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The Cult of Mary Nourished by Apocryphal Texts

Year 2024, Issue: 17, 81 - 103, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1476407

Abstract

Apocryphal Works are texts thar are not included in the Holy Bible but hold religious significance in some Christian communities. Among these texts are narratives about the life of the mother of Jesus Mary. Particularly, some apocryphal Works contain accounts of Mary’s life, miracles, and details related to the birth of Jesus. These Works have influenced the shaping of Mary’s life and the formation of a cult around her over time, especially in Christian communities such as Catholic Church, which holds Mary in high esteem. These apocryphal texts not only contributed to the formation of a cult but also played a role in the dogmatization of beliefs about Mary in Catholicism, as they contain the seeds of beliefs related to her. Works that depict Mary’s life can be categorized into two groups: Infancy Gospels, which focus on her birth and youth, and Works that depict her later life, known as the “Dormition Tradition”. Some Infancy Gospels, focus on Mary as the central character and narrate events through her life. Among these, the most well-known and widespread is the Infancy Gospel of James. In this study, in addition to the Infancy Gospel of James, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew is also considered deu to its contribution to the formation of the cult of Mary. In Catholicism, the death and assumption of Mary were declared as dogma, a belief essential to the faith, in 1950. The oldest sources nourishing this belief are apocryphal Works. Within the scope of this article and fort he understanding of the subject, the works “Mary’s Repose” and the “Six Books Dormition Apocryphon”, which depict the end of Mary’s life, will be discussed. These Works provide information about Mary’s death ans assumption into heaven that is not found in canonical sources or early Christian records.

References

  • Ambrose. (1898). Concerning virgins. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Second Series) (C. 10, ss. 790-847). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Becerra, D. (2019). The Canonization of the new testament. İçinde L. H. Blumell (Ed.), New Testament History, Culture and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament (ss. 772-786). Deseret Book.
  • Carroll, E. R. (2003). Devotion to Blessed Virgin Mary. İçinde New Catholic Encyclopedia (1-9, ss. 266-271). Thomson Gale.
  • Cullman, O. (2003). Infancy gospels. İçinde New Testament (C. 1, ss. 414-469). Westminster John Knox.
  • Elliott, J. K. (1999). The Apocryphal new testament. Clarendon Press.
  • Elliott, J. K. (2015). Christian apocrypha and the developing role of Mary. İçinde A. Gregory & C. Tuckett (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha (ss. 269-288). Oxford University Press.
  • Fifth-Century Syriac Palimsest Fragments of the Six Books. (2006). İçinde S. J. Shoemaker (Çev.), Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption (ss. 370-374). Oxford University Press.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (1998). Apokrif. İçinde Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. Vadi.
  • Jerome. (1954). The Perpetual virginity of Blessed Mary: Against helvidius. İçinde Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of The Christian Church (2. bs, C. 6). WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Klauck, H. J. (2010). Apocrypha cluster. İçinde The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity (ss. 60-62). Cambridge University Press.
  • Küçük, M. A. (2009). Kutsal kitap anlayışı: Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam Örneği. Berikan.
  • Matta. (1885). The Gospel of pseudo-matthew. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), Ante Nicene Fathers (C. 8, ss. 1244-1293). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • National Museum of Women in the arts. (2014). Picturing Mary: Woman, Mother, Idea. National Museum of Women in the Arts.
  • Papa VI. Paul. (1964). Lumen Gentium. https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen- gentium_en.html
  • Papa XII. Pius. (1950). Munificentissimus deus: Defining the dogma of the Assumption.
  • Roth, G. E. (2011). Paradox beyond nature: The Marian homilies of germanos I, Patriarch of Constantinople (715- 730). International Marian Research Institute.
  • Rouillard, P., & Krosnicki, T. (2003). Marian feasts. İçinde B. L. Marthaler (Ed.), New Catholic Encyclopedia (second Edition) (C. 9, ss. 157-159). Thomson Gale.
  • Sarıkçıoğlu, E. (2009). Diğer İnciller (Apokrif İnciller). Fakülte Kitabevi.
  • Schaff, P. (Ed.). (1885). The Book of John Concerning the falling asleep of Mary. İçinde Ante Nicene Fathers (C. 8, ss. 1692-1700). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Shoemaker, S. J. (2004). Ancient traditions of the Virgin Mary’s dormition and assumption. Oxford University Press.
  • Shoemaker, S. J. (2016). Mary in early Christian faith and devotion. Yale University Press.
  • Tertullian. (1885a). On the flesh of Christ. İçinde Ante Nicene Fathers (1-3, ss. 1149-1201). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Tertullian. (1885b). On the veiling of virgins. İçinde Ante Nicene Fathers (1-4, ss. 54-81). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • The Ethiopic Liber requiei. (2006). İçinde S. J. Shoemaker (Çev.), Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption (ss. 290-350). Oxford University Press.
  • The Ethiopic Six Books. (2006). İçinde S. J. Shoemaker (Çev.), Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption (ss. 275-396). Oxford University Press.
  • Tromp, J. (2010). Assumption. İçinde D. Patte (Ed.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity (s. 79). Cambridge University Press.
  • Tümer, G. (2011). Hıristiyanlıkta ve İslamda Hz. Meryem (4. bs). Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Warner, M. (2013). Alone of all her sex: The Myth & The Cult of the Virgin Mary (Oxford).
  • Williams, F. (2013). The Panarion of epiphanius of salamis, Books II and III. De fide. Brill.
  • Yitik, A. İ. (2001). Hazreti Meryem ve Efes: Dinler tarihi yazıları (TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi). Tibyan Yayıncılık. http://ktp.isam.org.tr/ktp/recordview.php?idno=64270&ele=%3D&wKitaplar=Meryem
  • Yitik, A. İ. (2016). İncillere ve Kur’ân’a göre Hz. Meryem’in müjdelenmesi ve İsa’nın doğumu. İçinde Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihinin Kurumsallaşması Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük (ss. 409-422). Berikan.

