GEÇ TUNÇ ÇAĞI’NDA BATI ANADOLU’DA TEKSTİL ÜRETİMİ: ÇİNE-TEPECİK HÖYÜĞÜ TEZGAH AĞIRLIKLARI

Abstract

Aydın ili Çine ilçesinde bulunan Tepecik Höyüğü Geç Tunç Çağı tabakalarında ele geçirilen çeşitli dokuma aletleri Anadolu dokumacılık tarihi bakımından önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada pişmiş ve pişmemiş topraktan üretilmiş, çeşitli tiplerdeki tezgah ağırlıkları tipolojik ve teknolojik bakımdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca Anadolu, Ege Dünyası ve Önasya’dan çeşitli buluntu yerlerindeki benzer örneklerle karşılaştırmalar yapılarak dağılım alanları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Kültürel ilişkiler bakımından incelenen farklı tip tezgah ağırlıklarının aynı dönemde bir arada kullanılmasının nedenleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonuç olarak 4 farklı tip ile temsil edilen dokuma tezgah ağırlıkları, yerli Batı Anadolulu tiplerin yanında, bir taraftan Hitit kültür bölgesinden tanınan hilal biçimli tezgah ağırlıkları ve diğer taraftan Ege Dünyası’ndan Doğu Akdeniz’e kadar çok geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılan pişmemiş topraktan yapılmış silindir biçimli tezgah ağırlıkları; Çine-Tepecik Höyüğü’nün Geç Tunç Çağı Anadolu’sunda bölgeler arası ilişkileri etkin olan önemli bir merkez olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Tezgah ağırlıklarının sayısı göz önüne alındığında tekstil üretiminin endüstriyel boyutlarda olmadığı, daha çok halkın ihtiyacına yönelik yerel karakterde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çeşitli ağırlık ve şekillere sahip tezgah ağırlıkları, farklı türde kumaşların üretildiğini kanıtlamaktadır. Bu durum Çine Tepecik Höyüğü sakinlerinin, dokumacılıkta geleneksel teknolojiyle beraber yeni teknolojileri de kullandığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Dokumacılık. Geç Tunç Çağı. Batı Anadolu. Tezgah Ağırlığı. Çine-Tepecik Höyüğü

TEXTILE PRODUCTION IN WESTERN ANATOLIA IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE: LOOM WEIGHTS FROM ÇİNE-TEPECİK HÖYÜK

Abstract

The textile tools recovered at the Late Bronze Age levels of Tepecik Höyük, which is located in Çine Town of Aydın Province, provide important information about the weaving history of Anatolia. In this study, several types of baked clay and unbaked clay loom weights were examined in terms of their typological and technological characteristics. In addition, the comparisons were made with the similar examples that were recovered in various findspots in Anatolia, in the Aegean and in the Near East with an aim to determine their distribution area. The loom weights were studied in terms of cultural relations, focusing on the reasons for the usage of different types loom weights at the same period. As a result, it is understood that they were represented in 4 different types and the existence of local Western Anatolian types together with the crescent loom weights known from Hittite cultural region and the unbaked spools which were widespread in a large geographical area as from the Aegean to the Eastern Mediterranean, proves that Çine-Tepecik Höyük was an important centre with active interregional cultural relations in Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. Given the number of loom weights, it is understood that textile production were not in industrial scale, rather had a local character that caters the needs of local people. The loom weights in various weights and shapes demonstrate that the different types of textiles were produced. It also shows that the residents of Çine-Tepecik Höyük used traditional weaving technologies together with the new technologies

Keywords

• Weaving. Late Bronze Age. Western Anatolia. Loom Weight. Çine-Tepecik Höyük

References

1. ALP, S. 1994. Konya Civarında Karahöyük Kazılarında Bulunan Silindir ve Damga Mühürler. Ankara.
2. ALRAM-STERN, E. 2007. “Characteristic Small Finds of LH IIIC from Aigeira and Other Context”, LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms II: LH IIIC Middle (Eds. S. DegerJalkotzy/M. Zavadil). Wien: 15-25.
