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Determination of Susceptibility Levels of Apple (Malus domestica L.) Varieties to Fire Blight Disease

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 91 - 100, 14.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1239169

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the sensitivity reactions of 11 different apple (Malus domestica L.) varieties against Erwinia amylovora. In 2014 and 2015, 79 bacterial strains were isolated from diseased plant samples taken from Iğdır province, 58 of them were identified as E. amylovora by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Colony color, gram reaction, catalase, oxidase, fluorescent pigment, levan colony formation, and growth characteristics at 36 °C of the strains were determined. Stark Crimson, Joremini, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Aztec, Granny Smith, Mondial Gala, Amasya, Golden Reinders, and Pink Lady apple cultivars were used in the susceptibility test against fire blight disease. The susceptibility of the cultivars was evaluated depending on the leaf and shoot inoculation. As a result of leaf reaction; Pink Lady was highly susceptible, 4 varieties (Jeromine, Granny Smith, Mondial Gala, and Amasya) were susceptible and 6 varieties (Stark Crimson, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Astec, and Golden Reinders) were moderately susceptible. According to evaluations of shoot reaction; 8 varieties (Stark Crimson, Jeromine, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Astec, Granny Smith, and Mondial Gala) were less susceptible and 3 varieties (Amasya, Golden Reinders, and Pink Lady) were moderately susceptible.

