THE GENDER OF PARAPHERNALIA: WOMAN IN HITTITE RITUALS

Abstract

Ritual is a way of reflecting the collective memory of a society. It creates a language accompanied by performance in the process of questioning and interpreting the problem of existence. This language consists of an integration of the paraphernalia, actions and words. Apart from their functions in daily life, the ritual paraphernalia can refer to a symbol during the performance and capable of making contact with the ritual attendants in terms of its symbolic meaning. Hittite ritual texts were generally written in a systematic manner. However, there is a semantic and symbolic world underlying in this systematic picture. This article aims at investigating the perception of woman by means of the ritual paraphernalia such as GIŠḫueša spindle , GIŠḫulali distaff , TÚGkureššar headdress , GIŠḫapšalli a kind of footstool for women and NAARÁ millstone , which are generally considered as the materials of woman in Hittite magical rituals

Keywords

• Hittite Religion,Ritual,Paraphernalia,Gender,Symbolism

EŞYANIN CİNSİYETİ: HİTİT RİTÜELLERİNDE KADIN

Abstract

Ritüel, toplumsal belleğin aynasıdır. İnsanın var oluşunu sorgulama-anlamlandırma sürecine eylemin eşlik ettiği bir dildir ve bu dil nesneler, davranışlar ve sözlerle bir bütündür. Bu bakımdan ritüeldeki her nesne bir sembol özelliği taşır ve kimi zaman ritüel katılımcıları ile söze gerek duymaksızın temsil ettiği anlam üzerinden bir iletişim kurabilir. Hitit ritüel metinleri yapısal olarak oldukça sistemli bir görünüm çizer. Bu düzenli görünümün altında içerik bakımından da muazzam bir anlam dünyası şekillenir. Bu dünyanın içinde, kadına atfedilen bir takım özellikler de mevcuttur. Çalışma, günümüze kadar pek çok araştırmaya konu olmuş Hitit kadınının büyü ritüelleri içindeki temsiline odaklanmaktadır. Ritüel malzemelerinin karşılaştırmalı incelemesinden yola çıkılarak Hitit toplumunda kadın simgeleri tartışılmıştır. Metinlerde, kadını temsil eden eşyalardan GIŠḫueša kirman , GIŠḫulali öreke , TÚGkureššar başörtüsü , GIŠḫapšalli kadınlar için bir çeşit tabure ve NA4ARÁ değirmen taşı bağlamında Hitit kadınına dair toplumsal algının izleri aranmıştır.

Keywords

• Hitit Dini,Ritüel,Eşya,Cinsiyet,Sembolizm

References

1. ALP, S. 1947 “La désignation du Lituus en Hittite”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1/2: 164-175.
2. ARCHI, A. 1966 “Trono Regale e Trono Divinizzato Nell’Anatolia Ittita”, Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici 1: 76-120.
3. ARCHI, A. 2008 “The Soul Has to Leave The Land of The Living”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 7/2: 169-195.
4. BAWANYPECK, D. 2005 Die Rituale der Auguren (THeth 25). Heidelberg.
5. BECKMAN, G. 1983 Hittite Birth Rituals (StBoT 29), Wiesbaden.
6. BECKMAN, G. 1995 “The Siege of Uršu Text (CTH 7) and Old Hittite Historiography”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 47: 23-34.
7. BELL, C. 2009 Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. Oxford.
8. BOZGUN, Ş. / SAVAŞ, Ö. S. 2017 “CTH 676: Nerik Kenti Arınma Ritüeli”, Archivum Anatolicum 11/1: 75-96.