3. ANDERSSON STRAND, E. B. 2010. “The Basics of Textile Tools and Textile Technology: From fibre to fabric”, Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC (Eds. C. Michel/M-L. Nosch). Oxford: 10-22.
4. ANDERSSON STRAND, E. B. 2012. “The Textile Chaîne Opératoire: Using A Multidisciplinary Approach To Textile Archaeology With A Focus on the Ancient Near East”, Paléorient 38/1-2: 21-40.
5. ARIK, R. O. 1937. Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı, 1935’deki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor. Ankara.
6. ARSLAN, H.Y. 2014. “Kolan Dokumanın Giysi Tasarımında Kullanılması”, Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi 1: 123-139.
7. BACCELLI, G./ BELLUCCI, B./ VIGO, M. 2014. “Elements for a Comparative Study of Textile Production and Use in Hittite Anatolia and in Neighbouring Areas”, Prehistoric, Ancient Near Eastern and Aegean Textiles and Dress an Interdisciplinary Anthology (Eds. M. Harlow/C. Michel/M.L. Nosch). Oxford: 97-143.
8. BARBER, E. J. W. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Princeton.

9. BARBER, E. W. 1994. Women’s Work: The First 20.000 Years Women, Cloth, and Society in Early Times. London
10. BARBER, E. J. W. 1997. “Minoan Women and The Challenges of Weaving for Home, Trade, and Shrine”, TEXNH Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 16 (Eds. R. Laffineur/P. P. Betancourt). Belgium: 515-519.
11. BASS, G. 2006. “Doğu Akdeniz’de Tunç Çağı Batıkları”, Uluburun Gemisi 3000 Yıl Önce Dünya Ticareti (Eds. Ü. Yalçın/C. Pulak/R. Slotta). İstanbul: 305-310.
12. BLEGEN, C.W. 1921. Korakou A Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth. Newyork.
13. BLEGEN, C. W./ BOULTER, C. G. / CASKEY, J. L./ RAWSON M. 1958. Troy Settlements VIIa, VIIb and VIII. Vol. IV, 2. Princeton.
14. BILGEN, N./ BILGEN, Z. 2015. “Orta Tunç Çağı Yerleşimi (IV. Tabaka)”, Seyitömer Höyük I (Ed. A. Nejat Bilgen). İstanbul: 61-119.
15. BRAIDWOOD, R. J./ BRAIDWOOD, L. 1960. Excavations in The Plain of Antioch I The Earlier Assemblages Phases A- J, OIP LXI. Chicago.
16. BURKE, B. 1997. “The Organization of Textile Production on Bronze Age Crete” TEXNH Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 16 (Ed. R. Laffineur, P.P. Betancourt). Belgium: 413- 422.
17. BURKE, B. 2010. “Textiles”, The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (Ed. E.H. Cline). Oxford: 430-442.
18. CHERRY, J. F./ DAVIS, J. L. 2007. “The Other Finds”, Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos 1974-1977 (Ed. C. Renfrew). Athens: 401-437.
19. COIRTOIS, J.-C. 1984. Alasia III, Les Objects Des Niveaux Stratifiés D’Enkomi, Fouilles C.F.-A. Schaeffer 1947-1970. Paris.
20. COLLON, D./ SYMINGTON, D. 2007. “Miscellaneous Clay Artefacts”, Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98 From Bronze Age to Byzantine in western Cilicia (Eds. N. Postgate/D. Thomas). London: 449- 468.
21. ÇILINGIROĞLU, A./ DERIN, Z./ABAY, E./ SAĞLAMTIMUR, H./ KAYAN, İ. 2004. Ulucak Höyük Excavations Conducted Between 1995 and 2002. Belgium.
22. DARGA, A. M./ SIVAS, T./ SIVAS, H. 2003 “2001 Yılı Şarhöyük/Dorylaion Kazısı ve Karatuzla Nekropolü Temizlik Çalışmaları”, 24. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2: 47-58.
