Araştırma Makalesi
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Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 542 - 554, 31.12.2025

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of functional training performed during the daytime fasting period in Ramadan on changes in body composition, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy, with respect to training timing. The study included 32 healthy male university students enrolled at Karabük University who maintained daytime fasting between suhoor and iftar during Ramadan. Participants were divided into two groups based on training timing (pre-iftar and post-iftar), and a functional training program was implemented for four weeks. Body composition, circumferential measurements, and isometric muscle strength were assessed at two time points: before the start of the training program (pre-test) and after completion of the four-week training program (post-test). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical software package. No significant differences were observed between the pre-iftar and post-iftar training groups with respect to baseline demographic characteristics and body composition parameters (p > 0.05). In pre-training between-group comparisons, significant differences were identified only in certain upper-extremity muscle strength parameters and in isometric ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (p < 0.05). Following the four-week functional training program, significant between-group differences were observed solely in gluteus maximus muscle strength values (p < 0.05). Within-group analyses revealed statistically significant improvements in multiple parameters related to muscle mass and muscle strength in both training timing conditions (p < 0.05). However, while pre-iftar training was predominantly associated with strength gains in upper-extremity and postural muscle groups, post-iftar training elicited more pronounced adaptations in body composition indicators and lower-extremity muscle strength. This study provides an original contribution to the field by examining the feasibility and effects of high-intensity functional training during Ramadan from the perspective of training timing. The findings indicate that planning training sessions in relation to nutritional status may play a determining role in the direction and magnitude of physiological adaptations occurring during Ramadan. The observation that these adaptations were more pronounced particularly in large muscle groups underscores the role of training timing in musculoskeletal responses. The supportive effects of postprandial exercise on muscle protein synthesis and fat metabolism suggest that the present findings are consistent with the existing literature. Overall, these results demonstrate that training timing during Ramadan is a critical determinant in shaping the direction and extent of physiological adaptations. In this context, the study offers a scientifically grounded and practically applicable framework for planning training programs during Ramadan.

