ability of soccer referees. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2019;14(6):694–700.
  • 18. Yanaoka T, Kidokoro T, Edamoto K, Kashiwabara K, Yamagami J, Miyashita M. Effect of different methods of active recovery after high- intensity exercise on intermittent exercise performance of soccer referees. J Phys Fit Sports Med. 2017;6(5):335–42.
  • 19. Yanci J, Castillo D, Iturricastillo A, Cámara J. Relationships between sprinting, agility, one- and two-leg vertical and horizontal jump in soccer players. Sci Sports. 2015;30(6):322–8.

Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance

Year 2026, Volume: 28 Issue: 1 , 74 - 79 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1723647
https://izlik.org/JA87FE69LU

Abstract

Football refereeing is not merely about enforcing the rules of the game; it is a professional occupation that demands a high level of physical fitness, decision-making ability, and concentration. During a match, a referee's ability to keep up with the pace of play, accurately assess situations, and make split-second decisions largely depends on their physical capacity. In this context, fundamental physical attributes such as speed, agility, and endurance have a direct impact on a referee’s effectiveness on the field (16). This study aimed to examine the relationships between the physical characteristics of football referees officiating in amateur leagues and selected physical performance indicators, specifically speed, agility, and endurance. The sample consisted of 112 male football referees actively working in amateur leagues affiliated with the Turkish Football Federation. The physical characteristics assessed included age, height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI), while the selected performance indicators were speed, agility, and endurance. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software package. Descriptive statistics and normality distributions were evaluated, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships among variables. The results revealed significant correlations between age and height, age and BMI, height and body weight, height and BMI, and body weight and BMI (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Overall, significant relationships were found among the referees' physical characteristics. However, no significant correlations were observed among the speed, agility, and endurance parameters. This suggests that these components of physical performance may develop independently through different types of training.

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the ÇOMÜ Ethics Committee (2025-02).

References

  • 1. Akça E. The effect of 30-metre speed and complex training applied to professional footballers on high-intensity running and sprint activity profile [Master's thesis]. Balıkesir (Turkey): Balıkesir University; 2023.
  • 2. Baydemir B, Yurdakul HO, Aksoy S. The effect of different training strategies applied to football referees on Maxvo2 and running performance. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2021;15(10):2933–7.
  • 3. Baydemir, B. (2025). Focused Attention, Reaction Time, and Reactive Agility in Football Referees: A Cognitive and Physical-Based Comparison. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 658- 664.
  • 4. Benazeera UJ. Association between eating habits and body mass index (BMI) of adolescents. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3(8):940–3.
  • 5. Bingül MK. Evaluation of balance, proprioception and physical performance parameters of football referees in different classes [Master's thesis]. Eskişehir (Turkey): Anadolu University; 2016.
  • 6. Castagna C, Pérez Leguizamón A, Araújo Póvoas SC. Fitness assessment in talented football referees: an academy based longitudinal field-study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021;62(6):741–8.
  • 7. Castagna C, Abt G, D’Ottavio S. Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Med. 2007;37:625–46.
  • 8. Chen X, Zhang W, He J, Li D, Xie H, Zhou Y, Sun J. Meta-analysis of the intermittent time of post-activation potentiation enhancement on sprint ability. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022;63(1):86–94.
  • 9. Fessi MS, Makni E, Jemni M, Elloumi M, Chamari K, Nabli MA, et al. Reliability and criterion-related validity of a new repeated agility test. Biol Sport. 2016;33(2):159–64.
  • 10. Giménez JV, Sáez-Gallego NM, Jiménez-Parra JF, Valenzuela A, García-Rubio J. Physical fitness and decision-making in elite football referees: Influence on match performance. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;15(3):555–67.
  • 11. Ilhan A, Muniroglu S, Rakıcıoğlu N. Effect of body composition on the athletic performance of soccer referees. J Nutr Sci. 2023;12:e66.
  • 12. Martínez-Lemos I, Otero Rodriguez A, Diz J, Ayán C. Reliability and criterion-related validity of the Cooper test in pre-adolescents and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2024;42(3):222–36.
  • 13. Reilly T, Gregson W. Special populations: the referee and assistant referee. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(7):795–801.
  • 14. Romano V, Tuzi M, Di Gregorio A, Sacco AM, Belviso I, Sirico F, et al. Correlation between official and common field-based fitness tests in elite soccer referees. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021;6(3):59.
  • 15. Sánchez-García M, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Solano D, Castillo D. Relationships between sprint ability and endurance capacity in soccer referees. Sports. 2018;6(2):28.
  • 16. Tiama Z, Nacoulma E, Doukoure A, Oke S. Effects of a short-term cross-training program on physical performance in elite soccer referees. Adv Phys Educ. 2023;13(2):143–56.
  • 17. Weston M, Bird S, Helsen W, Nevill A, Castagna C. The impact of first versus second half extra-time on repeated sprint ability of soccer referees. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2019;14(6):694–700.
  • 18. Yanaoka T, Kidokoro T, Edamoto K, Kashiwabara K, Yamagami J, Miyashita M. Effect of different methods of active recovery after high- intensity exercise on intermittent exercise performance of soccer referees. J Phys Fit Sports Med. 2017;6(5):335–42.
  • 19. Yanci J, Castillo D, Iturricastillo A, Cámara J. Relationships between sprinting, agility, one- and two-leg vertical and horizontal jump in soccer players. Sci Sports. 2015;30(6):322–8.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Barış Baydemir 0000-0002-8653-0664

Submission Date June 20, 2025
Acceptance Date November 8, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1723647
IZ https://izlik.org/JA87FE69LU
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 28 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Baydemir, B. (2026). Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 28(1), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1723647
AMA 1.Baydemir B. Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance. Turk J Sport Exe. 2026;28(1):74-79. doi:10.15314/tsed.1723647
Chicago Baydemir, Barış. 2026. “Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 28 (1): 74-79. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1723647.
EndNote Baydemir B (April 1, 2026) Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 28 1 74–79.
IEEE [1]B. Baydemir, “Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 74–79, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1723647.
ISNAD Baydemir, Barış. “Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 28/1 (April 1, 2026): 74-79. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1723647.
JAMA 1.Baydemir B. Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance. Turk J Sport Exe. 2026;28:74–79.
MLA Baydemir, Barış. “Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 28, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 74-79, doi:10.15314/tsed.1723647.
Vancouver 1.Barış Baydemir. Physical Performance Profile of Football Referees: An Evaluation in Terms of Speed, Agility and Endurance. Turk J Sport Exe. 2026 Apr. 1;28(1):74-9. doi:10.15314/tsed.1723647

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