Apokrif Eserlerden Beslenen Meryem Kültü

Year 2024, Issue: 17, 81 - 103, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1476407

Abstract

Apokrif eserler, Kutsal Kitap’ta yer almayan ancak bazı Hristiyan topluluklarında dini öneme sahip olan metinlerdir. Bu metinler arasında İsa’nın annesi Meryem’in yaşamına dair anlatımlar bulunur. Özellikle bazı apokrif eserlerde Meryem’in yaşamına, mucizelerine ve İsa’nın doğumuyla ilgili detaylara dair anlatılar bulunmaktadır. Bu eserler, Katolik Kilisesi gibi Meryem’e büyük önem veren Hristiyan topluluklarında Meryem’in hayatının şekillenmesine ve zamanla onunla ilgili bir kült oluşumunu etkilemiştir. Bahse konu olan apokrifler sadece bir kült oluşturmakla kalmayıp Katoliklikte Meryem’le ilgili inanç esaslarının nüvelerini içinde barındırmasından dolayı bu inançların dogmalaşmasında etkin olmuştur. Meryem’in hayatına yer veren eserler iki kategoride ele alınabilir. Onun doğumu ve gençliğini ele alan çocukluk İncilleri ile hayatının sonuna yer veren ve “Uyku Geleneği” (Dormition Tradition) olarak adlandırılan eserler grubudur. İsa’nın çocukluğuna yer vermesinden dolayı Çocukluk İncilleri olarak adlandırılan bazı apokrif metinlerde ana kahraman Meryem’dir ve anlatı onun hayatı üzerinden akar. Bunlardan en bilinen ve yaygın olanı Yakup İncilidir. Bu çalışmada, Meryem kültünün oluşumuna katkısından dolayı Yakup İnciline ek olarak Sözde Matta İncili de ele alınmıştır. Katoliklerde, Meryem’in ölümü ve göğe yükselmesi 1950 yılında dogma yani bir inanç esası olarak ilan edilmiştir. Bu inanç esasını besleyen en eski kaynaklar ise apokrif eserlerdir. Makale kapsamından ve konunun anlaşılmasından dolayı Meryem’in hayatının sonunu ele alan eserler arasından” Book of Mary’s Repose” (Meryem’in Uykusu) ve “Six Books Dormition Apocryphon” (Meryem’in Uykusunu anlatan Altı Apokrif Eser) eserleri ele alınacaktır. Bu eserler, kanonik kaynaklarda ve erken dönem Hristiyan kayıtlarında yer almayan Meryem’in vefatı ve göğe yükselmesiyle ilgili bilgileri bize sunmaktadır.

