Monoteizm, Dualizm ve Politeizm Arasında: Eski İran’da Teolojinin Evrimi

Year 2024, Issue: 17, 145 - 170, 28.06.2024

Nevfel Akyar

https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1463476

Abstract

Ahura Mazda ve Zerdüşt teolojik anlamda İran tarihinde en önemli yeri işgal etmektedir. En son çalışmalar dikkate aındığında milattan önce birinci bin yılda veya öncesinde Zerdüşt’ün yeni dinini tebliğ etmesiyle birlikte ilk kez tanınmaya başlanan Ahura Mazda hem bilgeliğin hem de adaletin tecellisi olmuş ve kadir-i mutlak bir tanrı hüviyeti kazanmıştır. Kadim Aryanlar benzer ilahi varlıklara inansalar da bu özellikleri tek bir tanrıda tasvir etmemişlerdi. Zerdüş ise Gatalar’ında tek bir tanrıya yani Ahura Mazda’ya yalvarmaktadır. Zerdüşt sonrası da gerek önceki ilahi varlıkların tekrar Zerdüştî teolojide yer bulması gerekse Gatalar’ın ilahi varlıklarının yeni teolojik anlamlar kazanması sonucu bu durum politeizm, düalizm ve monoteizm arasında zaman içerisinde değişiklik göstermiştir. Teolojideki değişim bazen siyasi otoritenin dahliyle bazen de diğer dinlerin etkisi ile birlikte farklı yönlere doğru eğilmiştir. Makalemiz, Zerdüştî kutsal metinlerinden ve araştırma sonuçlarından oluşan literatürün incelenmesine ve analiz edilmesine dayalı nitel bir çalışma olup “İslam öncesi İran’da Ahura Mazda’nın teolojik konumu zaman içerisinde değişmişmidir?” ve “İran dini algısı ve Ahura Mazda’nın konumu ne ölçüde değişiklik göstermiştir” sorusu üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Amacımız bu sorunların tarih süreç içerisindeki muhtemel cevaplarını araştırmak ve analiz etmektir. Ayrıca tarih içerisindeki değişimin nedenleri ve neden olduğu durumlar üzerine değerlendirmeler ve çıkarımlar yapmak hedeflenmektedir. Ahura Mazda ve dini anlayışın değişimini etkileyen faktörler ise çalışmamız sınırları dışındadır.

Keywords

Dinler Tarihi, Teoloji, İran, Ahura Mazda, Ehrimen, Zurvan

Between Monotheism, Dualism and Polytheism: The Evolution of Theology in Ancient Iran

Abstract

In Iranian history, the figures of Ahura Mazda and Zoroaster occupy a pivotal position in theological terms. In light of the most recent scholarship, Ahura Mazda, who first became known after Zoroaster preached his new religion in the first millennium BCE or before, came to be regarded as the embodiment of both wisdom and justice and acquired the identity of an omnipotent deity. Although the ancient Aryans held similar beliefs about divine beings, they did not ascribe these characteristics to a single deity. In contrast, Zarathustra implores a singular deity, namely Ahura Mazda, in his Gathas. Following Zoroaster, the situation underwent a transformation over time, evolving from polytheism, dualism, and monotheism. This was due to the reincorporation of previous divine beings into Zoroastrian theology and the acquisition of new theological meanings by the divine beings of the Gatas. The evolution of Zoroastrian theology has followed a variety of trajectories, at times shaped by the actions of political authorities and at other times influenced by the tenets of other religious traditions. This article presents a qualitative study based on an examination and analysis of the extant literature on Zoroastrian sacred texts and research results. The question of whether the theological position of Ahura Mazda has changed over time in pre-Islamic Iran is of interest. This article focuses on the question of how the perception of Iranian religion and the position of Ahura Mazda have changed. The objective of this study is to investigate and analyze potential responses to these issues throughout history. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate and infer reasons for change throughout history and the circumstances it produced. However, the factors influencing Ahura Mazda and the evolution of religious understanding are beyond the scope of this study.

Keywords

History of Religions, Theology, Iran, Ahura Mazda, Ahriman, Zurvan

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