23. DIKAIOS, P. 1969. Enkomi Excavations 1948-1958. Volume IIIa. Mainz am Rhein.
24. DÖNMEZ, Ş./ NAZA-DÖNMEZ, E. E. 2010. “Oluz Höyük 2007 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kašku Ülkesi’nin Önemli Kenti Amasya-Oluz Höyük 2007 ve 2008 Dönemi Çalışmaları Genel Değerlendirmeler ve Sonuçlar (Ed. Ş. Dönmez). Ankara: 21-33.
25. DÖRPFELD, W. 1902. Troja und Illion I: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den Vorhistorischen und Historischen Schichten von Illion 1870-1894. Athen.
26. DURU, R. 2010. Gedikli Karahöyük II (Çömlekçilik ve Küçük Buluntular) Prof. Dr. U. Bahadır Alkım’ın Yönetiminde 1964-1967 Yıllarında Yapılan Kazıların Sonuçları. Ankara.
27. ENEGREN, H.L. 2000. “Craft Production at Knossos-Raw Materials and Finished Goods-the Linear B Evidence”, Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece: Acquisition and Distrubution of Raw Materials and Finished Products (Eds. C. Gillis/C. Risberg/B. Sjöberg). Jonsered: 29-42.
28. ERKANAL, H. 2008. “Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Liman Tepe”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü 10. Kuruluş Yılı Etkinliği: Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (Eds. A. Erkanal-Öktü/S. Günel/U. Deniz). Ankara: 91-100.
29. EVELY, D. 1984. “The Other Finds”, The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Ed. M. R. Popham). Oxford: 223-261.
30. EVELY, R. D. G. 2000. Minoan Crafts: Tools and Techniques An Introduction. Jonsered.
31. EVELY, D. 2006. “Small Finds”, Lefkandi IV, The Late Helladic IIIC Settlement at Xeropolis (Ed. D. Evely). London: 265- 303.
32. EVELY, D. /JONES, R. 1999. Fresco: A Passport Into the Past Minoan Crete Through the Eyes of Mark Cameron. Athens.
33. GARSTANG, J. 1953. Prehistoric Mersin Yümük Tepe in Southern Turkey, Oxford.
34. GLEBA, M./CUTLER, J. 2012. “Textile Production in Bronze Age Miletos: First Observations”, KOSMOS: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 33 (Eds. M. Nosch/R. Laffineur). Belgium: 113- 119.
35. GOLDMAN, H. 1956. Excavations at Gözlükule, Tarsus, From Neolithic through the Bronze Age. Princeton.
36. GREGERSEN, M. L. B. 1997. “Pylian Craftsmen: Payment in Kind / Rations or Land ?”, TEXNH Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 16 (Eds. R. Laffineur/P. P. Betancourt). Belgium: 397-405.
37. GUNTER, A. C. 1991. Gordion Excavations Final Reports III The Bronze Age (Ed. E. L. Kohler). Philadelphia.
38. GUZOWSKA, M./ BECKS, R. 2005. “Who was Weaving at Troia? On the Aegean Style Loomweights in Troia VI and VIIa”, EMPORIO Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean, Aegaeum 25 (Eds. R. Laffineur/E. Greco). Belgium:279-286.
39. GÜNEL, S. 2003. “Aydın ve Muğla İlleri 2001 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları”, 20. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2: 113- 126.
40. GÜNEL, S. 2004. “Aydın ve Muğla İlleri 2002 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları”, 21.Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 1:235-335.
41. GÜNEL, S. 2006. “Çine-Tepecik Höyüğü 2004 Yılı Kazıları”, 27. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1: 19- 28.
42. GÜNEL, S. 2008. “Çine-Tepecik Höyük 2006 Yılı Kazıları”, 29. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1: 73-91.
43. GÜNEL, S. 2011. “Çine-Tepecik Geç Tunç Çağı Yerleşimi”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler 32: 1- 8.
44. GÜNEL, S. 2014. “MÖ 2. Binde Çine-Tepecik Yerleşmesinin Batı Anadolu Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Katkıları”, Armağan Erkanal’a Armağan Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış (Eds. N. Çınardalı-Karaaslan/A. Aykurt/N. Kolonkaya-Bostancı/Y. H. Erbil). Ankara: 243-256.
