BELLETEN

Aim & Scope

Belleten publishes original research articles in the domains of archaeology, history, history of art, and cultural studies, with a focus on topics that "cover all aspects of Turkish history and history of Turkey."
Belleten's aim is to provide an open-access academic platform where researchers from around the globe can share and discuss the findings of original research they have conducted in the fields of archaeology, history, history of art, and cultural studies, with a focus on subjects that will illuminate all facets of Turkish culture and history. The journal, which promotes critical thinking, seeks to advance the body of knowledge in the topic by publishing high-caliber historical research in both Turkish and English languages.
• Belleten publishes three times a year, in print and online (April, August, and December).
• Researchers, students, and organizations and institutions relevant to professional and academic fields are among the journal's readers.
• Turkish and English are the two languages in which Belleten is published. Each article that is published in Belleten includes a title, author’s full name, affiliation, funding description (if applicable), and keywords in both Turkish and English languages. Additionally, all article texts and bibliographies are written in Latin letters to facilitate computer readability.

The Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) lists Belleten. Archaeology and history are the subject categories under which Belleten articles are categorized in the Web of Science database.
Web of Science Research Area: Arts and Humanities / Archaeology, History
Web of Science Category: Arts and Humanities / Archaeology, History
SCOPUS lists Belleten. History and cultural studies are the SCOPUS subject areas under which Belleten’s articles are categorized.
Area of Study and Category: Arts and Humanities / History
                                                       Social Sciences / Cultural Studies
The following are the keywords that best describe Belleten's scope: Turkish History, Turkish Political History, Turkish Art, Turkish Mythology, Turkish Civilization, Turkish Culture, Turkish Islamic Cultural Heritage, Turkish History of Law, Turkish Economic History, Turkish World, Turkish Migrations, Turkish States, Anatolian Archaeology, Seljuk History, Ottoman History, History of Turkey.

Fundamental Publishing Guidelines and Principles
1) Belleten publishes only research articles. Translations, book reviews, etc. are not considered for review.
2) The journal is available online at belleten.gov.tr.
3) The journal publishes in both Turkish and English.
4) Articles submitted should be relevant for the journal's aims and subject matter.
5) Research papers that are original, unpublished, not currently under review by another journal, and whose content and submission have been agreed by all authors, are accepted for review.
6) The articles that are to be submitted to the journal should have a word count between 3000 and 10,000. Submissions that fall outside the defined range will be rejected.
7) The papers must have a 200–250 word abstract in both Turkish and English, as well as 5–8 keywords that are separate from the main text.
8) Works by authors who do not hold a Ph.D. are not considered for publication. The same applies to the studies with many authors.
9) Papers created using the "slicing method" from dissertations and papers having a strong resemblance to the authors' dissertations are not considered for review. With the Editorial Board's approval, however, original publications created from doctorate dissertations might be considered for review.
10) Every article that is considered for publication goes through a "double blind peer review" procedure. Those who take part in the refereeing procedure are compensated.
11) The resolution of any images, drawings, maps, or documents that are added to the papers must be at least 300 dpi. These formats include JPG and TIFF. It is the authors' obligation to secure copyright authorization for these.
12) The copyright of the articles published in the journal belongs to the authors and the right of commercial use belongs to the publisher. The Turkish Historical Society provides financial support for the preparation and publication of the journal.
13) Five issues following the publication of an author's first article in the journal, that author's second piece is published.
14) The journal abides with national and international norms of research and publication ethics. It complies with the Press Law, the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, and the Higher Education Institutions' Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics. Additionally, it adopted the International Code of Ethics published by the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
15) Articles submitted to the journal are checked for plagiarism using the Intihal software to prevent ethical violations. The editor examines the similarity report to determine whether the "citation-quotation discrepancy" has been noted by the software. The text is returned to the author(s) if any unethical or inappropriate situations are found therein.
16) In order to maximize the visibility of the published papers, a DOI is assigned to each one.
17) Within four weeks of the date of publication, at the latest, the "rich metadata" of each published issue is uploaded to national and international academic data platforms.