References

  • Ambrose. (1898). Concerning virgins. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Second Series) (C. 10, ss. 790-847). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Becerra, D. (2019). The Canonization of the new testament. İçinde L. H. Blumell (Ed.), New Testament History, Culture and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament (ss. 772-786). Deseret Book.
  • Carroll, E. R. (2003). Devotion to Blessed Virgin Mary. İçinde New Catholic Encyclopedia (1-9, ss. 266-271). Thomson Gale.
  • Cullman, O. (2003). Infancy gospels. İçinde New Testament (C. 1, ss. 414-469). Westminster John Knox.
  • Elliott, J. K. (1999). The Apocryphal new testament. Clarendon Press.
  • Elliott, J. K. (2015). Christian apocrypha and the developing role of Mary. İçinde A. Gregory & C. Tuckett (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha (ss. 269-288). Oxford University Press.
  • Fifth-Century Syriac Palimsest Fragments of the Six Books. (2006). İçinde S. J. Shoemaker (Çev.), Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption (ss. 370-374). Oxford University Press.
  • Gündüz, Ş. (1998). Apokrif. İçinde Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. Vadi.
  • Jerome. (1954). The Perpetual virginity of Blessed Mary: Against helvidius. İçinde Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of The Christian Church (2. bs, C. 6). WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Klauck, H. J. (2010). Apocrypha cluster. İçinde The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity (ss. 60-62). Cambridge University Press.
  • Küçük, M. A. (2009). Kutsal kitap anlayışı: Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam Örneği. Berikan.
  • Matta. (1885). The Gospel of pseudo-matthew. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), Ante Nicene Fathers (C. 8, ss. 1244-1293). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • National Museum of Women in the arts. (2014). Picturing Mary: Woman, Mother, Idea. National Museum of Women in the Arts.
  • Papa VI. Paul. (1964). Lumen Gentium. https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen- gentium_en.html
  • Papa XII. Pius. (1950). Munificentissimus deus: Defining the dogma of the Assumption.
  • Roth, G. E. (2011). Paradox beyond nature: The Marian homilies of germanos I, Patriarch of Constantinople (715- 730). International Marian Research Institute.
  • Rouillard, P., & Krosnicki, T. (2003). Marian feasts. İçinde B. L. Marthaler (Ed.), New Catholic Encyclopedia (second Edition) (C. 9, ss. 157-159). Thomson Gale.
  • Sarıkçıoğlu, E. (2009). Diğer İnciller (Apokrif İnciller). Fakülte Kitabevi.
  • Schaff, P. (Ed.). (1885). The Book of John Concerning the falling asleep of Mary. İçinde Ante Nicene Fathers (C. 8, ss. 1692-1700). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Shoemaker, S. J. (2004). Ancient traditions of the Virgin Mary’s dormition and assumption. Oxford University Press.
  • Shoemaker, S. J. (2016). Mary in early Christian faith and devotion. Yale University Press.
  • Tertullian. (1885a). On the flesh of Christ. İçinde Ante Nicene Fathers (1-3, ss. 1149-1201). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Tertullian. (1885b). On the veiling of virgins. İçinde Ante Nicene Fathers (1-4, ss. 54-81). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • The Ethiopic Liber requiei. (2006). İçinde S. J. Shoemaker (Çev.), Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption (ss. 290-350). Oxford University Press.
  • The Ethiopic Six Books. (2006). İçinde S. J. Shoemaker (Çev.), Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption (ss. 275-396). Oxford University Press.
  • Tromp, J. (2010). Assumption. İçinde D. Patte (Ed.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity (s. 79). Cambridge University Press.
  • Tümer, G. (2011). Hıristiyanlıkta ve İslamda Hz. Meryem (4. bs). Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Warner, M. (2013). Alone of all her sex: The Myth & The Cult of the Virgin Mary (Oxford).
  • Williams, F. (2013). The Panarion of epiphanius of salamis, Books II and III. De fide. Brill.
  • Yitik, A. İ. (2001). Hazreti Meryem ve Efes: Dinler tarihi yazıları (TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi). Tibyan Yayıncılık. http://ktp.isam.org.tr/ktp/recordview.php?idno=64270&ele=%3D&wKitaplar=Meryem
  • Yitik, A. İ. (2016). İncillere ve Kur’ân’a göre Hz. Meryem’in müjdelenmesi ve İsa’nın doğumu. İçinde Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihinin Kurumsallaşması Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük (ss. 409-422). Berikan.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Christian Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hülya Yıldız 0000-0001-9668-2672

Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date April 30, 2024
Acceptance Date May 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Yıldız, H. (2024). Apokrif Eserlerden Beslenen Meryem Kültü. Türkiye Din Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi(17), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1476407

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