Etik Beyan

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bayburt University with the decision numbered E-15604681-100-194060 at the meeting dated 29.03.2024 and numbered 84. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were included in the study after providing informed voluntary consent through a signed consent form.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Azizi F. Islamic fasting and health. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56(4):273–82.
  • 2. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–81.
  • 3. Bruscia G. The Functional Training Bible. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport; 2015.
  • 4. Byambaa, Agiimaa, et al. "Anthropometric and Body Circumference Determinants for Hand Grip Strength: A Population‐Based Mon‐Timeline Study." Journal of Aging Research 2023.1 (2023): 6272743.
  • 5. Civan, A. H., Uzun, M. E., Bezci, Ş., Yayvan, E., Şahin, M., Köktaş, E., & Doğan, İ.Taekwondo Sporcularının Esneklik Dikey Sıçrama ve Denge Performanslarının İncelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 2025; 8(3), 465-477.
  • 6. Consultation, W. E. "Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio." Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization 2008 (2008): 8-11.
  • 7. Correia J, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Mendonca GV. Effects of intermittent fasting on specific exercise performance outcomes: a systematic review including meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1390.
  • 8. Dannecker EA, Liu Y, Rector RS, Thomas TR, Sayers SP, Leeuwenburgh C, et al. The effect of fasting on indicators of muscle damage. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(10):1101–6.
  • 9. Haddock CK, Poston WS, Heinrich KM, Jahnke SA, Jitnarin N. The benefits of high-intensity functional training fitness programs for military personnel. Mil Med. 2016;181(11-12):e1508–14.
  • 10. İri R, Eker H. 10–14 yaş grubu Galatasaray yaz futbol okuluna katılan çocukların antropometrik özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimlerin incelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2008;10(3):10–8.
  • 11. Kelln BM, McKeon PO, Gontkof LM, Hertel J. Hand-held dynamometry: reliability of lower extremity muscle testing in healthy, physically active, young adults. J Sport Rehabil. 2008;17:160–6.
  • 12. Maideen NMP, Jumale A, Alatrash JI, Abdul Sukkur AA. Health benefits of Islamic intermittent fasting. J Nutr Fast Health. 2017;5(4):162–71.
  • 13. Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JA, García-De Frutos JM, Vicente-Martínez M, Gunnarsson TP. Effect of high-intensity interval training and intermittent fasting on body composition and physical performance in active women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6431.
  • 14. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Human energy expenditure during rest and physical activity. In: Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p.151–64.
  • 15. Nunes PR, Martins FM, Souza AP, Carneiro MA, Nomelini RS, Michelin MA, et al. Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training with combined training on physical function markers in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2019;26(11):1242–9.
  • 16. Randell RK, Rollo I, Roberts TJ, Dalrymple KJ, Jeukendrup AE, Carter JM. Maximal fat oxidation rates in an athletic population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(1):133–40.
  • 17. Rashedi E, Nussbaum MA. Cycle time influences the development of muscle fatigue at low to moderate levels of intermittent muscle contraction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2016;28:37–45.
  • 18. Ruiz JR, España-Romero V, Ortega FB, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ, Gutierrez A. Hand span influences optimal grip span in male and female teenagers. J Hand Surg. 2006;31(8):1367–72.
  • 19. Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(5 Suppl):S135–45.
  • 20. Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(10):2857–72.
  • 21. Seok S, Kim YC, Byun S, Choi S, Xiao Z, Iwamori N, et al. Fasting-induced JMJD3 histone demethylase epigenetically activates mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(7):3144–59.
  • 22. Shephard RJ. The impact of Ramadan observance upon athletic performance. Nutrients. 2012;4(6):491–505. 23. Soderberg GL, Knutson LM. Handheld Dynamometry for Muscle Testing. In: Muscle and Sensory Testing-E-Book. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020. p.455.
  • 24. Stannard SR. Ramadan and its effect on fuel selection during exercise and following exercise training. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):127.
  • 25. Sürücü HA. Oruç tutan ve tutmayan tip 2 diyabetli bireylerin metabolik değerleri ve özbakım davranışlarının incelenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;38(2):136–43.
  • 26. Tanimoto M, Ishii N. Effects of low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation on muscular function in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(4):1150–7.
  • 27. Thorborg K, Bandholm T, Hölmich P. Hip- and knee-strength assessments using a hand-held dynamometer with external belt-fixation are inter-tester reliable. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:550–5.
  • 28. Torlak MS, Torlak SE. Açlık, Ramazan Ayı ve Egzersiz. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;1(2):66–80.
  • 29. Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, Ghozzi H, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):134.
  • 30. Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J. 2010; 9:1–9.
  • 31. Triki R, Zouhal H, Chtourou H, Salhi I, Jebabli N, Saeidi A, et al. Timing of resistance training during Ramadan fasting and its effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(6):579–89.
  • 32. Wang, Xinzhi, et al. "Effects of high-intensity functional training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance among the athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis." Plos one 18.12 (2023): e0295531.
  • 33. Yang S, Wu W, Zhang C, Wang D, Chen C, Tang Y, et al. Reliability and validity of three isometric back extensor strength assessments with different test postures. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(2):0300060519885268.
  • 34. Zorba E. Herkes için spor ve fiziksel uygunluk. Ankara: Angora Yayıncılık; 1995.

Ramazan Oruçlarının ve Yüksek Yoğunluklu Fonksiyonel Antrenmanın Vücut Kompozisyonu, İzometrik Kuvvet ve Hipertrofi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 542 - 554, 31.12.2025