9. BRYCE, T. 2003 Hitit Dünyasında Yaşam ve Toplum (Çev. M. Günay). Ankara.
10. CHRISTIANSEN, B. 2012 Schicksalsbestimmende Kommunikation. Sprachliche, gesellschaftliche und religiöse Aspekte hethitischer Fluch-, Segens- und Eidesformeln (StBoT 53). Wiesbaden.
11. COLLINS, B. J. 2003 “Rituals”, The Context of Scripture I (Ed. W. W. Hallo). Leiden: 160-168.
12. COLLINS, B. J. 2014 “Women in Hittite Ritual”, Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook (Ed. M. Chavalas). London-New York: 246-271.
13. ÇAMBEL, H. 1999 Karatepe-Aslantaş: The Inscriptions: Facsimile Edition (CHLI II). Berlin-New York.
14. DARGA, M. 1984 Eski Anadolu’da Kadın. İstanbul.
15. DARGA, M. 2011 Anadolu’da Kadın: On Bin Yıldır Eş, Anne, Tüccar, Kraliçe. İstanbul.
16. DE MARTINO, S. 2003 Annali e Res Gestae Antico Ittiti (StMed 12). Pavia.
17. DEFLEM, M. 1991 “Ritual, Anti-Structure, and Religion: A Discussion of Victor Turner’s Processual Symbolic Analysis”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30/1: 1-25.
18. DEL MONTE, G. 2002 “Sui Rituali di Mallidunna di Turmitta”, Silva Anatolica, Anatolian Studies Presented to Maciej Popko on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (Ed. P. Taracha). Warsaw: 63-75.
19. ELICKER, J. 2016 “KUB 10.91 (CTH 669)”, Anatolia et Indogermanica:Studia linguistica in honorem Johannis Tischler septuagenarii dedicata (Eds. H. Marquardt/S. Reichmuth/J. V. G. Trabazo). Innsbruck: 63-73.
20. FRIEDRICH, J. 1959 Die Hethitischen Gesetze: Transkription, Übersetzung, Sprachliche Erläuterungen und Vollständiges Wörterzeichen (DMOA 7). Leiden.
21. GARCIA-VENTURA, A. 2014 “Constructing Masculinities through Textile Production in teh Ancient Near East”, Prehistoric, Ancient Near Eastern and Aegean Textiles and Dress: an Interdisciplinary Anthology (Eds. M. Harlow/C. Michel/M. L. Nosch) Oxford-Philadelphia: 167-183.
22. GEERTZ, C. 2010 Kültürlerin Yorumlanması (Çev. H. Gür). Ankara.
23. GILAN, A. 2015 Formen und Inhalte althethitischer historischer Literatur (THeth 29). Heidelberg
24. GOETZE, A. 1955 “Hittite Dress”, Corolla linguistica. Festschrift F. Sommer zum 80. Geburtstag darchgebracht (Ed. H. Krahe). Wiesbaden: 48-62.
25. GOETZE, A. 1969 “Hittite Rituals, Incantations and Description of Festival”, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. (3rd Edition) (Ed. J. B. Pritchard). PrincetonNew Jersey: 346-364.
26. GRODDEK, D. 2008 Hethitische Texte in Transkription: KBo 22 (DBH 24). Wiesbaden.
27. GÜTERBOCK, H. G. 1951 “The Song of Ullikummi Revised Text of the Hittite Version of a Hurrian Myth”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5/4: 135-161.
28. GÜTERBOCK, H. G. 1962 “Rituale für die Göttin Ḫuwaššanna”, Oriens 15: 345- 351.
29. GÜTERBOCK, H. G. 1989 “Hittite kursa “Hunting Bag””, Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor (SAOC 47) (Eds. A. Leonard/B. B. Williams). Chicago: 113-123.
30. HAAS, V. 1970 Der Kult von Nerik Ein Beitrag zur hethitischen Religionsgeschichte (Studia Pohl 4). Roma.
31. HAAS, V. / WILHELM, G. 1974 Hurritische und luwische Riten aus Kizzuwatna (AOATS 3). Neukirche-Vluyn.
32. HAAS, V. 1984 Die Serien itkaḫi und itkalzi des AZU-Priesters, Rituale für Tašmišarri und Tatuḫepa sowie weitere Texte mit Bezug auf Tašmišarri (ChS I/1). Roma.
33. HAAS, V. / WEGNER, I. 1988 Die Rituale der Beschwörerinnen SALŠU.GI (ChS 1/5). Roma.
34. HAAS, V. 1994 Geschichte der Hethitischen Religion (HbOr I/15). Leiden-New York-Köln.
35. HAAS, V. 2003 Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica. Ein Beitrag zur Heilkunde im Alten Orient I-II. Berlin - New York.
36. HAWKINS, D. 2000 Inscriptions of the Iron Age (CHLI I/1). Berlin-New York.
37. HOFFNER, H. A. 1966 “Symbols for Masculinity and Femininty: Their Use in Ancient Near Eastern Sympathetic Magic Rituals”, Journal of Biblical Literature 85/3: 326-334.
38. HOFFNER, H. A. 1987 “Paskuwatti’s Ritual Against Sexual Impotence”, Aula Orientalis 5: 271-287.
39. HOFFNER, H. A. 1993 “From Cradle to Grave: Women’s Role in Hittite medicine and Magic”, Journal of Ancient Civilizations 8: 25-39.
40. HOFFNER, H. A. 1997 The Laws of the Hittites (DMOA 23). Leiden-New YorkKöln.
41. HOFFNER, H. A. 2000 “Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Vol. 4: Words Beginning with K by Jaan Puhvel”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 120/1: 68-75.
42. HOFFNER, H. A. 2002 “The Treatment and Long-Term Use of Persons Captured in Battle According to the Maşat Texts”, Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History: Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock (Eds. K. A. Yener/H. A. Hoffner/S. Dhesi). Winona Lake-Indiana: 61-72.
43. HUTTER, M. 1988 Behexung, Entsühnung und Heilung: Das Ritual der Tunnawija für ein Königspaar aus Mittelhethitischer Zeit(KBoXXI 1- KUB IX 34-KBo XXI 6). Göttingen.
44. HUTTER, M. 2013 “The Luwian Cult of the Goddess Huwassanna vs. Her Position in the “Hittite State Cult””, Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean (Eds. A. Mouton/I. Rutherford/I. Yakubovich). Leiden-Boston: 176-190.
45. IMPARATI, F. 1965 “L’autobiografia di Ḫattušili I”, Studi Classici e Orientali 14: 40-76.
46. IMPARATI, F. 1992 Hitit Yasaları. Ankara.
47. JAKOB-ROST, L. 1972 Das Ritual der Malli aus Arzawa gegen Behexung (THeth 2). Heidelberg.
48. KASSIAN, A. / KOROLËV, A. / SIDEL’TSEV, A. 2002 Hittite Funerary Ritual šalliš ṷaštaiš (AOAT 288). Münster.
49. KERTZER, D. I. 1988 Ritual, Politics and Power. New Haven-London.
50. KILIÇ, Y. / DUYMUŞ, H. H. 2007 “Hititlerde Kadın ve Siyaset”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 26/42: 85-99.
51. KINAL, F. 1956 “Eski Anadolu’da Kadının Mevkii”, Belleten XX/79: 355-378.
52. KLINGER, J. 2010 “Texte der Hethiter: Hethitische Texte zur Medizin”, Texte zur Heilkunde (TUATNF 5) (Eds. B. Janowski/D. Schwemer). Gütersloh: 177-187.
53. KLOEKHORST, A. 2008 Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (IEED 5). Leiden-Boston.
54. KRONASSER, H. 1961 “Fünf Hethitische Rituale”, Die Sprache 7: 140-167.
55. KRONASSER, H. 1962 “Nachträge und Berichtigungen zu 7/1961, 140-167 (Fünf Hethitische Rituale)”, Die Sprache 8: 108-113.
56. KÜMMEL, H. M. 1967 Ersatzrituale für den hethitischen König (StBoT 3). Wiesbaden.
57. LAROCHE, E. 1959 Dictionnaire de la langue louvite (BAHIFAI 6). Paris.
58. LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. 1969 The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston.
59. MARAZZI, M. 1986 Beiträge zu den akkadischen Texten aus Boğazköy in althethitischer Zeit (BRLF 18). Roma.
60. MARCUSON, H. 2016 “Word of the Old Women”: Studies in Female Ritual Practice in Hittite Anatolia (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Chicago.
61. MCMAHON, G. 1991 The Hittite State Cult of Tutelary Deities (AS 25). Chicago-Illinois.
62. MILLER, J. 2010 “Paskuwatti’s Ritual: Remedy for Impotence or Antidote to Homosexuality?”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 10/1: 83-89.
63. MOUTON, A. 2007 Rêves hittites: Contribution à une histoire et une anthropologie du rêve en Anatolia ancienne. LeidenBoston.
64. MOUTON, A. 2008 Les Rituels de Naissance Kizzuwatniens: un exemple de rite de passage en Anatolie hittite. Paris.
65. MOUTON, A. 2012 “Le rituel d’Allī d’Arzawa contre un ensorcellement (CTH 402): texte et context”, Colloquium Anatolicum 11: 247-266.
66. MOYER, J.C. 1983 “Hittite and Israelite Cultic Practices: A Selected Comparison”, Scripture in Context II. More Essays on the Comparative Method (Eds. W.W. Hallo/J. C. Moyer/ L.G. Pardue). Winona Lake: 19-38.
67. MURAT, L. 2016 “Anadolu’da Hitit Döneminde Kadın ve Önemi”, Geçmişten Günümüze Şehir ve Kadın I (Ed. O. Köse). Samsun: 73-80
68. MYERHOFF, B. G. 1977 “We Don’t Wrap Herring in a Printed Page: Fusion, Fictions and Continuity in Secular Ritual”, Secular Ritual (Eds. S. F. Moore/B. G. Myerhoff). Amsterdam: 199-226.
69. OETTINGER, N. 1976 Die Militärischen Eide der Hethiter (StBoT 22). Wiesbaden.
70. OTTEN, H. / SOUČEK, V. 1969 Ein althethitisches Ritual für das Königspaar (StBoT 8). Wiesbaden.
71. PAYNE, A. 2012 Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions (SBL 29). Atlanta-Georgia.
72. PELED, I. 2010 “Expelling the Demon of Effeminacy: Anniwiyani’s Ritual and the Question of Homosexuality in Hittite Thought”, Journal of Near Eastern Religions 10/1: 69- 81.
73. PELED, I. 2010a “The Use of Pleasure, Constraints of Desire: Anniwiyani’s Ritual and Sexuality in Hittite magical Ceremonies”, VII. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (Çorum 25- 31 Ağustos 2008) (Ed. A. Süel). Ankara: 623-636.
74. PETER, H. 2004. Götter auf Erden. Hethitische Rituale aus Sicht historischer Religionsanthropologie. Stockholm.
75. POLVANI, A. M. 2010 “Identification of the goddess Huwaššanna with the goddess GAZ.BA.YA”, Studi di Ittitologia in onore de Alfonso Archi (OrNS 79/2) (Eds. R. Francia/G. Torri). Roma: 246-254.
76. POPKO, M. 1975 “Zum hethitischen (KUŠ)kursa-”, Altorientalische Forschungen 2: 65-70.
77. RADCLIFFE-BROWN, A. R. 1945 “Religion and Society”, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 75/1-2: 33-43.
78. REYHAN, E. / CENGİZ, T. B. 2016 “Başkent Hattuşa’nın Şifacı Kadınları: Büyücüler”, Geçmişten Günümüze Kadın I (Ed. O. Köse). Samsun: 105-113.
79. ROVA, E. 2008 “Mirror, Distaff, Pomegranate and Poppy Capsule: On the Ambiguity of Some Attributes of Women and Goddesses”, The Reconstruction of Environment: Natural Resources and Human Interrelations Through Time and Art History: Visual Communication (ICAANE 4/1) (Eds. H. Kühne/R. M. Czichon/F. J. Kreppner). Wiesbaden: 557-570.
80. SINGER, I. 2002 Hittite Prayers (SBL 11). Atlanta-Georgia.
81. STARKE, F. 1990 Untersuchung zur Stammbildung des keilschriftluwischen Nomens (StBoT 31). Wiesbaden.
82. STRAUß, R. 2006 Reinigungsrituale aus Kizzuwatna. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung hethitischer Ritualtradition und Kulturgeschichte. Berlin-New York.
83. SÜEL, A. 1992 “Hitit Kadınının Hukuki Durumu”, Uluslararası 1. Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (19-21 Temmuz 1990). Ankara: 239-253.
84. TAMBIAH, S. J. 1981 “A Performative Approach to Ritual”, Proceedings of the British Academy 65: 113-169.
85. TARACHA, P. 1985 “Zu den Hethitischen taknāz da- Ritualen”, Altorientalische Forschungen 12/2: 278-282.
86. TARACHA, P. 1989 “Manfred Hutter: Behexung, Entsühnung und Heilung. Das Ritual der Tunnawiya für ein Königspaar aus mittelhethitischer Ze,t (KBo XXI-KUB IX 34- KBo XXI 6) )=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Bd. 82). Universitätsverlag Freiburg (Schweiz) und Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1988. 180 S. DM 69”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 79/2: 293-297.
87. TAŞ, İ. 2017 “Hititli Kadın Şifacılar-Şifalandırma Çalışmaları ve Bunların Birleştirici Coğrafya ve Jeokültürel Bellek Esasında Anadolu Kültüründeki Yansımaları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi 15: 48-60.
88. TRABAZO, J. V. G. 2002 Textos Religiosos Hitita: Mitos, Plegarias y Rituales (BCBO 6). Madrid.
89. TURNER, V. W. 1967 The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. New York.
90. ÜNAL, A. 2007 Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. Hamburg.
91. VÖLLING, E. 2011 “Spinnen. B. Archäologisch”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 13: 3-5.
92. WAETZOLDT, H. 2011 “Spinnen. A. Philologisch”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 13: 1–3.
93. YAKAR, J. / TAFFET, A. 2007 “The Spiritiual Connotations of the Spindle and Spinning: Selected Cases from Ancient Anatolia and Neighboring
94. Lands”, Belkıs Dinçol ve Ali Dinçol’a Armağan (Eds. M. Alparslan/M. Doğan-Alparslan/H. Peker). İstanbul: 781- 788.