Research Article
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Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 209 - 221, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.407623

Abstract

Present
study included isolation of microorganisms during the mesophilic
stage of composting and their reuse in compost mixture
to enhance organic matter degradation. Effect of microorganism addition on
compost degradation was investigated in the presence of microorganisms obtained
by isolation from a miniscule composting system. Effects of water addition and
time of mixing were applied as extreme composting conditions. Isolates were
obtained from these systems and inoculated to determine the most resistant
microorganisms. 16S rRNA sequencing of selected strains indicated the presence
of
Escherichia, Enterococcus and Streptomyces
genus. These microorganisms were added to a large-scale compost mixture to
accelerate degradation of organic matter. Results indicated 20 and 38%
decreases of organic matter in the
sole
utilization of
Streptomyces sp. K1P07
and ternary utilization at the end of 14 days.
Escherichia and Enterococcus inhibited
degradation in the case of binary utilization. Isolation of microorganisms from
the original flora of the compost mixture had accelerated composting due to
interaction among themselves. Member of Actinomycetes, in particular, was shown
to be effective even in the case of sole utilization. Higher amounts of
biomass-oriented wastes could be removed since composting would be terminated
in shorter times with the use of these microorganisms. 

References

  • Anonymous, 2003. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Eleventh Informational Supplement, M100-s11. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Wayne, PA, USA.
  • Anonymous, 2014. ASTM D2974-14, Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (www.astm.org).
  • Araújo, T.F., Ferreira, C.L.D.L.F., 2013. The genus Enterococcus as probiotic: safety concerns. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56(3): 457-466.
  • Arias, O., Viña, S., Uzal, M., Soto, M., 2017. Composting of pig manure and forest green waste amended with industrial sludge. Science of The Total Environment, 586: 1228-1236.
  • Awasthi, M.K., Pandey, A.K., Bundela, P.S., Wong, J.WC., Li, R., Zhang, Z., 2016. Co-composting of gelatin industry sludge combined with organic fraction of municipal solid waste and poultry waste employing zeolite mixed with enriched nitrifying bacterial consortium, Bioresource Technology, 213: 181-189.
  • Białobrzewski, I., Mikš-Krajnik, M., Dach, J., Markowski, M., Czekała, W., Głuchowska, K., 2015. Model of the sewage sludge-straw composting process integrating different heat generation capacities of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms. Waste Management, 43: 72-83.
  • Bouteleux, C., Saby, S., Tozza, D., Cavard, J., Lahoussine, V., Hartemann, P., Mathieu, L., 2005. Escherichia coli behavior in the presence of organic matter released by algae exposed to water treatment chemicals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(2): 734-740.
  • Burdett, I., Kirkwood, T., Whalley, J., 1986. Growth kinetics of individual Bacillus subtilis cells and correlation with nucleoid extension. Journal of Bacteriology, 167(1): 219-230.
  • Canet, R., Pomares, F., Cabot, B., Chaves, C., Ferrer, E., Ribó, M., Albiach, M.R., 2008. Composting olive mill pomace and other residues from rural southeastern Spain. Waste Management, 28(12): 2585-2592.
  • Delgado-Moreno, L., Peña, A., 2009. Compost and vermicompost of olive cake to bioremediate triazines-contaminated soil. Science of The Total Environment, 407(5): 1489-1495.
  • Flowers, T., Williams, S., 1977. Measurement of growth rates of Streptomycetes: comparison of turbidimetric and gravimetric techniques. Microbiology, 98(1): 285-289.
  • Grube, M., Lin, J., Lee, P., Kokorevicha, S., 2006. Evaluation of sewage sludge-based compost by FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma, 130(3): 324-333.
  • Gtari, M., Ghodhbane-Gtari, F., Nouioui, I., Beauchemin, N., Tisa, L.S., 2012. Phylogenetic perspectives of nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria. Archieve Microbiolology, 194(1): 3-11.
  • Hou, N., Wen, L., Cao, H., Liu, K., An, X., Li, D., Wang, H., Du, X., Li, C., 2017. Role of psychrotrophic bacteria in organic domestic waste composting in cold regions of China. Bioresource Technology, 236: 20-28.
  • Jukes, T., Cantor, C., 1969. Evolution of Protein Molecules.Academic, New York.
  • Kent, A.D., Triplett, E.W., 2002. Microbial communities and their interactions in soil and rhizosphere ecosystems. Annual Review Microbiololgy, 56: 211-236.
  • Krishnan, Y., Bong, C.P.C., Azman, N.F., Zakaria, Z., Abdullah, N., Ho, C.S., Lee, C.T., Hansen, S.B., Hara, H., 2017. Co-composting of palm empty fruit bunch and palm oil mill effluent: Microbial diversity and potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emission. Journal of Cleaner Production, 146: 94-100.
