Research Article
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A Study on Sexual Harassment to Professional Tour Guides

Year 2019, , 72 - 87, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.591586

Abstract

Purpose and Importance: In this study, it is aimed to
reveal sexual harassment experiences of tourist guides in Turkey. Sexual
harassment is one of gender based problems which can be expressed as a
sociological problem in the profession of tourist guides. The study topic is
important because results will reveal the impact of attitude of sexual
harassment, which may affect the service quality of tour guides and their
professional belonging.

Methodology: A questionnaire with an open-ended questions in
the end was applied to all tourist guides in Turkey. Grounded theory, which is
one of the mixed methods, was used in the study.

Findings: As a result of this research, it was found that
the sexual harassment tendency towards male tourist guides was higher among the
guests. In the open-ended question, the participants stated that there were
problems in the behavior of tour staff rather than guests in terms of
gender-based problems and that they negatively affected tour management.







Originality/Value: In the related literature, it
has been determined that there are studies about tourism management personnel
but there is no research about tourist guides. The issue of sexual harassment,
which is one of the professional problems of professional tourist guides, will
be discussed.

References

  • Alrawadieh, Z., Alrawadieh, Z., & Kozak, M. (2019). Exploring the impact of tourist harassment on destination image, tourist expenditure, and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 73, 13-20.
  • Antecol, H., Barcus, V. E., ve Cobb-Clark, D. (2009). Gender-biased behavior at work: Exploring the relationship between sexual harassment and sex discrimination. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(5), 782-792.
  • Arslan, M. ve Vasılyeva, M. (2003). İşyerinde Algılanan Cinsel Tacizin Kültürler Arası Farkı; Türkiye ve Rusya-Saha Cumhuriyetinde Bir Uygulama, 11. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Mayıs, Afyon, 461-462.
  • Becton, J. B., Gilstrap, J. B., ve Forsyth, M. (2017). Preventing and correcting workplace harassment: Guidelines for employers. Business Horizons, 60(1), 101-111.
  • Büyüköztürk. Ş. (2006). Soysal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları
  • Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
  • Eller, M. E. (1990). Sexual harassment in the hotel industry: the need to focus on prevention. Hospitality Research Journal, 14(2), 431-440.
  • Erkol Bayram, G., Keskin, M., İpar, M.S. ve Ak, S. (2018). “Kadın Rehberlerin Toplumsal Rolleri ve Çalışma Yaşamında Karşılaştıkları Cinsiyet Temelli Sorunlar”, İçinde: Turist Rehberliği Üzerine Güncel Araştırmalar, (Ed: N. Hacıoğlu, C. Avcıkurt, A. Kılıç, H. Ulusoy Yıldırım). ss. 456-467, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • European Commission (1998). Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in the European Union. European Commission, Brussells.
  • Faley, R. H., Knapp, D. E., Kustis, G. A., Dubois, C. L., Young, J. ve Polin, B. (2006). Estimating the organizational costs of same-sex sexual harassment: The case of the US Army. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 557-577.
  • Gilbert, D., Guerrier, Y., Guy, J., (1998). Sexual harassment issues in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 10 (2), 48–53.
  • Hoel, H. ve Einarsen, S. (2003). Violence at work in hotels, catering and tourism. International Labous Office.
  • Huang, F. Y. (1995). A study of sexual harassment at workplace and its prevention. Shih Shuo, 82, 28–36.
  • Koparan, E. ve Yücel, B. E. (2010). Güç mesafesi ve cinsel taciz davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin yönünü belirlemeye yönelik görgül bir çalışma. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 11-18.
  • Leavy, Patricia (2014). The Oxford handbook of qualitative research. Oxford Library ofPsychology, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, 1-773.
  • Lincoln, Yvonna S., Guba, Egon, G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
  • Lin, Y. H. (2006). The incidence of sexual harassment of students while undergoing practicum training experience in the Taiwanese hospitality industry—individuals reactions and relationships to perpetrators. Tourism Management, 27(1), 51-68.
  • Luthar H. K. ve Luthar, V. K. (2007). A Theoretical Framework Explaining Cross-CulturalSexual Harassment: Integrating Hofstede and Schwartz, Journal Of Labor Research, Vol. XXVIII, (1), 169-188.
  • Luthar, H. K. ve Pastille, C. (2000). Modeling Subordinate Perceptions Of Sexual Harassment: The Role Of Superior-Subordinate Social-Sexual Interaction, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.10, (2), 211-244.
  • Merkin, R. (2009). South American perspectives on sexual harassment: The standpoint in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 10, 357-376.
  • Mimaroğlu, A. G. H. ve Özgen, H. (2008). Örgütlerde Güç Eşitsizlikleri ve Cinsel Taciz. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 321-334.
  • Mkono, M. (2010). Zimbabwean hospitality students’ experiences of sexual harassment in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 729-735.
  • Oktay, A. (2001). İşyerinde Cinsel Taciz ve İstismar. Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, (7).
  • O’Donohue, W., Downs, K. ve Yeater, E. A. (1998). Sexual harassment: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(2), 111-128.
  • Posner, R. A. (1999). Employment discrimination: age discrimination and sexual harassment. International Review of Law and Economics, 19(4), 421-446.
  • Poulston, J. (2008). Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(4), 412-427.
  • Reilly, M. E., Lott, B. ve Gallogly, S. M. (1986). Sexual harassment of university students. Sex Roles, 15(7-8), 333-358.
  • Saldana, Johnny (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SagePublication Ltd., London, 1-240.
  • Saunders, S. ve AM, P. E. (2013). The nature, pervasiveness and manifestations of sexual harassment in rural Australia: Does ‘masculinity’of workplace make a difference?. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 40, pp. 121-131). Pergamon.
  • Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E. ve Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International journal of nursing studies, 51(1), 72-84.
  • Schneider, M. ve Phillips, S. P. (1997). A qualitative study of sexual harassment of female doctors by patients. Social science & medicine, 45(5), 669-676.
  • Solmuş, T. (2005). İş Yaşamında Travmalar: Cinsel Taciz Ve Duygusal Zorbalık/Taciz (Mobbing). ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 7(2), 1-14.
  • Sözer, M.A. ve Clevenger, S. (2010). Üniversite kampüslerinde uygulanan tecavüz ve cinsel tacizi önleme eğitim programlarının etkililiği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 89-121.
  • Timmerman, G. ve Bajema, C. (1999). Sexual harassment in northwest Europe. European Journal of Women's Studies, 6(4), 419-439.
  • Ullman, S. E. (2007). A 10-year update of ‘Review and critique f empirical studies of rape avoidance”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34 (3), 411-429.
  • Unur, K. ve Şanlı, S. C. (2018). Staj Yapan Öğrencilere Yönelik Cinsel Taciz: Otel İşletmeleri Örneği. Journal of Travel and Hospitality Management, 15(1), 149-161.
  • Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi, (4. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Wasti, S.A., Bergman, M.E., Glomb, T.M. ve Drasgow. F. (2000). “Test of the Cross Cultural Generalizability of a Model of Sexual Harassment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 766–778.
  • West, C. ve Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference. Gender & society, 9(1), 8-37.
  • Woods, R. H. ve Kavanaugh, R. R. (1994). Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment as Experienced by Hospitality-Industry Managers: More than 80 percent of the men and women surveyed perceive gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace as an ongoing problem. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 35(1), 16-21.
  • Worsfold, P. ve McCann, C. (2000). Supervised work experience and sexual harassment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(4), 249-255.
  • Zengin, B., Eker, N. ve Erkol Bayram, G. (2017). “Turist Rehberliği Meslek Kanununun Profesyonel Turist Rehberlerince Değerlendirilmesi”. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 14(2), 142-156.

Profesyonel Turist Rehberlerine Yönelik Cinsel Taciz İle İlgili Bir Araştırma

Year 2019, , 72 - 87, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.591586

Abstract

Amaç ve Önem: Bu çalışmada,
Türkiye’de, turist rehberlerinin mesleğinde sosyolojik bir problem olarak ifade
edilebilen, cinsiyet temelli sorunlardan cinsel taciz deneyimlerinin ortaya
çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Tur yönetimini, meslek aidiyetini ve turist
rehberlerinin hizmet kalitesini etkileyebilen bir problem olması sebebiyle önem
arz etmektedir. 

Yöntem: Cinsel taciz gibi
bir tutumun Türkiye’yi ziyaret eden misafirlerde söz konusu olup olmadığını ve
bunun rehberlerin mesleğine etkisini ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla Türkiye’deki tüm
profesyonel turist rehberlerine anket uygulanmış ve açık uçlu soru
yöneltilmiştir. Çalışmada karma yöntemlerden gömülü desen araştırma
kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Bu kapsamda
araştırma sonucunda, misafirlerde erkek turist rehberlerine yönelik cinsel
taciz eğiliminin daha yüksek olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Açık uçlu soruda ise
katılımcılar, cinsiyet temelli sorunlar konusunda misafirlerden ziyade, tur
personelinin davranışlarında problemler olduğunu ve tur yönetimini olumsuz
yönde etkilediğini ifade etmişlerdir.







Özgünlük/
Bilimsel Katkıs

İlgili alan yazında, bu konuda turizm işletme personelleri ile ilgili
çalışmaların yapıldığı fakat turist rehberleri ile ilgili bir araştırmanın
olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada özellikle Profesyonel turist rehberlerinin
mesleki sorunlarından cinsel taciz konusuna değinilmiştir.

References

  • Alrawadieh, Z., Alrawadieh, Z., & Kozak, M. (2019). Exploring the impact of tourist harassment on destination image, tourist expenditure, and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 73, 13-20.
  • Antecol, H., Barcus, V. E., ve Cobb-Clark, D. (2009). Gender-biased behavior at work: Exploring the relationship between sexual harassment and sex discrimination. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(5), 782-792.
  • Arslan, M. ve Vasılyeva, M. (2003). İşyerinde Algılanan Cinsel Tacizin Kültürler Arası Farkı; Türkiye ve Rusya-Saha Cumhuriyetinde Bir Uygulama, 11. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Mayıs, Afyon, 461-462.
  • Becton, J. B., Gilstrap, J. B., ve Forsyth, M. (2017). Preventing and correcting workplace harassment: Guidelines for employers. Business Horizons, 60(1), 101-111.
  • Büyüköztürk. Ş. (2006). Soysal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları
  • Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
  • Eller, M. E. (1990). Sexual harassment in the hotel industry: the need to focus on prevention. Hospitality Research Journal, 14(2), 431-440.
  • Erkol Bayram, G., Keskin, M., İpar, M.S. ve Ak, S. (2018). “Kadın Rehberlerin Toplumsal Rolleri ve Çalışma Yaşamında Karşılaştıkları Cinsiyet Temelli Sorunlar”, İçinde: Turist Rehberliği Üzerine Güncel Araştırmalar, (Ed: N. Hacıoğlu, C. Avcıkurt, A. Kılıç, H. Ulusoy Yıldırım). ss. 456-467, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • European Commission (1998). Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in the European Union. European Commission, Brussells.
  • Faley, R. H., Knapp, D. E., Kustis, G. A., Dubois, C. L., Young, J. ve Polin, B. (2006). Estimating the organizational costs of same-sex sexual harassment: The case of the US Army. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 557-577.
  • Gilbert, D., Guerrier, Y., Guy, J., (1998). Sexual harassment issues in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 10 (2), 48–53.
  • Hoel, H. ve Einarsen, S. (2003). Violence at work in hotels, catering and tourism. International Labous Office.
  • Huang, F. Y. (1995). A study of sexual harassment at workplace and its prevention. Shih Shuo, 82, 28–36.
  • Koparan, E. ve Yücel, B. E. (2010). Güç mesafesi ve cinsel taciz davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin yönünü belirlemeye yönelik görgül bir çalışma. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 11-18.
  • Leavy, Patricia (2014). The Oxford handbook of qualitative research. Oxford Library ofPsychology, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, 1-773.
  • Lincoln, Yvonna S., Guba, Egon, G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
  • Lin, Y. H. (2006). The incidence of sexual harassment of students while undergoing practicum training experience in the Taiwanese hospitality industry—individuals reactions and relationships to perpetrators. Tourism Management, 27(1), 51-68.
  • Luthar H. K. ve Luthar, V. K. (2007). A Theoretical Framework Explaining Cross-CulturalSexual Harassment: Integrating Hofstede and Schwartz, Journal Of Labor Research, Vol. XXVIII, (1), 169-188.
  • Luthar, H. K. ve Pastille, C. (2000). Modeling Subordinate Perceptions Of Sexual Harassment: The Role Of Superior-Subordinate Social-Sexual Interaction, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.10, (2), 211-244.
  • Merkin, R. (2009). South American perspectives on sexual harassment: The standpoint in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 10, 357-376.
  • Mimaroğlu, A. G. H. ve Özgen, H. (2008). Örgütlerde Güç Eşitsizlikleri ve Cinsel Taciz. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 321-334.
  • Mkono, M. (2010). Zimbabwean hospitality students’ experiences of sexual harassment in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 729-735.
  • Oktay, A. (2001). İşyerinde Cinsel Taciz ve İstismar. Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, (7).
  • O’Donohue, W., Downs, K. ve Yeater, E. A. (1998). Sexual harassment: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(2), 111-128.
  • Posner, R. A. (1999). Employment discrimination: age discrimination and sexual harassment. International Review of Law and Economics, 19(4), 421-446.
  • Poulston, J. (2008). Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(4), 412-427.
  • Reilly, M. E., Lott, B. ve Gallogly, S. M. (1986). Sexual harassment of university students. Sex Roles, 15(7-8), 333-358.
  • Saldana, Johnny (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SagePublication Ltd., London, 1-240.
  • Saunders, S. ve AM, P. E. (2013). The nature, pervasiveness and manifestations of sexual harassment in rural Australia: Does ‘masculinity’of workplace make a difference?. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 40, pp. 121-131). Pergamon.
  • Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E. ve Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International journal of nursing studies, 51(1), 72-84.
  • Schneider, M. ve Phillips, S. P. (1997). A qualitative study of sexual harassment of female doctors by patients. Social science & medicine, 45(5), 669-676.
  • Solmuş, T. (2005). İş Yaşamında Travmalar: Cinsel Taciz Ve Duygusal Zorbalık/Taciz (Mobbing). ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 7(2), 1-14.
  • Sözer, M.A. ve Clevenger, S. (2010). Üniversite kampüslerinde uygulanan tecavüz ve cinsel tacizi önleme eğitim programlarının etkililiği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 89-121.
  • Timmerman, G. ve Bajema, C. (1999). Sexual harassment in northwest Europe. European Journal of Women's Studies, 6(4), 419-439.
  • Ullman, S. E. (2007). A 10-year update of ‘Review and critique f empirical studies of rape avoidance”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34 (3), 411-429.
  • Unur, K. ve Şanlı, S. C. (2018). Staj Yapan Öğrencilere Yönelik Cinsel Taciz: Otel İşletmeleri Örneği. Journal of Travel and Hospitality Management, 15(1), 149-161.
  • Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi, (4. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Wasti, S.A., Bergman, M.E., Glomb, T.M. ve Drasgow. F. (2000). “Test of the Cross Cultural Generalizability of a Model of Sexual Harassment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 766–778.
  • West, C. ve Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference. Gender & society, 9(1), 8-37.
  • Woods, R. H. ve Kavanaugh, R. R. (1994). Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment as Experienced by Hospitality-Industry Managers: More than 80 percent of the men and women surveyed perceive gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace as an ongoing problem. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 35(1), 16-21.
  • Worsfold, P. ve McCann, C. (2000). Supervised work experience and sexual harassment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(4), 249-255.
  • Zengin, B., Eker, N. ve Erkol Bayram, G. (2017). “Turist Rehberliği Meslek Kanununun Profesyonel Turist Rehberlerince Değerlendirilmesi”. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 14(2), 142-156.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülsün Yıldırım 0000-0001-5299-5722

Özlem Özbek 0000-0001-6999-9324

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Yıldırım, G., & Özbek, Ö. (2019). Profesyonel Turist Rehberlerine Yönelik Cinsel Taciz İle İlgili Bir Araştırma. Turist Rehberliği Dergisi (TURED), 2(2), 72-87. https://doi.org/10.34090/tured.591586