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Ramazan ayında gündüz oruç dönemi boyunca gerçekleştirilen fonksiyonel antrenmanın, antrenman zamanlamasına bağlı olarak vücut kompozisyonu, kas kuvveti ve kas hipertrofisinde meydana gelen değişiklikleri incelemektir. Çalışmaya, Karabük Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören ve Ramazan ayında sahur–iftar arasında gündüz orucunu sürdüren 32 sağlıklı erkek üniversite öğrencisi dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, antrenman zamanlamasına göre iftar öncesi ve iftar sonrası olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmış ve dört hafta süreyle fonksiyonel antrenman programı uygulanmıştır. Vücut kompozisyonu, çevresel ölçümler ve izometrik kas kuvveti değerleri antrenman programının başlamasından önce (ön test) ve dört haftalık antrenman programının tamamlanmasından sonra (son test) olmak üzere iki zaman noktasında değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 25 paket programı kullanılmıştır. İftar öncesi ve iftar sonrası antrenman grupları arasında başlangıç demografik özellikleri ve vücut kompozisyonu parametreleri açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Antrenman öncesi gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda yalnızca bazı üst ekstremite kas kuvveti parametreleri ve izometrik algılanan zorluk düzeyi (RPE) değerlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Dört haftalık fonksiyonel antrenman programı sonrasında gruplar arasında yalnızca gluteus maximus kas kuvveti değerlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Grup içi analizlerde, her iki antrenman zamanlamasında da kas kütlesi ve kas kuvvetine ilişkin çok sayıda parametrede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı iyileşmeler gözlenmiştir (p<0,05). Bununla birlikte, iftar öncesi antrenman ağırlıklı olarak üst ekstremite ve postural kas gruplarında kuvvet artışları ile ilişkiliyken, iftar sonrası antrenman vücut kompozisyonu göstergeleri ve alt ekstremite kas kuvvetinde daha belirgin adaptasyonlar ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma Ramazan ayında yüksek şiddetli fonksiyonel antrenmanın uygulanabilirliğini ve etkilerini antrenman zamanlaması perspektifinden ele alarak alana özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır. Antrenmanların nutrisyonel durumu ile ilişkili olarak planlanmasının, Ramazan döneminde gelişen fizyolojik adaptasyonların yönü ve büyüklüğü üzerinde belirleyici olabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Bu değişimlerin özellikle büyük kas gruplarında daha baskın düzeyde saptanması, antrenman zamanlamasının kas-iskelet sistemi üzerindeki rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Beslenme sonrası uygulanan egzersizin kas protein sentezi ve yağ metabolizmasını desteklemesi, elde edilen bulguların mevcut literatürle tutarlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, Ramazan döneminde antrenman zamanlamasının fizyolojik adaptasyonların yönünü ve düzeyini belirlemede kritik bir belirleyici olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Ramazan ayında uygulanacak antrenmanların planlanmasına yönelik bilimsel dayanaklı ve pratik açıdan uygulanabilir bir yaklaşım ortaya koymaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Bayburt Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’nun 29.03.2024 tarihli ve 84 sayılı toplantısında alınan E-15604681-100-194060 numaralı kararıyla onaylanmıştır. Araştırma, Helsinki Bildirgesi’ne uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Tüm katılımcılar, imzalı gönüllü onam formu aracılığıyla bilgilendirilmiş onamları alındıktan sonra çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Azizi F. Islamic fasting and health. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56(4):273–82.
  • 2. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–81.
  • 3. Bruscia G. The Functional Training Bible. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport; 2015.
  • 4. Byambaa, Agiimaa, et al. "Anthropometric and Body Circumference Determinants for Hand Grip Strength: A Population‐Based Mon‐Timeline Study." Journal of Aging Research 2023.1 (2023): 6272743.
  • 5. Civan, A. H., Uzun, M. E., Bezci, Ş., Yayvan, E., Şahin, M., Köktaş, E., & Doğan, İ.Taekwondo Sporcularının Esneklik Dikey Sıçrama ve Denge Performanslarının İncelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 2025; 8(3), 465-477.
  • 6. Consultation, W. E. "Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio." Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization 2008 (2008): 8-11.
  • 7. Correia J, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Mendonca GV. Effects of intermittent fasting on specific exercise performance outcomes: a systematic review including meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1390.
  • 8. Dannecker EA, Liu Y, Rector RS, Thomas TR, Sayers SP, Leeuwenburgh C, et al. The effect of fasting on indicators of muscle damage. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(10):1101–6.
  • 9. Haddock CK, Poston WS, Heinrich KM, Jahnke SA, Jitnarin N. The benefits of high-intensity functional training fitness programs for military personnel. Mil Med. 2016;181(11-12):e1508–14.
  • 10. İri R, Eker H. 10–14 yaş grubu Galatasaray yaz futbol okuluna katılan çocukların antropometrik özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimlerin incelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2008;10(3):10–8.
  • 11. Kelln BM, McKeon PO, Gontkof LM, Hertel J. Hand-held dynamometry: reliability of lower extremity muscle testing in healthy, physically active, young adults. J Sport Rehabil. 2008;17:160–6.
  • 12. Maideen NMP, Jumale A, Alatrash JI, Abdul Sukkur AA. Health benefits of Islamic intermittent fasting. J Nutr Fast Health. 2017;5(4):162–71.
  • 13. Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JA, García-De Frutos JM, Vicente-Martínez M, Gunnarsson TP. Effect of high-intensity interval training and intermittent fasting on body composition and physical performance in active women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6431.
  • 14. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Human energy expenditure during rest and physical activity. In: Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p.151–64.
  • 15. Nunes PR, Martins FM, Souza AP, Carneiro MA, Nomelini RS, Michelin MA, et al. Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training with combined training on physical function markers in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2019;26(11):1242–9.
  • 16. Randell RK, Rollo I, Roberts TJ, Dalrymple KJ, Jeukendrup AE, Carter JM. Maximal fat oxidation rates in an athletic population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(1):133–40.
  • 17. Rashedi E, Nussbaum MA. Cycle time influences the development of muscle fatigue at low to moderate levels of intermittent muscle contraction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2016;28:37–45.
  • 18. Ruiz JR, España-Romero V, Ortega FB, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ, Gutierrez A. Hand span influences optimal grip span in male and female teenagers. J Hand Surg. 2006;31(8):1367–72.
  • 19. Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(5 Suppl):S135–45.
  • 20. Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(10):2857–72.
  • 21. Seok S, Kim YC, Byun S, Choi S, Xiao Z, Iwamori N, et al. Fasting-induced JMJD3 histone demethylase epigenetically activates mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(7):3144–59.
  • 22. Shephard RJ. The impact of Ramadan observance upon athletic performance. Nutrients. 2012;4(6):491–505. 23. Soderberg GL, Knutson LM. Handheld Dynamometry for Muscle Testing. In: Muscle and Sensory Testing-E-Book. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020. p.455.
  • 24. Stannard SR. Ramadan and its effect on fuel selection during exercise and following exercise training. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):127.
  • 25. Sürücü HA. Oruç tutan ve tutmayan tip 2 diyabetli bireylerin metabolik değerleri ve özbakım davranışlarının incelenmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;38(2):136–43.
  • 26. Tanimoto M, Ishii N. Effects of low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation on muscular function in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(4):1150–7.
  • 27. Thorborg K, Bandholm T, Hölmich P. Hip- and knee-strength assessments using a hand-held dynamometer with external belt-fixation are inter-tester reliable. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:550–5.
  • 28. Torlak MS, Torlak SE. Açlık, Ramazan Ayı ve Egzersiz. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;1(2):66–80.
  • 29. Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, Ghozzi H, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):134.
  • 30. Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J. 2010; 9:1–9.
  • 31. Triki R, Zouhal H, Chtourou H, Salhi I, Jebabli N, Saeidi A, et al. Timing of resistance training during Ramadan fasting and its effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(6):579–89.
  • 32. Wang, Xinzhi, et al. "Effects of high-intensity functional training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance among the athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis." Plos one 18.12 (2023): e0295531.
  • 33. Yang S, Wu W, Zhang C, Wang D, Chen C, Tang Y, et al. Reliability and validity of three isometric back extensor strength assessments with different test postures. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(2):0300060519885268.
  • 34. Zorba E. Herkes için spor ve fiziksel uygunluk. Ankara: Angora Yayıncılık; 1995.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Antrenman, Spor ve Beslenme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mahmut Esat Uzun 0000-0001-6304-0227