  • Lane, D.J., 1991. 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In: E. Stackebrandt and M. Goodfellow (Eds.), Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp: 115-175.
  • Lennox, E.S., 1955. Transduction of linked genetic characters of the host by bacteriophage P1. Virology, 1: 190.
  • Lim, S.-S., Park, H.-J., Hao, X., Lee, S.-I., Jeon, B.-J., Kwak, J.-H., Choi, W.-J., 2017. Nitrogen, carbon, and dry matter losses during composting of livestock manure with two bulking agents as affected by co-amendments of phosphogypsum and zeolite. Ecological Engineering, 102: 280-290.
  • Liu, N., Zhou, J., Han, L., Ma, S., Sun, X., Huang, G., 2017. Role and multi-scale characterization of bamboo biochar during poultry manure aerobic composting. Bioresource Technology, 241: 190-199.
  • Ludwig, W., Schleifer, K.-H., Whitman, W.B., 2009. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. In: P. De Vos, G.M. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, F.A. Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman (Eds.), Class I. Bacilli Class Nov, Springer, New York, pp. 19-20.
  • Manu, M., Kumar, R., Garg, A., 2017. Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresource Technology, 234: 167-177.
  • Meng, L., Li, W., Zhang, S., Wu, C., Lv, L., 2017. Feasibility of co-composting of sewage sludge, spent mushroom substrate and wheat straw. Bioresource Technology, 226: 39-45.
  • Mohammadipanah, F., Hamedi, J., Spröer, C., Rohde, M., Del Carmen Montero-Calasanz, M., Klenk, H.-P., 2014. Streptomyces zagrosensis sp. nov., isolated from soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 64(10): 3434-3440.
  • Neugebauer, M., Sołowiej, P., 2017. The use of green waste to overcome the difficulty in small-scale composting of organic household waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156: 865-875.
  • Pandey, P.K., Vaddella, V., Cao, W., Biswas, S., Chiu, C., Hunter, S., 2016. In-vessel composting system for converting food and green wastes into pathogen free soil amendment for sustainable agriculture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139: 407-415.
  • Paradelo, R., Moldes, A.B., Barral, M.T., 2013. Evolution of organic matter during the mesophilic composting of lignocellulosic winery wastes. Journal of Environmental Management, 116: 18-26.
  • Pitcher, D., Saunders, N., Owen, R., 1989. Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 8(4): 151-156.
  • Prakasham, R., Rao, C.S., Sarma, P., 2006. Green gram husk-an inexpensive substrate for alkaline protease production by Bacillus sp. in solid-state fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 97(13): 1449-1454.
  • Saitou, N., Nei, M., 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4(4): 406-425.
  • Sembiring, L., Ward, A.C., Goodfellow, M., 2000. Selective isolation and characterisation of members of the Streptomyces violaceusniger clade associated with the roots of Paraserianthes falcataria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 78(3): 353-366.
  • Shirling, E.B., Gottlieb, D., 1966. Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 16: 313-340.
  • Soobhany, N., Gunasee, S., Rago, Y.P., Joyram, H., Raghoo, P., Mohee, R., Garg, V.K., 2017. Spectroscopic, thermogravimetric and structural characterization analyses for comparing municipal solid waste composts and vermicomposts stability and maturity. Bioresource Technology, 236: 11-19.
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., Kumar, S., 2013. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12): 2725-2729.
  • Tandy, S., Healey, J.R., Nason, M.A., Williamson, J.C., Jones, D.L., Thain, S.C., 2010. FT-IR as an alternative method for measuring chemical properties during composting. Bioresource Technology, 101(14): 5431-5436.
  • Tang-um, J., Niamsup, H., 2012. Extracellular amylase activity from endophytic Streptomyces griseoflavus P4. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 39: 346-350.
  • Tran, Q.N.M., Mimoto, H., Nakasaki, K., 2015. Inoculation of lactic acid bacterium accelerates organic matter degradation during composting. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 104: 377-383.
  • Van Fan, Y., Lee, C.T., Klemeš, J.J., Chua, L.S., Sarmidi, M.R., Leow, C.W., 2018. Evaluation of effective microorganisms on home scale organic waste composting. Journal of Environmental Management, 216: 41-48.
  • Vázquez, M., Soto, M., 2017. The efficiency of home composting programmes and compost quality. Waste Management, 64: 39-50.
  • Xie, X.Y., Zhao, Y., Sun, Q.H., Wang, X.Q., Cui, H.Y., Zhang, X., Li, Y.J., Wei, Z.M., 2017. A novel method for contributing to composting start-up at low temperature by inoculating cold-adapted microbial consortium. Impact of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation methods on phosphorus transformation and long-term utilization in composting. Bioresource Technology, 238: 39-47.
  • Yuan, J., Chadwick, D., Zhang, D., Li, G., Chen, S., Luo, W., Du, L., He, S., Peng, S., 2016. Effects of aeration rate on maturity and gaseous emissions during sewage sludge composting. The efficiency of home composting programmes and compost quality. Waste Management, 56: 403-410.

Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 209 - 221, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.407623

Abstract

Present
study included isolation of microorganisms during the mesophilic
stage of composting and their reuse in compost mixture
to enhance organic matter degradation. Effect of microorganism addition on
compost degradation was investigated in the presence of microorganisms obtained
by isolation from a miniscule composting system. Effects of water addition and
time of mixing were applied as extreme composting conditions. Isolates were
obtained from these systems and inoculated to determine the most resistant
microorganisms. 16S rRNA sequencing of selected strains indicated the presence
of
Escherichia, Enterococcus and Streptomyces
genus. These microorganisms were added to a large-scale compost mixture to
accelerate degradation of organic matter. Results indicated 20 and 38%
decreases of organic matter in the
sole
utilization of
Streptomyces sp. K1P07
and ternary utilization at the end of 14 days.
Escherichia and Enterococcus inhibited
degradation in the case of binary utilization. Isolation of microorganisms from
the original flora of the compost mixture had accelerated composting due to
interaction among themselves. Member of Actinomycetes, in particular, was shown
to be effective even in the case of sole utilization. Higher amounts of
biomass-oriented wastes could be removed since composting would be terminated
in shorter times with the use of these microorganisms. 

References

  • Anonymous, 2003. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Eleventh Informational Supplement, M100-s11. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Wayne, PA, USA.
  • Anonymous, 2014. ASTM D2974-14, Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (www.astm.org).
  • Araújo, T.F., Ferreira, C.L.D.L.F., 2013. The genus Enterococcus as probiotic: safety concerns. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56(3): 457-466.
  • Arias, O., Viña, S., Uzal, M., Soto, M., 2017. Composting of pig manure and forest green waste amended with industrial sludge. Science of The Total Environment, 586: 1228-1236.
  • Awasthi, M.K., Pandey, A.K., Bundela, P.S., Wong, J.WC., Li, R., Zhang, Z., 2016. Co-composting of gelatin industry sludge combined with organic fraction of municipal solid waste and poultry waste employing zeolite mixed with enriched nitrifying bacterial consortium, Bioresource Technology, 213: 181-189.
  • Białobrzewski, I., Mikš-Krajnik, M., Dach, J., Markowski, M., Czekała, W., Głuchowska, K., 2015. Model of the sewage sludge-straw composting process integrating different heat generation capacities of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms. Waste Management, 43: 72-83.
  • Bouteleux, C., Saby, S., Tozza, D., Cavard, J., Lahoussine, V., Hartemann, P., Mathieu, L., 2005. Escherichia coli behavior in the presence of organic matter released by algae exposed to water treatment chemicals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(2): 734-740.
  • Burdett, I., Kirkwood, T., Whalley, J., 1986. Growth kinetics of individual Bacillus subtilis cells and correlation with nucleoid extension. Journal of Bacteriology, 167(1): 219-230.
  • Canet, R., Pomares, F., Cabot, B., Chaves, C., Ferrer, E., Ribó, M., Albiach, M.R., 2008. Composting olive mill pomace and other residues from rural southeastern Spain. Waste Management, 28(12): 2585-2592.
  • Delgado-Moreno, L., Peña, A., 2009. Compost and vermicompost of olive cake to bioremediate triazines-contaminated soil. Science of The Total Environment, 407(5): 1489-1495.
  • Flowers, T., Williams, S., 1977. Measurement of growth rates of Streptomycetes: comparison of turbidimetric and gravimetric techniques. Microbiology, 98(1): 285-289.
  • Grube, M., Lin, J., Lee, P., Kokorevicha, S., 2006. Evaluation of sewage sludge-based compost by FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma, 130(3): 324-333.
  • Gtari, M., Ghodhbane-Gtari, F., Nouioui, I., Beauchemin, N., Tisa, L.S., 2012. Phylogenetic perspectives of nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria. Archieve Microbiolology, 194(1): 3-11.
  • Hou, N., Wen, L., Cao, H., Liu, K., An, X., Li, D., Wang, H., Du, X., Li, C., 2017. Role of psychrotrophic bacteria in organic domestic waste composting in cold regions of China. Bioresource Technology, 236: 20-28.
  • Jukes, T., Cantor, C., 1969. Evolution of Protein Molecules.Academic, New York.
  • Kent, A.D., Triplett, E.W., 2002. Microbial communities and their interactions in soil and rhizosphere ecosystems. Annual Review Microbiololgy, 56: 211-236.
  • Krishnan, Y., Bong, C.P.C., Azman, N.F., Zakaria, Z., Abdullah, N., Ho, C.S., Lee, C.T., Hansen, S.B., Hara, H., 2017. Co-composting of palm empty fruit bunch and palm oil mill effluent: Microbial diversity and potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emission. Journal of Cleaner Production, 146: 94-100.
  • Lane, D.J., 1991. 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In: E. Stackebrandt and M. Goodfellow (Eds.), Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp: 115-175.