Writing Guide
• Times New Roman or Baskerville font should be used when writing papers in an A4-sized application compatible with Microsoft Word.
• The title should be in lower case, regular (normal) font size, and 12 points. The title must be in the center. The text may use both primary and secondary headings. Subheadings in the text should be in 10.5 pt, bold (bolt), lower case, and left aligned, with the main headings in the same font and style. There should be a 6-point space between paragraphs and headings.
• The author's name and last name should be typed in lower case, 11 point regular (normal), and center aligned following the main title, which should be spaced out by 12 points. The (*) sign in 8.5-point font should be used at the bottom of the page to indicate the title, university, faculty, department, city/country, and ORCID information.
• The font size for the text should be 10.5 and it should be justified. There should be a 2.5 cm space left at the top, bottom, right, and left. Line spacing must be 12 pt. full spacing. There shouldn't be any paragraph indentation and paragraph spacing should be 6 points. (Line spacing for images and appendices in the text should be multiple, 1.15 pt.)
• Header-Footer: The author's name and last name should be printed on double pages in the header section rather than on the article's initial page, and the article's meaningfully shortened version should be written in lower case, 11 point, on a single page. (During the applications to be made through the Publication Tracking System, it should be remembered that the articles submitted to the system - in PDF and Microsoft Word format - should not have the author's name in the header area).
•Page numbers should be included in the header's top right and left margins in 8-point font; they should not appear on the article's first page.
•Quotations longer than five lines should begin one centimeter from the beginning of the paragraph and be written one point smaller than the surrounding text. Less than five-line quotations are italicized in the text. Italics are also used to emphasize words and phrases.
•8.5 point, full spacing should be used for footnotes. Justified alignment and a 0.5 cm indent should be used for the paragraphs. There shouldn't be a footnote bracket line. In footnotes at the bottom of the page, references in the text should be numbered beginning with 1. There shouldn't be any other references in the content. When citing sources in footnotes, the titles of books and journals should be italicized, while the names of articles should be both plain and in quotation marks. The complete citation for a source should be included in the footnotes at the beginning of the note; thereafter, the author may choose to use abbreviations like age, agm., or agt. If an author's work is referenced in more than one book or article, the author's last name should be included after the first mention of the second work, followed by the full or shortened title of the referenced work. Multi-authored references should list all authors when they are initially cited, and then they should be shortened.
• References: The sources and studies cited in the articles should be listed below the conclusion section of the article. References must be written in 10.5-point font size and should begin on a separate page beneath this heading. Only the references mentioned in the text should be listed, and they should be arranged alphabetically by the writers' last names.

Preparation of a Paper
Language: The languages used in the journal are Turkish and English.
Article Types: Belleten publishes only research articles. Translations, book reviews, etc. are not considered for review.
Article Format: PDF and Microsoft Word.
İmages, Drawings, Maps or Documents: At least 300 dpi in formats such as PDF, JPG, TIFF.
Citation Style: The following section includes citation guidelines and several examples.
Change of Authors: Processed only prior to the paper being accepted. Before submitting their article, writers must carefully check the list of authors and the order in which they are listed. They must also include the final author list at the time of the original submission.

Article Submission
By registering on the website https://yaysis.ayk.gov.tr, authors can submit their papers that have been prepared in accordance with the writing guidelines through the Publication Tracking System. The copies that will be uploaded to the system (in Microsoft Word and PDF format) should be carefully checked to make sure that the authors' names are not included.
When submitting the article, the author electronically provides the following declaration:
• In case the article is published, the copyright belongs to me and the right of commercial use of the work belongs to the Publisher;
• That all of the sources I used were properly credited;
• That my work is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere;
• acknowledge that any decision to publish my work will be taken in accordance with the Regulation on Copyright, Publication and Sales of Atatürk Culture, Language and History Higher Institution and its Affiliated Organizations,
• I understand that the Editorial Board of the Institution has the authority to decide whether my work will be published in print as well as online;
• I will not give up publishing my work without the Board of Directors' approval during the review process; otherwise, I will be responsible for paying the refereeing fees;
• If my work is accepted for publication, I agree to publish it with CC BY-NC 4.0 open access licence;
• I hereby confirm that the information I have provided on the Application Form for Paper Submission is accurate, and I sincerely request that the required steps be taken with regard to my paper.