45. GÜNEL, S./HERBORDT, S. 2010. “Ein Hethitischer Siegelabdruck aus Çine-Tepecik”, Archäologischer Anzeiger heft 1: 1-11.
46. HALDANE, C. 1993. “Direct Evidence for Organic Cargoes in the Late Bronze Age”, World Archaeology 24/ 3: 348-360.
47. HARRISON, T.P. 2010. “The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition in the North Orontes Valley”, Societies in Transition Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age papers presented on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the new excavations in Tell Afis (Ed. Fabrizio Venturi). Bologna: 83-103.
48. HOMEROS 2009. İlyada (Çev. A. Erhat/A. Kadir). İstanbul.
49. HOMEROS 2010. Odysseia (Çev. A. Erhat/A. Kadir). İstanbul.
50. HOOD, S. 1951. “Excavations at Tabara el Akrad, 1948-49”, Anatolian Studies 1: 113-147.
51. HOOD, S. 1982. Excavations in Chios 1938-1955: Prehistoric Emporio and Ayio Gala. Vol. II. London.
52. HUBBARD, R. N. L. 1979. “Appendix 2: Ancient Agriculture and Ecology at Servia” içinde M. Wijnen, C. Ridley, K. A. Wardle, R. N. L. Hubbard, J. P. N. Watson, R. E. Jones “Rescue Excavations at Servia 1971-1973: A Preliminary Report”, The Annual of the British School at Athens 74: 226-228.
53. JOUKOWSKY, M. S. 1986. Prehistoric Aphrodisias An Account of the Excavations and Artifacts Studies. Belgique.
54. KARA, Ç. 2010. Eski Bir Dokumacı Köyün İzinde. Eskişehir.
55. KARAGEORGHIS, V. 2000. “Cultural Innovations in Cyprus Relating to the Sea Peoples”, The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (Ed. E.D. Oren). Philadelphia: 255- 281.
56. KEITH, K. 1998. “Spindle Whorls, Gender, and Ethnicity at Late Chalcolithic Hacinebi Tepe”, Journal of Field Archaeology 25/ 4: 497-515.
57. KILLEN, J. T. 1964. “The Wool Industry of Crete in the Late Bronze Age”, The Annual of the British School at Athens 59: 1-15.
58. KOŞAY, H. Z. 1938. Türk Tarih Kurumu Tarafından Yapılan Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı 1936’daki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor. Ankara.
59. KÖRTE, A. 1899. “Kleinasiatische Studien IV. Ein Altphrygischer Tumulus bei Bos-öjük (Lamunia)”, Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung XXIV: 1- 45.
60. LAMB, W. 1936a. Excavations at Thermi in Lesbos. Cambridge.
61. LAMB, W. 1936b. “Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar”, Archaeologia LXXXVI: 1- 64.
62. LAMB, W. 1937. “Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar II”, Archaeologia LXXXVII: 217- 273.
63. LASSEN, A.W. 2014. “Wool in Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Period”, Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry (Eds. Breniquet/Michel, C.). Oxford: 255-264.
64. LASSEN, A.W. 2015. “Weaving with Crescent Shaped Loom Weights. An Investigation of a Special Kind of Loom Weight”, Tools and Textiles: Texts and Context: Textile Production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age (Eds. E. Andersson Strand/M.-L. Nosch). Oxford: 135-145.
65. LLOYD, S. 1972. Beycesultan vol. III, Part I, Late Bronze Age Architecture. Great Britain.
66. LLOYD, S./ GÖKÇE, N. 1951. “Excavations at Polatlı”, Anatolian Studies 1: 21- 62.
67. MANUELLI, F. 2010. “Geç Bronz Çağı”, Yümüktepe, Dokuzbin Yıllık Yolculuk (Eds. I. Caneva/G. Köroğlu). İstanbul: 57- 64.
68. MÅRTENSSON, L./ NOSCH, M./ STRAND, E. A. 2009. “Shape of Things: Understanding a Loom Weight”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28/4: 373-398.