Musa Şahin 0000-0001-9031-3665

Şakir Bezci 0000-0001-7235-165X

Ensar Köktaş 0000-0003-2689-3700

Nurhan Özdemir 0000-0001-6414-7587

Yunus Emre Çingöz 0000-0002-5702-3997

İklim Nur Çelik 0009-0002-1505-1663

Aleyna Habibe Demir 0000-0002-0588-3741

Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzun, M. E., Şahin, M., Bezci, Ş., … Köktaş, E. (2025). Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(3), 542-554. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1802280
AMA Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, vd. Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. Aralık 2025;27(3):542-554. doi:10.15314/tsed.1802280
Chicago Uzun, Mahmut Esat, Musa Şahin, Şakir Bezci, Ensar Köktaş, Nurhan Özdemir, Yunus Emre Çingöz, İklim Nur Çelik, ve Aleyna Habibe Demir. “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 542-54. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1802280.
EndNote Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, Köktaş E, Özdemir N, Çingöz YE, Çelik İN, Demir AH (01 Aralık 2025) Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 3 542–554.
IEEE M. E. Uzun, M. Şahin, Ş. Bezci, E. Köktaş, N. Özdemir, Y. E. Çingöz, İ. N. Çelik, ve A. H. Demir, “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”, Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 27, sy. 3, ss. 542–554, 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1802280.
ISNAD Uzun, Mahmut Esat vd. “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/3 (Aralık2025), 542-554. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1802280.
JAMA Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, Köktaş E, Özdemir N, Çingöz YE, Çelik İN, Demir AH. Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2025;27:542–554.
MLA Uzun, Mahmut Esat vd. “Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 27, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 542-54, doi:10.15314/tsed.1802280.
Vancouver Uzun ME, Şahin M, Bezci Ş, Köktaş E, Özdemir N, Çingöz YE, vd. Investigation of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and High-Intensity Functional Training on Body Composition, Isometric Strength, and Hypertrophy. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2025;27(3):542-54.
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