Research Article

Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy

Volume: 27 Number: 3 December 31, 2025
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Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of functional training performed during the daytime fasting period in Ramadan on changes in body composition, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy, with respect to training timing. The study included 32 healthy male university students enrolled at Karabük University who maintained daytime fasting between suhoor and iftar during Ramadan. Participants were divided into two groups based on training timing (pre-iftar and post-iftar), and a functional training program was implemented for four weeks. Body composition, circumferential measurements, and isometric muscle strength were assessed at two time points: before the start of the training program (pre-test) and after completion of the four-week training program (post-test). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical software package. No significant differences were observed between the pre-iftar and post-iftar training groups with respect to baseline demographic characteristics and body composition parameters (p > 0.05). In pre-training between-group comparisons, significant differences were identified only in certain upper-extremity muscle strength parameters and in isometric ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (p < 0.05). Following the four-week functional training program, significant between-group differences were observed solely in gluteus maximus muscle strength values (p < 0.05). Within-group analyses revealed statistically significant improvements in multiple parameters related to muscle mass and muscle strength in both training timing conditions (p < 0.05). However, while pre-iftar training was predominantly associated with strength gains in upper-extremity and postural muscle groups, post-iftar training elicited more pronounced adaptations in body composition indicators and lower-extremity muscle strength. This study provides an original contribution to the field by examining the feasibility and effects of high-intensity functional training during Ramadan from the perspective of training timing. The findings indicate that planning training sessions in relation to nutritional status may play a determining role in the direction and magnitude of physiological adaptations occurring during Ramadan. The observation that these adaptations were more pronounced particularly in large muscle groups underscores the role of training timing in musculoskeletal responses. The supportive effects of postprandial exercise on muscle protein synthesis and fat metabolism suggest that the present findings are consistent with the existing literature. Overall, these results demonstrate that training timing during Ramadan is a critical determinant in shaping the direction and extent of physiological adaptations. In this context, the study offers a scientifically grounded and practically applicable framework for planning training programs during Ramadan.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bayburt University with the decision numbered E-15604681-100-194060 at the meeting dated 29.03.2024 and numbered 84. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were included in the study after providing informed voluntary consent through a signed consent form.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sports Training, Sports Nutrition

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

October 14, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 23, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 27 Number: 3

APA
Uzun, M. E., Şahin, M., Bezci, Ş., Köktaş, E., Özdemir, N., Çingöz, Y. E., Çelik, İ. N., & Demir, A. H. (2025). Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(3), 542-554. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1802280
AMA
1.Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, et al. Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27(3):542-554. doi:10.15314/tsed.1802280
Chicago
Uzun, Mahmut Esat, Musa Şahin, Şakir Bezci, et al. 2025. “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 (3): 542-54. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1802280.
EndNote
Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, Köktaş E, Özdemir N, Çingöz YE, Çelik İN, Demir AH (December 1, 2025) Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 3 542–554.
IEEE
[1]M. E. Uzun et al., “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 542–554, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1802280.
ISNAD
Uzun, Mahmut Esat - Şahin, Musa - Bezci, Şakir - Köktaş, Ensar - Özdemir, Nurhan - Çingöz, Yunus Emre - Çelik, İklim Nur - Demir, Aleyna Habibe. “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/3 (December 1, 2025): 542-554. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1802280.
JAMA
1.Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, Köktaş E, Özdemir N, Çingöz YE, Çelik İN, Demir AH. Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27:542–554.
MLA
Uzun, Mahmut Esat, et al. “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 27, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 542-54, doi:10.15314/tsed.1802280.
Vancouver
1.Mahmut Esat Uzun, Musa Şahin, Şakir Bezci, Ensar Köktaş, Nurhan Özdemir, Yunus Emre Çingöz, İklim Nur Çelik, Aleyna Habibe Demir. Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025 Dec. 1;27(3):542-54. doi:10.15314/tsed.1802280

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