  • Lennox, E.S., 1955. Transduction of linked genetic characters of the host by bacteriophage P1. Virology, 1: 190.
  • Lim, S.-S., Park, H.-J., Hao, X., Lee, S.-I., Jeon, B.-J., Kwak, J.-H., Choi, W.-J., 2017. Nitrogen, carbon, and dry matter losses during composting of livestock manure with two bulking agents as affected by co-amendments of phosphogypsum and zeolite. Ecological Engineering, 102: 280-290.
  • Liu, N., Zhou, J., Han, L., Ma, S., Sun, X., Huang, G., 2017. Role and multi-scale characterization of bamboo biochar during poultry manure aerobic composting. Bioresource Technology, 241: 190-199.
  • Ludwig, W., Schleifer, K.-H., Whitman, W.B., 2009. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. In: P. De Vos, G.M. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, F.A. Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman (Eds.), Class I. Bacilli Class Nov, Springer, New York, pp. 19-20.
  • Manu, M., Kumar, R., Garg, A., 2017. Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresource Technology, 234: 167-177.
  • Meng, L., Li, W., Zhang, S., Wu, C., Lv, L., 2017. Feasibility of co-composting of sewage sludge, spent mushroom substrate and wheat straw. Bioresource Technology, 226: 39-45.
  • Mohammadipanah, F., Hamedi, J., Spröer, C., Rohde, M., Del Carmen Montero-Calasanz, M., Klenk, H.-P., 2014. Streptomyces zagrosensis sp. nov., isolated from soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 64(10): 3434-3440.
  • Neugebauer, M., Sołowiej, P., 2017. The use of green waste to overcome the difficulty in small-scale composting of organic household waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156: 865-875.
  • Pandey, P.K., Vaddella, V., Cao, W., Biswas, S., Chiu, C., Hunter, S., 2016. In-vessel composting system for converting food and green wastes into pathogen free soil amendment for sustainable agriculture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139: 407-415.
  • Paradelo, R., Moldes, A.B., Barral, M.T., 2013. Evolution of organic matter during the mesophilic composting of lignocellulosic winery wastes. Journal of Environmental Management, 116: 18-26.
  • Pitcher, D., Saunders, N., Owen, R., 1989. Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 8(4): 151-156.
  • Prakasham, R., Rao, C.S., Sarma, P., 2006. Green gram husk-an inexpensive substrate for alkaline protease production by Bacillus sp. in solid-state fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 97(13): 1449-1454.
  • Saitou, N., Nei, M., 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4(4): 406-425.
  • Sembiring, L., Ward, A.C., Goodfellow, M., 2000. Selective isolation and characterisation of members of the Streptomyces violaceusniger clade associated with the roots of Paraserianthes falcataria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 78(3): 353-366.
  • Shirling, E.B., Gottlieb, D., 1966. Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 16: 313-340.
  • Soobhany, N., Gunasee, S., Rago, Y.P., Joyram, H., Raghoo, P., Mohee, R., Garg, V.K., 2017. Spectroscopic, thermogravimetric and structural characterization analyses for comparing municipal solid waste composts and vermicomposts stability and maturity. Bioresource Technology, 236: 11-19.
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., Kumar, S., 2013. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12): 2725-2729.
  • Tandy, S., Healey, J.R., Nason, M.A., Williamson, J.C., Jones, D.L., Thain, S.C., 2010. FT-IR as an alternative method for measuring chemical properties during composting. Bioresource Technology, 101(14): 5431-5436.
  • Tang-um, J., Niamsup, H., 2012. Extracellular amylase activity from endophytic Streptomyces griseoflavus P4. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 39: 346-350.
  • Tran, Q.N.M., Mimoto, H., Nakasaki, K., 2015. Inoculation of lactic acid bacterium accelerates organic matter degradation during composting. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 104: 377-383.
  • Van Fan, Y., Lee, C.T., Klemeš, J.J., Chua, L.S., Sarmidi, M.R., Leow, C.W., 2018. Evaluation of effective microorganisms on home scale organic waste composting. Journal of Environmental Management, 216: 41-48.
  • Vázquez, M., Soto, M., 2017. The efficiency of home composting programmes and compost quality. Waste Management, 64: 39-50.
  • Xie, X.Y., Zhao, Y., Sun, Q.H., Wang, X.Q., Cui, H.Y., Zhang, X., Li, Y.J., Wei, Z.M., 2017. A novel method for contributing to composting start-up at low temperature by inoculating cold-adapted microbial consortium. Impact of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation methods on phosphorus transformation and long-term utilization in composting. Bioresource Technology, 238: 39-47.
  • Yuan, J., Chadwick, D., Zhang, D., Li, G., Chen, S., Luo, W., Du, L., He, S., Peng, S., 2016. Effects of aeration rate on maturity and gaseous emissions during sewage sludge composting. The efficiency of home composting programmes and compost quality. Waste Management, 56: 403-410.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fadime Özdemir Koçak 0000-0002-8557-5166

Levent Değirmenci 0000-0001-6608-0398

Publication Date October 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özdemir Koçak, F., & Değirmenci, L. (2018). Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.407623
AMA Özdemir Koçak F, Değirmenci L. Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers. TÜTAD. October 2018;5(3):209-221. doi:10.19159/tutad.407623
Chicago Özdemir Koçak, Fadime, and Levent Değirmenci. “Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized As Compost Enhancers”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 5, no. 3 (October 2018): 209-21. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.407623.
EndNote Özdemir Koçak F, Değirmenci L (October 1, 2018) Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 5 3 209–221.
IEEE F. Özdemir Koçak and L. Değirmenci, “Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers”, TÜTAD, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 209–221, 2018, doi: 10.19159/tutad.407623.
ISNAD Özdemir Koçak, Fadime - Değirmenci, Levent. “Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized As Compost Enhancers”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 5/3 (October 2018), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.407623.
JAMA Özdemir Koçak F, Değirmenci L. Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers. TÜTAD. 2018;5:209–221.
MLA Özdemir Koçak, Fadime and Levent Değirmenci. “Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized As Compost Enhancers”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 3, 2018, pp. 209-21, doi:10.19159/tutad.407623.
Vancouver Özdemir Koçak F, Değirmenci L. Extreme Processing Conditions Applied in Selection of Different Microorganisms Utilized as Compost Enhancers. TÜTAD. 2018;5(3):209-21.

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