YAŞLI BİREYLERİN SOSYAL DIŞLANMA DURUMLARININ VE SOSYAL PROBLEM ÇÖZME BECERİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

Yaşlı bireylerin sosyal dışlanma durumlarını ve sosyal problem çözme becerilerini incelenmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada yaşlı bireylerin sosyal dışlanmaya maruz kalma durumları ve sosyal problem çözme becerileri çeşitli sosyodemografik değişkenler açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma grubunu bir ilçe merkezinde ikamet eden ve evde yaşayan 306 yaşlı birey oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak; araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan ‘Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu’, ‘Yaşlılarda Sosyal Dışlanma Ölçeği’ ve ‘Sosyal Problem Çözme Envanteri-Kısa Form’ kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre yaşı yüksek olan, eğitim düzeyi düşük olan, gelir seviyesi düşük olan, eşi vefat etmiş/boşanmış olan, yalnız yaşayan, kirada oturan, sağlık durumu kötü olan, günlük yaşam aktivitelerini gerçekleştirmekte güçlük çeken, kamusal hizmetlere erişimde güçlük çeken ve yaşlı dostu bir çevrede yaşadığını düşünmeyen yaşlıların sosyal dışlanma puanları daha yüksek iken sosyal problem çözme beceri puanları daha düşüktür. Çalışmada ayrıca sosyal problem çözme becerileri düşük olan yaşlıların sosyal dışlanmaya maruz kalma risklerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular; politika yapıcılar, karar vericiler, yerel yönetimler ve başta sosyal hizmet uzmanları olmak üzere yaşlılık alanında çalışan profesyoneller tarafından gerçekleştirilecek koruyucu ve sosyal içerici politikaların, uygulamaların ve hizmetlerin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaşlılık
• Sosyal Dışlanma
• Yaşlılıkta Sosyal Dışlanma
• Yaşlılıkta Sosyal Problem Çözme Becerileri.

EVALUATION OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS OF THE ELDERLY

Öz

In this study, which aims to examine the social exclusion and social problem-solving skills of the elderly, the social exclusion and social problem-solving skills of the elderly individuals were evaluated in terms of various sociodemographic variables. The research group consists of 306 elderly individuals residing in a district center and living at home. As data collection tools in the study; 'Socio-Demographic Information Form' which prepared by the researchers , 'Social Exclusion Scale for the Elderly' and 'Social Problem Solving Inventory-Short Form' were used. According to the findings obtained in the research, those who are old, have a low education level, have a low income level, widowed/divorced, living alone, living in rent, having poor health status, having difficulty in performing daily life activities, having difficulty in accessing public services and who do not think they live in an age-friendly environment have higher social exclusion scores. According to the findings obtained in the research, the elderly those who are old, have a low education level, have a low income level, widowed/divorced, living alone, living in rent, having poor health status, having difficulty in performing daily life activities, having difficulty in accessing public services and who do not think that they live in an age-friendly environment while the social exclusion scores of the older people are higher, their social problem-solving skills are lower. In the study, it was also determined that the elderly with low social problem-solving skills were at higher risk of being exposed to social exclusion. The findings obtained in the study; It reveals the necessity of protective and socially inclusive policies, practices and services to be carried out by policy makers, decision makers, local governments and professionals working in the field of old age, especially social workers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Old Age
• Social Exclusion
• Social Exclusion in Old Age
• Social Problem-Solving Skills in Old Age

Kaynakça

1. Abbott, P. ve Sapsford, R. (2005). Living On The Margins: Older People, Place and Social Exclusion. Policy Studies, 26(1), 29-46.
2. Allan, L. J., Johnson, J. A. ve Emerson, S. D. (2014). The role of individual difference variables in ageism. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 32-37.
3. Alpar, R. (2020). Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlik-Güvenirlik. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
4. Al-Rashid, Ahmad, M., Goh, H. C., Harumain, Y. A., Ali, Z., Campisi, T. ve Mahmood, T. (2021). Psychosocial Barriers of Public Transport Use and Social Exclusion among Older Adults: Empirical Evidence from Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1-23.
5. Apak, E. ve Apak, H. (2020). Yaşlılarda Sosyal Dışlanma Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Kadim Akademi SBD, 4(1), 1-15.
6. Apak, E., Apak, H. ve Doğan, B. (2021). Kırsal Alanda Yaşayan Yaşlılarda Sosyal Dışlanma: Sosyodemografik Değişkenlerle İlişkiler. Akademik MATBUAT, 5(2), 143-164.
7. Barnes, M., Blom, A., Cox, K., Lessof, C. ve Walker, A. (2006). The Social Exclusion of Older People: Evidence from the First Wave the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). London: Office of The Deputy Prime Minister.
8. Chou, K.-L. (2018). Social exclusion in old age: a validation study in Hong Kong. Aging & Mental Health, 22(8), 1078-1085.

9. Corluka, M., Krivokapic, D., Milosevic, Z., Masanovic, B. ve Bjelica, D. (2019). The Impact of Physical Activities on Social Inclusion of Elderly People in Montenegro. Journal of Anthropology of Sport an Physical Education, 3(4), 7-10.
10. Çekiçi, F. (2009). Problem çözme terapisine dayalı beceri geliştirme grubunun üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal problem çözme becerileri, öfkeyle ilgili davranış ve düşünceler ile sürekli kaygı düzeylerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
11. Dahlberg, L. ve McKee, K. (2018). Social exclusion and well-being among older adults in rural and urban areas. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 79, 176-184.
12. Dahlberg, L., McKee, K., Fritzell, J., Heap, J. ve Lennartsson, C. (2020). Trends and gender associations in social exclusion in older adults in Sweden over two decades. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 89.
13. Demir, A. (2018). Yoksulluk ve Sosyal Dışlanmanın Yaşlıların Yaşam Tatmini Üzerine Etkisi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
14. D'Zurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. M. ve Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2002). SPSI-R Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised. North Tonawanda: MHS Beyond Assesments.
15. Feng, Z., Jones, K. ve Phillips, D. (2019). Social exclusion, self-rated health and depression among older people in China: Evidence from a national survey of older persons. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 82, 238-244.
16. Feng, Z., Phillips, D. R. ve Jones, K. (2018). A geographical multivariable multilevel analysis of social exclusion among older people in China: Evidence from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey ageing study. Geographical Journal, 184, 1-16.
17. Fields, N., Cronley, C., Mattingly, S. P., Murphy, E. R. ve & Miller, V. J. (2019). “You Are Really at Their Mercy”: Examining the Relationship between Transportation Disadvantage and Social Exclusion among Older Adults through the Use of Innovative Technology. Transportation Research Record, 2673(7), 12-24.
18. Genç, Y. ve Dalkılıç, P. (2013). Yaşlıların Sosyal Dışlanma Sendromu ve Toplumsal Beklentileri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(4), 461-482.
19. George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update. Boston: Pearson.
20. Ghenţa, M. ve Bobârnat, E.-S. (2019). Engagement of older persons in cultural activities: importance and barriers. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(4), 6-12.
21. Gray, M., De Vaus, D., Qu, L. ve Stanton, D. (2011). Divorce and the wellbeing of older Australians. Ageing and Society, 31(3), 475-498.
22. Haje, A. ve König, H.-H. (2018). The association between obesity and social exclusion in middle-aged and older adults: findings from a nationally representative study in Germany. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), 1-7.
23. Hawton, A., Green, C., Dickens, A., Richards, S., Taylor, R., Edwards, R., Greaves, C. ve Campbell, J. (2011). The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people. Qual Life Res, 20(1), 57-67.
24. Hsieh, M.-O. ve Leung, P. (2019). Social exclusion experienced by older adults: factors for designing healthcare settings in Taipei, Taiwan. Social Work in Health Care, 58(4), 368-381.
25. Jose, J. ve Cherayi, S. (2017). Social Exclusion of Older Persons: The Role of Socio-Demographic Characteristics. Ageing International, 42, 447-465.
26. Kneale, D. (2012). Is social exclusion still important for older people? London: The International Longevity Centre. Korkmaz Yaylagül, N. ve Aslan, M. (2020). Yaşlılık, Mültecilik ve Sosyal Dışlanma: Suriyeli Yaşlı Mültecilerin Deneyimleri. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29(4), 406-422.
27. Lee, J. (2017). Social exclusion factors influencing life satisfaction among older adults. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 26(1), 35-50.
28. Lee, J. ve Cagle, o. (2017). Social exclusion factors influencing life satisfaction among older adults. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 26(1), 35-50.
29. Lee, Y., Hong, P. Y. ve Harm, Y. (2014). Poverty Among Korean Immigrant Older Adults: Examining the Effects of Social Exclusion. Journal of Social Service Research, 40(4), 385-401.
30. Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Fahmy, E., Gordon, D., Lloyd, E. ve Patsios, D. (2007). The Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Social Exclusion. Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG). University of Bristol .
31. Macleod, C. A., Ross, A., Sacker, A., Netuveli, G. ve Windle, G. (2017). Re-thinking social exclusion in later life: A case for a new framework for measurement. Ageing and Society, 39(1), 1-38.
32. Maximova, S. G., Noyanzina, O. E. ve Omelchenko, D. A. (2018). A Model of Social Exclusion of Elderly People in Siberian Region. Advances in Gerontology, 8(1), 58-63.