Citation Rules
1. Footnotes should be used in the article texts that are submitted to Belleten. Before the punctuation at the sentence's end, footnotes should be provided.
Example:
Hatt-ı Humâyûn is a term used for the orders written by the sultan with his own calligraphy,
except in some exceptional cases⁴.

2. The footnote should read as follows when citing a source for the first time:
Example:
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2018, p. 172.

3. The abbreviation "ibid" is used for the source that is cited second time in the footnote, even if a different source is cited in between.
Example:
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), Turkish Historical Society Publications,
Ankara 2018, p. 172.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, C II, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara
2016, p. 370.
Kütükoğlu, ibid, p. 184.

Remember to put "ibid" after the author's last name when using the same work in footnotes consecutively. If an author's works are cited in footnotes more than once, the author's last name and a short version of the title of his/her second work should be provided following the citation of the first work by the author.

4. The bibliography section should list references in the order "Surname, Name" and the footnotes should list references in the order "Name, Surname". The bibliographic details of a work are included in the references section but not the page numbers given in the footnotes.
Example:
Footnote: Yaşar Yücel, Muhteşem Türk Kanuni ile 46 Yıl, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2019, p. 30.
Bibliography: Yücel, Yaşar, Muhteşem Türk Kanuni ile 46 Yıl, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2019.

5. The footnote should provide the page(s) where the citation appears if it is taken from an article. Page range information for the article should be provided in the References section.
Example:
Footnote: Feridun M. Emecen, “Geç Orta Çağ Anadolu’sunda Bir Selçuklu Kenti Bolvadin’in Tarihi Gelişimi Üzerine Bazı Notlar”, Belleten, Vol. LXXXV/No. 302, April 2021, p. 23.
Bibliography: Emecen, Feridun M., “Geç Orta Çağ Anadolu’sunda Bir Selçuklu Kenti Bolvadin’in Tarihi Gelişimi Üzerine Bazı Notlar”, Belleten, Vol. LXXXV/No. 302, April 2021, pp. 17-28.

6. The whole bibliographic information of a work should be included when it is used for the first time in a footnote. When necessary, the citations can be shortened within the text, repeated quotations, or footnotes. Abbreviated version of titles, however, are not permitted in the Bibliography section.
Example:
Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA).
Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi (OTAM)

Examples for Footnotes and Bibliography
1. Presidency Directorate of State Archives, The Ottoman Archives
First Reference in a Footnote: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), Cevdet Maliye (C. ML), 753/30679, 27 Ca 1196 / 10 May 1782.
The abbreviation BOA is used only after the first usage of its full version in the footnote.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: BOA, C. ML, 753/30679.
Bibliography: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi
(BOA) Cevdet Maliye (C. ML), 753/30679.
First Reference in a Footnote: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi (BCA), 490.1.0.0/15.79.7., 02.05.1935.
The abbreviation BCA is used only after the first usage of its full version in the footnote.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: BCA, 490.1.0.0/15.79.7.
Bibliography: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi (BCA), 490.1/15.79.7.

2. Turkish Historical Society Archive
First Reference in a Footnote: Türk Tarih Kurumu Arşivi, Osman Ferit Sağlam Koleksiyonu (Collection of Osman Ferit Sağlam) (OFS), 238/19.
The abbreviation “TTK Archive” is used only after the first usage of its full version in the footnote.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: TTK Archive, OFS, 238/19.
Bibliography: Turkish Historical Society Archive (TTK Archive), Osman Ferit Sağlam Koleksiyonu (OFS), 238/19.

3. The Archive of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre
First Reference in a Footnote: Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi (TKGM.), Tapu Tahrir Defterleri (TT.d.), 49, vr. 7a.
The abbreviation TKGM is used only after the first usage of its full version in the footnote.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: TKGM.TT.d., 49, vr. 7a.
Bibliography: Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi (TKGM.), Tapu Tahrir Defterleri, 49.

4. Archive of Turkish Red Crescent
First Reference in a Footnote: Kızılay Arşivi (KA), 171/91.
The abbreviation KA is used only after the first usage of its full version in the footnote.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: KA, 171/91.
Bibliography: Kızılay Arşivi (KA), 171/91.