69. MAUEL, S. 2012. “Summarizing Results of a New Analysis of the Textile Tools from the Bronze Age Settlement of Kastanas, Central Macedonia”, KOSMOS: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 33 (M. Nosch, R. Laffineur). Belgium: 139-144.
70. MERIÇ, R. 2003. “Excavations at Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) 1999- 2002: A Preliminary Report”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 53: 79-98.
71. MURRAY, A. 1995. “The Middle and Late Bronze Age Small Objects”, Beycesultan vol. III, Part II, Middle and Late Bronze Age Small Objects (Ed. J. Mellaart, A.Murray). Oxford: 113-191.
72. NIXON, L. 1999. “Women, children, and Weaving”, MELETEMATA Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener As He Enters His 65th Year, Aegaeum 20, (Ed. P.P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, W. Niemeier). Belgium: 561-567.
73. NORDQUIST, G. C. 1987. A Middle Helladic Village Asine in the Argolid. Uppsala.
74. NOSCH, M. L. B. 2000. “Acquisition and Distribution: ta-ra-si-ja in the Mycenaean Textile Industry”, Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece (Ed. C. Gillis, B. Sjoberg, C. Risberg). Jonsered: 43- 61.
75. OBLADEN-KAUDER, J. 1996. Die Kleinfunde Aus Ton, Knochen und Metall, Demircihüyük Die Ergebnisse Der Ausgrabungen 1975- 1978, Demircihüyük Band IV, Die Kleinfunde (Ed. M. Korfmann). Mainz.
76. VON DER OSTEN, H.H. 1937a. The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-32 Researches in Anatolia, Part I, OIP 28. Chicago.
77. VON DER OSTEN, H. H. 1937b. The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-32 Researches in Anatolia, Part II, OIP 29. Chicago.
78. VON DER OSTEN, H.H./ SCHMIDT, E.F. 1932. The Alishar Hüyük Season of 1927, Part II, Researches in Anatolia, OIP VII. Chicago.
79. ÖBRINK, U. 1979. Hala Sultan Tekke 5, Excavations in Area 22 1971- 1973 and 1975-1978. Göteborg.
80. ÖZGÜÇ, T. 1950. Kültepe Kazısı Raporu 1948. Ankara.
81. ÖZTAN, A. 2001. “1998-1999 Acemhöyük Kazıları”, 22. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1: 119-129.
82. ÖZTAN, A. 2003. “2001 Yılı Acemhöyük Kazıları”, 24. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1: 39-49.
83. PAVÚK, P. 2012. “Off Spools and Discoid Loom-Weights: Aegean-Type Weaving at Troy Revisited”, KOSMOS: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 33 (Ed. M. Nosch, R. Laffineur). Belgium: 121-130.
84. RAHMSTORF, L. 2003. “Clay Spools from Tiryns and Other Contemporary Sites: An Indication of Foreign Influence in LHIIIC?”, The 2nd International Interdisciplinary Colloquium: The Periphery of the Mycenaean World (Ed. N. Kyparissi-Apostolika, M. Papakonstantinou). Athens: 397- 415.
85. RAHMSTORF, L. 2005. “Ethnicity and changes in weaving technology in Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean in the 12th century BC”, Cyprus: Religion and Society from the Late Bronze Age to the End of the Archaic Period. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Cypriote Archaeology (Ed. V. Karageorghis, H.Matthäus,S.Rogge).Möhnesee:143-169.
86. RAHMSTORF, L. 2008. Kleinfunde aus Tiryns, Terrakotta, Stein, Bein und Glas/Fayence vornehmlich aus der Spätbronzezeit, Tiryns XVI. Wiesbaden.
87. RAHMSTORF, L. 2011. “Handmade pots and crumbling loomweights: ‘Barbarian’ elements in the eastern Mediterranean in the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC.”, On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and neighbouring regions (Eds. V. Karageorghis/O. Kouka). Nicosia: 315-330.