33. Miranti, R. ve Yu, P. (2015). Why Social Exclusion Persists among Older People in Australia. Social Inclusion, 3(4), 112-126.
34. Moffatt, S. ve Scambler, G. (2008). Can welfare-rights advice targeted at older people reduce social exclusion? Ageing & Society, 28, 875-899.
35. Morris, A. (2007). E-literacy and the grey digital divide: a review with recommendations. Journal of Information Literacy, 1(3), 13-28.
36. Ogg, J. (2005). Social exclusion and insecurity among older Europeans: the influence of welfare regimes. Ageing & Society, 25, 69-90.
37. Park, S., Cho, J. ve Chen, Y.-C. (2019). Subsidized housing and geographic accessibility to neighborhood resources for low-income older people: From later year social exclusion perspective. Geoforum, 106, 297-304.
38. Parmar, D., Williams, G., Dkhimi, F., Ndiaye, A., Asante, F., Arhinful, D. ve Mladovsky, P. (2014). Enrolment of older people in social health protection programs in West Africa e Does social exclusion play a part? Social Science & Medicine, 119, 36-44.
39. Plath, D. (2008). Independence in Old Age: The Route to Social Exclusion? British Journal of Social Work, 38, 1353-1369.
40. Popovic, S. ve Masanovic, B. (2019). Effects of Physical and Social Activity on Physical Health and Social Inclusion of Elderly People. Iran J Public Health, 48(10), 1922-1923.
41. Precupetu, I., Aartsen, M. ve Vasile, M. (2019). Social Exclusion and Mental Wellbeing in Older Romanians. Social Inclusion, 7(3), 4-16.
42. Rook, K. S. (2009). Gaps in social support resources in later life: an adaptational challenge in need of further research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(1), 103-112.
43. Sacker, A., Ross, A., MacLeod, C., Netuveli, G. ve Windle, G. (2017). Health and social exclusion in older age: evidence from Understanding Society, the UK household longitudinal study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 71(7), 681-690.
44. Saito, M., Kondo, N., Kondo, K., Ojima, T. ve Hirai, H. (2012). Gender differences on the impacts of social exclusion on mortality among older Japanese: AGES cohort study. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 940-945.
45. Saunders, P., Naidoo, Y. ve Griffiths, M. (2008). Towards new indicators of disadvantage: deprivation and social exclusion in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 43(2), 175-194.
46. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C. ve Smith, A. (2005a). Multiple Exclusion and Quality of Life amongst Excluded Older People in Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods. London: Office of Deputy Prime.
47. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C. ve Smith, A. E. (2005b). Social Exclusion of Older People in Deprived Urban Communities. European Journal of Ageing, 2(2), 76-87.
48. Seifert, A., Hofer, M. ve Rössel, J. (2019). Older adults’ perceived sense of social exclusion from the digital world. Educational Gerontology, 44(12), 775-785.
49. Shergold, I. ve Parkhurst, G. (2012). Transport-related social exclusion amongst older people in rural Southwest England and Wales. Journal of Rural Studies, 28, 412-421.
50. Tabachnick, B. ve Fidell, L. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Pearson.
51. Titheridge, H., Achuthan, K., Mackett, R., & Solomon, J. (2009). Assessing the extent of transport social exclusion among the elderly. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2(2), 31-48.
52. Tong, H. M., Lai, D., Zeng, Q. ve Xu, W. Y. (2011). Effects of Social Exclusion on Depressive Symptoms: Elderly Chinese Living Alone in Shanghai, China. J Cross Cult Gerontol, 26, 349-364.
53. TÜİK. (2022). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2021-45636 adresinden alınmıştır
54. Van Regenmortel, S., De Donder, L., Dury, S., Smetcoren, A.-S., De Witte, N. ve Verte, D. (2016). Social Exclusion in Later Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Population Ageing, 9, 315-344.
55. Walsh, K., O’Shea, E. ve Scharf, T. (2020). Rural old-age social exclusion: a conceptual framework on mediators of exclusion across the lifecourse. Ageing & Society, 40, 2311-2337.
56. Walsh, K., Scharf, T. ve Keating, N. (2017). Social exclusion of older persons: A scoping review and conceptual framework. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1), 81-98.
57. Warburton, J., Scharf, T. ve Walsh, K. (2017). Flying Under the Radar? Risks of Social Exclusion for Older People in Rural Communities in Australia, Ireland and Northern Ireland. Sociologia Ruralis, 57(4), 459-480.
58. Yang, Y., Jean Yeung, W.-J. ve Feng, Q. (2018). Social exclusion and cognitive impairment - A triple jeopardy for Chinese rural elderly women. Health & Place, 53, 117-127.
59. Yelboğa, N. ve Varol, B. (2018). Yaşlı Kadın Ayrımcılığı ve Kadının Dışlanması. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 2(1), 51-64.