5. Archive of the Directorate General of Foundations
First Reference in a Footnote: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi (VGMA.), İstanbul Vakfiye Defterleri (VKF.İST.d.) 579, p. 152.
The abbreviation VGMA is used only after the first usage of its full version in the footnote.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: VGMA.VKF.İST.d., 579, p. 152.
Bibliography: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi (VGMA.), İstanbul Vakfiye Defterleri (VKF.İST.d.), 579.

6. Book-By A Single Author
Footnote: Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2018, p. 172.
Bibliography: Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S., Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2018.

7. Book-By More Than One Authors
First Reference in a Footnote: Ali Sevim-Erdoğan Merçil, Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset, Teşkilât ve Kültür, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2020, p. 45.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: Sevim-Merçil, ibid, p. 57.
Bibliography: Sevim, Ali-Merçil, Erdoğan, Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset, Teşkilât ve Kültür, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2020.
First Reference in a Footnote: Yasemin Demircan, Levent Kayapınar, Ayşe Kayapınar, Osmanlı Dönemi Ege Adaları Tarihi Kikladlar, C I, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2020, p. 55.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: Demircan et al., ibid., p. 60.
Bibliography: Demircan, Yasemin-Kayapınar, Levent-Kayapınar, Ayşe, Osmanlı Dönemi Ege Adaları Tarihi Kikladlar, C I, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2020.

8. Article-By A Single Author
Footnote: Ahmet Kılınç, “Klasik Dönem Osmanlı Devleti’nde Uygulanan Kürek Cezasının Hukuki Tahlili”, Belleten, Vol. LXXIX/No. 285, August 2015, p. 540.
Bibliography: Kılınç, Ahmet, “Klasik Dönem Osmanlı Devleti’nde Uygulanan Kürek Cezasının Hukuki Tahlili”, Belleten, Vol. LXXIX/No. 285, August 2015, pp. 531-558.

9. Article- By Two Authors
First Reference in a Footnote: Kemal Beydilli-İsmail E. Erünsal, “Prut Savaşı Öncesi Diplomatik Bir Teşebbüs Seyfullah Ağa’nın Viyana Elçiliği (1711)”, Belgeler, Vol. XXII/No. 26, January 2001, p. 12.
Subsequent References in a Footnote: Beydilli-Erünsal, ibid, p. 15.
Bibliography: Beydilli, Kemal-Erünsal, İsmail E., “Prut Savaşı Öncesi Diplomatik Bir Teşebbüs Seyfullah Ağa’nın Viyana Elçiliği (1711)”, Belgeler, Vol. XXII/No. 26, January 2001, pp. 1-129.

10. Book-With Editor(s)
Footnote: Mahir Said Pekmen, Fizan Hatıraları, eds. Hasan Babacan-Servet Avşar, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2018, p. 30.
Bibliography: Pekmen, Mahir Said, Fizan Hatıraları, eds. Hasan Babacan-Servet Avşar, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2018.

11. Manuscripts
Footnote: Alâeddin Ali Çelebi, Hümâyunnâme, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hâlet Efendi 374, fol. 290a.
Bibliography: Alâeddin Ali Çelebi, Hümâyunnâme, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hâlet Efendi 374.

12. Book- With no Author
Footnote: Atatürk’ün Özdeyişleri, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2020, p. 18.
Bibliography: Atatürk’ün Özdeyişleri, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2020.

13. Book-Translated
Footnote: Gleb Golubev, Uluğ Bey, trans. Abdrasul İsakov, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2021, p. 70.
Bibliography: Golubey, Gleb, Uluğ Bey, trans. Abdrasul İsakov, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2021.

14. Papers Presented at Meetings
Footnote: Yunus Koç, “Türk Tarih Kurumu ve Türk Tarihçiliğindeki Yeri”, in Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye’de Tarihçilik ve Tarih Yayıncılığı Sempozyumu, Ankara 18-20 March 2010, Bildiriler, ed. Mehmet Öz, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2011, p. 658.
Bibliography: Koç, Yunus, “Türk Tarih Kurumu ve Türk Tarihçiliğindeki Yeri”, in Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye’de Tarihçilik ve Tarih Yayıncılığı Sempozyumu, Ankara 18-20 March 2010, Bildiriler, ed. Mehmet Öz, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2011, pp. 655-667.

15. Chapter in a Book
Footnote: Nurcan Abacı, “Bir Tarih Metni Nasıl İnşa Edilir?”, in Tarih Nasıl Yazılır? Tarihyazımı için Çağdaş Bir Metedoloji, ed. Ahmet Şimşek, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2019, p. 180.
Bibliography: Nurcan Abacı, “Bir Tarih Metni Nasıl İnşa Edilir?”, in Tarih Nasıl Yazılır? Tarihyazımı için Çağdaş Bir Metedoloji, ed. Ahmet Şimşek, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2019, pp. 177-193.

16. Chapter in a Book without Editor(s)
Footnote: M. Tayyip Gökbilgin, “Kanunî Sultan Süleyman’ın Macaristan ve Avrupa Siyasetinin Sebep ve Âmilleri, Geçirdiği Safhalar”, in Kanunî Armağanı, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2001, p. 9.
Bibliography: Gökbilgin, M. Tayyip, “Kanunî Sultan Süleyman’ın Macaristan ve Avrupa Siyasetinin Sebep ve Âmilleri, Geçirdiği Safhalar”, in Kanunî Armağanı, Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2001, pp. 5-39.

17. Thesis & Dissertations
Footnote: Erhan Afyoncu, Necati Efendi Târih-i Kırım (Rusya Sefâretnamesi), Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Istanbul 1990, p. 40.
Bibliography: Afyoncu, Erhan, Necati Efendi Târih-i Kırım (Rusya Sefâretnamesi), Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Istanbul 1990.

18. Encyclopedia
Footnote: Abdülkadir Özcan, “Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni”, Turkish Religious Foundation Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5, Istanbul 2011, p. 84.
Bibliography: Özcan, Abdülkadir, “Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni”, Turkish Religious Foundation Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5, Istanbul 2011, pp. 83-86.

19. Newspaper Article-With Author(s)
Footnote: Hüseyin Cahid Yalçın, “Millî Matem”, Yeni Sabah, 10 İkinciteşrin 1940, p. 1.
Bibliography: Yalçın, Hüseyin Cahid, “Millî Matem”, Yeni Sabah, 10 İkinciteşrin 1940.

20. Newspaper Article-Without Author(s)
Footnote: “İngilizler Dün Münih Şehrini Bombaladılar”, Yeni Sabah, 10 İkinciteşrin 1940, p. 3.
Bibliography: “İngilizler Dün Münih Şehrini Bombaladılar”, Yeni Sabah, 10 İkinciteşrin 1940.

21. Web Page
Footnote: https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/fotograflarla-ttk, accessed on: 01.05.2021.
Bibliography: https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/fotograflarla-ttk, accessed on: 01.05.2021.
Footnote: Selim Erdoğan, “Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi: Saha Araştırmaları”, Akademik Tarih, https://www.akademiktarihtr.com/sakaryameydanmuharebesi/, accessed on: 01.05.2021.
Bibliography: Erdoğan, Selim, “Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi: Saha Araştırmaları”, Akademik Tarih, https://www.akademiktarihtr.com/sakaryameydanmuharebesi/, accessed on: 01.05.2021.

22. Oral History
Footnote: Interview with Alp Arslan (birth 1935) on 01.05.2021.
Bibliography: Interview with Alp Arslan (birth 1935), (on 01.05.2021).

23. E-Book
Footnote: Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Toplu Makaleler Belleten), C 1, Ayşe Bedir (ed.), Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2021, p. 995, accessed on: 01.05.2021, https://www.ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GAZI-MUSTAFA-KEMAL-ATATURK-Toplu-Makaleler-Belleten-Cilt-1.pdf 
Bibliography: Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Toplu Makaleler Belleten), C 1, Ayşe Bedir (ed.), Turkish Historical Society Publications, Ankara 2021, accessed on: 01.05.2021, https://www.ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GAZI-MUSTAFA-KEMAL-ATATURK-Toplu-Makaleler-Belleten-Cilt-1.pdf 

Ethical Principles for Scholarly Publication
A self-regulatory mechanism known as publication ethics demands honesty from authors, referees, and publishers in order to raise the standards for editorial processing. High-quality scientific publications, public confidence in scientific discoveries, and respect for people's viewpoints are all made possible by ethical standards for publication.
• Sincere scholars avoid plagiarism.
• They do not misidentify sources.
• They don't misrepresent opposing viewpoints.
• They don't destroy or conceal data.