88. SCHMIDT, H. 1902. Heinrich Schliemann’s Sammlung, Trojanischer Altertümer. Berlin.
89. SCHMIDT, K. 2002. Norşuntepe Kleinfunde II Artefakte aus Felsgestein, Knochen und Geweih, Ton, Metall und Glas. Mainz am Rhein.
90. SEEHER, J. 2011. “The Plateau: The Hittites”, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 10,000-323 B.C.E. (Eds. S.H. Steadman/G. McMahon). Oxford: 376-392.
91. SIENNICKA, M. 2012. “Textile Production in Early Helladic Tiryns”, KOSMOS: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 33 (Eds. M. Nosch/R. Laffineur). Belgium: 65-75.
92. SIPAHI, T./ EDIZ, İ. 2008. “2006 Yılı Boyalı Höyük Kazısı”, 29. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 3: 505-514.
93. SMITH, J.C. 2000. “The Spinning and Weaving Implements”, Servia I Anglo-Hellenic Rescue Excavations 1971-73 (Eds. C. Ridley/K.A. Wardle/C.A. Mould). Oxford: 207-248.
94. SMITH, J.S. 2009. Art and Society in Cyprus From The Late Bronze Age Into The Iron Age. New York.
95. SUMMERS, G.D. 1993. Tille Höyük 4. The Late Bronze Age and The Iron Age Transition. Ankara.
96. SWEENEY, N.M. 2014. Community Identity and Archaeology Dynamic Communities at Aphrodisias and Beycesultan. Ann Arbor.
97. ŞIMŞEK, C. 2009. “2007 Yılı Laodikeia Antik Kenti Kazıları”, 30. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2: 409-436.
98. ŠTOLCOVÁ, T. B. / GRÖMER, K. 2010. “Loom-Weights, Spindles and Textiles-Textile Production in Central Europe from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age”, North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles X, (Eds. E. Andersson Strand/M. Gleba/U. Mannering/C. Munkholt/M. Ringgard). Oxford: 9-20.
99. TÜTÜNCÜLER, Ö. 2004. “MÖ 2. Bin Liman Tepe Dokuma Aletleri”, I.-II. Ulusal Arkeolojik Araştırma Sempozyumu, Anadolu ek dizi no:1: 287-295.
100. TZACHILI, I. 2008. “Weaving at Akrotiri, Thera: Defining Cloth-Making Activities as Social Process in a Late Bronze Age Aegean Town”, Ancient Textiles Production, Craft and Society, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ancient Textiles, held at Lund, Sweden, and Copenhagen (Eds. C. Gillis/MarieLouise B. Nosch). Oxford: 189-196.
101. WACE, A.J.B./ HEURTLEY, W.A./ LAMB, W./ HOLLAND, L.B./ BOETHIUS, C.A. 1921-23. “The Report of the School Excavations at Mycenae, 1921-1923”, The Annual of the British School at Athens 25: 1-434.
102. YAĞCI, R. 2008. “The In/visible Presence of the Sea Peoples in Cilicia”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü 10. Kuruluş Yılı Etkinliği: Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (Ed. A. Erkanal-Öktü/S. Günel/U. Deniz). Ankara: 233- 240.
103. YAKAR, J. 2006. “Dating the Sequence of the Final Destruction/ Abandonment of LBA Settlements: Towards a Better Understanding of Events that led to the Collapse of the Hittite Kingdom”, Struktierung und Datierung in der hethitischen Archäologie, Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology, BYZAS 4 (Eds. D. P. Mielke/ Ulf-Dietrich Schoop/J. Seeher). İstanbul: 33-51.
104. YAKAR, J. 2007. Anadolu’nun Etnoarkeolojisi. İstanbul.
105. YASUR-LANDAU, A. 2010a. “Levant”, The Oxford Handbook of The Bronze Age Aegean (Ed. E.H. Cline). New York: 832-848.
106. YASUR-LANDAU, A. 2010b. The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the end of The Late Bronze Age. Cambridge.
107. YILMAZ, D. (Baskıda). “Late Bronze Age Textile Tools from Maydos Kilisetepe in Gallipoli (Turkey) and Their Aegean Connections”, Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi.