Farklı Sulama Sistemlerinin Zayıf Strüktürlü Toprağın Fiziksel Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Aşırı arazi kullanımı nedeniyle toprakların yapısal olarak bozulması, son yıllarda tarımsal sürdürülebilirliği olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Bu araştırmada kabuklanma sorununun görüldüğü bir bölgede beş yıl boyunca uygulanan farklı sulama yöntemlerinin toprağın fiziksel kalitesine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Buğday yetiştirilen ve 4 farklı sulama sistemine [Doğal yağış (DY), linear pivot sulama (LPS), yeraltı damlama sulama (YDS) ve yağmurlama sulama (YS)] sahip bir bölgeden 0-20 cm derinlikten bozulmuş ve bozulmamış toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Çalışmada, toprağın ortalama ağırlık çapı (OAÇ), suya dayanıklı agregatlar, doygunluk düzeyi (Θs), tarla kapasitesi (TK), solma noktası, yarayışlı su içeriği (YSİ), havalanma kapasitesi, kırılma indeksi, plastik limit (PL), likit limit (LL) ve plastiklik indeksi (Pİ) belirlenmiştir. Suya dayanıklı agregatlar, DY sisteminde en düşük % 7.76 olurken; bu sonuç, % 150.64 artarak YDS sisteminde % 19.45'e çıkmıştır. Toprakların OAÇ değerleri DY sisteminde 0.178 mm bulunmuş olup, bu değer YDS sisteminde artarak 0.467 mm olarak bulunmuştur. Yeraltı damlama sulama sisteminde; Θs, TK ve YSİ bakımından en yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Kırılma indeksi DY sisteminde 151.56 kPA olarak bulunurken; LPS, YDS ve YS alanlarında sırasıyla 154.4, 44.78 ve 154.2 kPA olarak bulunmuştur. Farklı sulama sistemleri toprakların PL, LL ve Pİ değerlerinde herhangi bir değişime neden olmamış; bu değerler sırasıyla ortalama, % 44.57, 21.14 ve 23.44 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda toprak agregat stabilitesi ve su karakteristik özellikleri sonuçlarının uzun yıllar takip edilmesi ve farklı toprak türlerinde incelenmesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca arazilerin sürdürülebilir kullanımı için sulama sistemlerinin olası etkilerinin dikkate alınması gerektiği önerilmiştir.

Keywords

• Toprak agregasyonu
• Toprak kabuklanması
• Sulama yöntemleri
• Toprak kalitesi

Impact of Different Irrigation Systems on the Physical Quality of Weak Structured Soil

Abstract

In recent decades, agricultural sustainability has been negatively affected by the structural degradation of soils resulting from excessive land use. In this research, the impact of different irrigation methods applied for five years in a region experiencing crusting issues on the soil's physical quality was investigated. Soil samples were taken from a region where wheat is grown and four different irrigation systems [Natural rainfall (NR), linear pivot irrigation (LPI), subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and sprinkler irrigation (SI)] are employed, at depths of 0-20 cm, from both degraded and undegraded soils. The soil's mean weight diameter (MWD), water-resistant aggregates (WRA), saturation level (Θs), field capacity (FC), wilting point, available water content (AWC), aeration capacity, modulus of rupture, plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), and plasticity index (PI) were determined. The soil's WRA were found to be the lowest at 7.76% in the NR, but this result increased by 150.64% to 19.45% in the SDI. The MWD values of the soils in the NR system were found to be 0.178 mm and it has been found to increase in the SDI system, reaching 0.467 mm. In the SDI system, the highest values were obtained for Θs, FC, and AWC. While the modulus of rupture was found to be 151.56 kPA in the NR, it was found 154.4, 44.78 and 154.2 kPA in the LPI, SDI and SI areas, respectively. The PL, LL, and PI values of the soils were not affected by different irrigation systems, and values were determined as 44.57%, 21.14%, and 23.44%, on average respectively. In this direction, the necessity of monitoring the results of soil aggregate stability and water characteristics for many years and examining them in different soil types has emerged. In addition, it has been suggested that the possible effects of irrigation systems should be considered for the sustainable use of lands.

Keywords

• Soil aggregation
• Soil crusting
• İrrigation methods
• Soil quality

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