Studies that have undergone peer review support and embody the scientific method. It is therefore crucial that everyone involved in the publication process—authors, readers, researchers, publishers, referees, and editors—adhere to ethical principles. The research and publication ethics standards followed by Belleten are both national and international norms. It adheres to the Press Law, the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works and the Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions. Belleten has adopted the International Code of Ethical Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA).

Republishing
Republishing is the act of publishing the same article—or an article that is substantially similar—in more than one publication. Such an article gets rejected by the editor unreviewed. A time-limited embargo on the attempted republication may then be placed on it, the editor may announce it in the journal where the author had previously published (possibly simultaneously with the editor of the journal where the earlier article had been published), or they may combine all of these actions.

Simultaneous Submission of the Same Work to More Than One Journal
Authors are not permitted to simultaneously submit an identical paper to more than one journal. When an editor becomes aware of a potential simultaneous submission, he or she reserves the right to contact the other editor(s) who will be reviewing the manuscript. The editor may also decide to stop accepting submissions from such authors for a predetermined length of time. Other options include returning the work unreviewed, rejecting the paper without taking the reviews into account, or making this decision in consultation with the other editor(s) involved. Additionally, the editor has the right to inform the situation to the authors' employers as well as combining all three of these actions.

Measures for the Prevention of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of representing someone else's thoughts, ideas, methods, data, applications, writings, figures, or works as one's own, in whole or in part, without giving due credit to the original author(s), as required by scientific standards. Articles submitted to the journal are checked for plagiarism using the Intihal (https://intihal.net/) software in order to prevent ethical violations. The editor examines the similarity report to see if the "citation-quotation discrepancy" has been noted by the software.The work will be returned to the author(s) if any unethical or inappropriate situations are found therein.
The following actions are regarded as unethical: plagiarism, duplication, forged authorship/denied authorship, research/data falsification, article slicing and dicing, copyright infringement, and concealing of conflict of interest. The publication of any articles that do not adhere to recognized principles of ethics is discontinued. This comprises articles with potential inconsistencies or improprieties that were discovered after publication.

Forgery
Creation of material that isn't supported by research, the use of false information when altering or revising a work that has already been submitted or published, reporting or publishing it, or presenting research that hasn't been conducted as though it has.
Falsification of research records and data obtained, falsification of techniques, tools, and materials that were not used in the research, failure to evaluate data that are inconsistent with the research hypothesis, manipulation of data and/or results to fit the pertinent theory or assumptions, and falsification or shaping of research findings to suit the interests of the people and organizations supported.
Protection of Participants' Personal Data
Belleten mandates that every study containing sensitive or private data or materials pertaining to individuals that aren't lawfully accessible to the public be subject to an appropriate ethical assessment.

Handling Allegations of Research Misconduct
The COPE Ethical Toolkit for a Successful Editorial is followed by Belleten. The editors of Belleten will take action to stop the publishing of submissions that contain instances of plagiarism, improper citation style, fabricated or falsified data, or other research misconduct. The editors of Belleten will never intentionally permit such behaviour. The editors will adhere to COPE's procedures for handling allegations in the event that they become aware of any claims of research misconduct involving a piece of writing that was published in their journal.

Notifications for Ethical Violations
If a reader finds a substantial error or inaccuracy in a Belleten article, they can contact the editor by email at eihlal@ttk.gov.tr. They can also contact the editor if they have any concerns about the editorial content (plagiarism, duplicate articles, etc.). Notifications are encouraged, and we will reply as soon as possible with helpful feedback since they present a chance for development.

Correction, Retraction, Expression of Concern
If there are minor errors in a published article that do not influence the findings, interpretations, or conclusions, the editors may think about releasing a correction. If the findings and conclusions are invalidated by significant errors or omissions, the editors should think about retracting the work. Editors should think about issuing a statement of concern if there is a chance that the authors have engaged in unethical behavior in their research or publications, if there is proof that the conclusions are unreliable and the authors' institutions have not conducted an investigation, or if the investigation's potential outcome seems unfair or inconclusive. Guidelines for correction, retraction, or expression of concern are in accordance with COPE.

Publication of Studies Based on Surveys and Interviews
In order to guarantee ethical standards in scientific publications, Belleten has adopted the "Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors" and "Code of Conduct for Journal Editors" from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The following guidelines should be followed in the articles that are submitted to the journal in this situation:
1) All study in fields requiring ethics committee permission must first acquire approval from the committee, which must then be acknowledged and documented in the article.
2) For studies requiring ethical committee permission, the method section and one of the first/last pages of the publication should provide information about the permission (name of the committee, date, and number no.). In case reports, the article should contain information about the signature on the informed consent form.

Editorial Confidentiality Obligation
The editors of Belleten respect all submitted papers as confidential materials, and they do not share any information about them with third parties without the authors' consent. The following personnel have access to the papers during the review process: members of Editorial Board, editors, and referees. Only when the editor suspects significant research misconduct may information about a manuscript be disclosed to a third party without the authors' consent. If the editor has strong suspicions of serious research misconduct, information about an article may only be disclosed to a third party without the authors' consent.

Complaint Procedure
This process is followed when complaints are made about material, procedures, or guidelines that fall under Belleten or our editorial staff's purview. We strive to respond to complaints as soon, politely, and constructively as possible because they might present an opportunity as well as inspiration for improvement.
The complaint must be in relation to material, procedures, or policies that fall under the purview of Belleten or our editorial staff. Email complaints to eihlal@ttk.gov.tr, where they will be handled confidentially. Complaints will receive a quick response from the editor. The editor handles complaints in accordance with the steps laid out in the COPE flowchart.
If a complaint is not resolved after being evaluated by the appropriate editorial team member, the following procedures are followed:
• If the complainant feels that the journal's initial answer to their complaint is insufficient, they may ask for it to be passed to a more senior employee.
• The editor-in-chief may receive the complaint if the complainant is unsatisfied.
• If possible, a complete response will be given in less than four weeks.
For editors of scientific publications, COPE provides a code of conduct. This will make resolving conflicts with editors, journals, and institutions easier, but it should only be used after the journal's internal complaint procedures have been exhausted.

Appeal Process
Serious objections to the editors' and referees' judgments are welcomed by Belleten. An appeal communication can be addressed to the editorial team at belleten@ttk.gov.tr if it is thought that the paper was rejected because the scientific content was misunderstood. This step does not warrant sending the article's revised version. The corrected version of the article will be sought from the author after the letter of objection has been placed on the Editorial Board's schedule and if it is determined that the objection is valid. As a result, the work is again can be sent out for review by an outside referee.
The letter of objection should contain all pertinent information. For each article, just one objection will be taken into account. This makes it crucial to express the objection in a comprehensible and straightforward manner. We don't consider several objections for the same article due to our experience and convictions, as we have found that lengthy conversations on rejected papers are unsatisfying for both authors and editors.

Conflicts of Interest
A conflict of interest occurs when a secondary objective (such as financial gain or personal competition) may influence professional judgment about a primary interest. The competing interests of the authors should be known in order to manage an article the best way possible, and if the work is published, readers should be made aware of this information.
Any financial or other interest that might get in the way with one's work, significantly influence one's objectivity, or unfairly benefit a person or group is considered a conflict of interest. The role of sponsors in the study, as well as all financial support received during the course of the research and paper production, should be disclosed. It should also be stated if there is no financing source. Consultancies, salaries, and grants are a few examples of potential conflicts of interest that need to be declared. The earliest opportunity should be taken to declare any potential conflicts of interest.
To guarantee unbiased evaluations, Belleten has a specific procedure for dealing with submissions from editors, staff, or editorial board members. Such submission is initially forwarded to other publications. The submitter's status in the journal is suspended if this is not achievable. These submissions go through a double-blind review process.
Editors shouldn't participate in decisions regarding papers written by themselves or members of their family. Such a work should also go through all the standard journal procedures. The editor shall adhere to COPE criteria regarding author and referee disclosure of any conflicts of interest.

Authors are not asked to pay any fees for paper submission to the journal or the review process.
The journal pays the authors and referees for their copyright in accordance with the Copyright Regulations of Atatürk Culture, Language and History Institution and the Regulations of Publication and Sale.