References

  • Al-Dahmashi, M.S., Khlaif, H., 2004. Fire blight of pome fruits in jordan: disease development and response of different fruit cultivars to the disease. Scientia Horticulturae, 101(1-2): 81-93.
  • Alexandrova, D., Dzhuvinov, V., 2017. First results of five pear cultivars after artificial inoculation with Erwinia amylovora (Burrill). Journal of BioScience and Biotechnology, Special Edition, 31-33.
  • Anonymous, 2010. SPSS 17.0 for windows evaluation version, SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA.
  • Aysan, Y., Tokgönül, S., Çınar, Ö., Küden, A., 1994. Research of resistant reactions of pears against Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. 9th. Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, September 18-24, Kuşadası, Aydın, Türkiye, pp. 311-313.
  • Basım, E., Basım, H., Öztürk, G., 2007. Erwinia amylovora’nın farklı strainlerine karşı Türkiye’deki elma, armut ve ayva gen kaynaklarının dayanıklılıklarının değerlendirilmesi. II. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, 27-29 Ağustos, Isparta, s.105.
  • Baştaş, K.K., Saygılı, H., 2008. Ateş yanıklığı hastalığı, Erwinia amylovora. In: H. Saygılı, F. Şahin ve Y. Aysan (Editörler), Bitki Bakteri Hastalıkları Kitabı, Beta Basım, İzmir, s. 61-68.
  • Beer, S.V., 1991. Fire blight. In: A.L. Jones and H.S. Aldwinckle (Eds.), Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, APS Press, Second Printing, Minnesota, USA, pp. 61-63.
  • Cvjetković, B., Halupecki, E., Špoljarić, J., 1999. The occurence and control of fire bljght in Croatia. Acta Horticulturae, 489: 71-76.
  • Demir, G., Gündoğdu, M., 1993. Fire blight of pome fruit areas in Turkey. Distribution of the disease, chemical control of blossom ınfections and susceptibility of some cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 338: 67-74.
  • Emeriewen, O.F., Wöhner, T., Flachowsky, H., Peil, A., 2019. Malus hosts-Erwinia amylovora interactions: strain pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 551.
  • Erfani-Moghadam, J., Zarei, A., 2022. Differential responses of pear cultivars to Erwinia amylovora infection; evidences of involvement the hypersensitivity response in pear resistance to fire blight. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 162(4): 927-943.
  • Evrenosoğlu, Y., Mısırlı, A., Aysan, Y., Saygılı, H., Boztepe, Ö., Horuz, S., Acarsoy Bilgin, N., Bilen, E., Baykul, A., 2017. Evaluation of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) diseasee action of pear hybrid combinations. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 23: 177-184.
  • Fischer, T.C., Gosch, C., Pfeiffer, J., Thilo, C., Gosch, C., Pfeiffer, J., Halbwirth, H., Halle, C., Stich, K., Forkmann, G., 2007. Flavonoid genes of pear (Pyrus communis). Trees, 21: 521-529.
  • Fried, A., Schell, E., Moltman, E., Wensing, A., 2014. Control of fire blight in Baden-Württenberg at the end of the Streptomycin Era. Acta Horticulturae, 1056: 55-56.
  • Geramini, E., Hassanzadeh, N., Abdollahi, H., Ghasemi A., Heydari, A., 2013. Evaluation of some bacterial antagonists for biological control of fire blight disease. Journal of Plant Pathology, 95(1): 127-134.
  • Hevesi, M., Göndör, M., Kasa, K., Honty, K., Toth, M.G., 2004. Traditional and commercial apple and pear cultivars as sources of resistance to fire blight. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin, 34(3): 377-380.
  • Korba, J., Sillerova, J., Kudela, V., 2008. Resistance of apple varieties and selections to Erwinia amylovora in the Czech Republic. Plant Protection Science, 44(3): 91-96.
  • Korba, J., Sillerova, J., Paprstein, F., Sedlak, J., Prokinova, E., Hoskova, P., 2013. Evaluation of susceptibility level of pear cultivars to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in the Czech Republic. Horticultural Science, 40(2): 58-64.
  • Lelliot, R.A., Stead, D.E., 1987. Methods for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Lespinasse, Y., Aldwinckle, H.S., 2000. Breeding for resistance to fire blight. In: J.L. Vanneste (Ed.), Fire Blight: The Disease and its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 253-273.
  • Longstroth, M., 2001. The 2000 fire blight epidemic in southwest Michigan apple orchards. Compact Fruit Tree, 34(1): 16-19.
  • Mazzucchi, A., Brunelli, A., 2008. Resistance to Erwinia amylovora in immature pears induced by acibenzolar-s-methyl in the orchard. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 47(3): 272-276.
  • Mertoğlu, K., Evrenosoğlu, Y., 2017. Ateş yanıklığı (Erwinia amylovora) hastalığına dayanıklılık ıslahında, hastalığa karşı testlenmiş F1 melez armut popülasyonunun fenolojik ve meyve özellikleri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3): 104-115.
  • Mikicinski, A., Sobiczewski, P., Puławska, J., Maciorowski, R., 2016. Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) by a novel strain 49M of Pseudomonas graminis from the phyllosphere of apple (Malus spp.). European Journal Plant Pathology, 145: 265-276.
  • Milcevicova, R., Gosch, C., Halbwirth, H., Stich, K., Hanke, M. V., Peil, A., Flachowsky, H., Rozhon, W., Jonak, C., Oufir, M., Hausman, J.F., 2010. Erwinia amylovora-induced defense mechanisms of two apple species that differ in susceptibility to fire blight. Plant Science, 179(1-2): 60-67.
  • Mirik, M., 2000. Amasya ve Tokat illerinde yumuşak çekirdekli meyve ağaçlarındaki ateş yanıklığı (Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.) hastalığının oranı, duyarlı ve dayanıklı çeşitlerin tespiti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Edirne.
  • Momol, M.T., Yeğen, O., Basım, H., Rudolp, K., Zachowski, M.A., 1991. Batı Akdenizde Erwinia amylovora’nın neden olduğu ateş yanıklığının epidemisi ve mücadelesi. VI. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi, Türkiye Fitopatoloji Derneği yayınları, Sayı 6, 7-11 Ekim, İzmir, s. 301-305.
  • Sasser, M., 1990. Identification of Bacteria by Gas Chromatography of Cellular Fatty Acids. MIDI, Technical Note, 101: 1-6.
  • Severin, V., Constantinescu, F., Jianu F., 1999. Appearance, expansion and chemical control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in Romania. Acta Horticulturae, 489: 79-84.
  • Sharifazizi, M., Harighi, B., Sadeghi, A., 2017. Evaluation of biological control of Erwinia amylovora, causal agent of fire blight disease of pear by antagonistic bacteria. Biological Control, 104: 28-34.
  • Silva, K.J.P., Singh, J., Bednarek, R., Fei, Z., Khan, A., 2019. Differential gene regülatory pathways and co-expression networks associated with fire blight infection in apple (Malus domestica). Horticulture Research, 35(6): 1-13.
  • Skłodowska, M., Mikiciński, A., Wielanek, M., Kuźniak, E., Sobiczewski, P., 2018. Phenolic profiles in apple leaves and the efficacy of selected phenols against fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). European Journal of PlantPathology, 151: 213-228.
  • Sobiczewski, P., Deckers, T., Pulawska, J., 1997. Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora): Some Aspects of Epidemiology and Control. Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice, Poland.
  • Sobiczewski, P., Peil, A., Mikiciński, A., Richter, K., Lewandowski, M., Żurawicz, E., Kellerhals, M., 2015. Susceptibility of apple genotypes from european genetic resources to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). European Journal of PlantPathology, 141: 51-62.
  • Thibault, B., Lecomte, P., Hermann, L., Belouin, A., 1986. Assessment of the susceptibility to Erwinia amylovora of 90 varieties or selections of pear. Acta Horticulturae, 217: 305-310.
  • Thomson, S.V., 2000. Epidemiology of fire blight. In: J.L. Vanneste (Ed.), Fire Blight: The Disease and Its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora, Department of Biology Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA, pp. 9-36.
  • Tsiantos, J., Psallidas, P., 2004. Fire blight resistance in various loquat, apple and pear cultivars and selections in Greece. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86(3): 227-232.
  • Van der Zwet, T., Orolaza-Halbrendt, N., Zeller, W., 2012. Fire Blight: History, Biology, and Management. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA.
  • Wöhner, T.W., Richter, K., Sundin, G.W., Zhao, Y., Stockwell, V.O., Sellmann, J., Flachowskya, H., Hankea, M.V., Peil, A., 2018. Inoculation of Malus genotypes with a set of Erwinia amylovora strains indicates a gene‐for‐gene relationship between the effector gene eop1 and both Malus floribunda 821 and Malus ‘Evereste’. Plant Pathology, 67(4): 938-947.

Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 91 - 100, 14.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1239169

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Erwinia amylovora’ya karşı 11 farklı elma (Malus domestica L.) çeşidinin duyarlılık reaksiyonlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında, Iğdır ilinden alınan hastalıklı bitki örneklerinden 79 bakteri straini izole edilmiş, bunlardan 58 tanesi yağ asit metil ester analizi ile E. amylovora olarak tanılanmıştır. Strainlerin koloni rengi, gram reaksiyon, katalaz, oksidaz, floresan pigment, levan koloni oluşumu ve 36 oC’de gelişme özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Ateş yanıklığı hastalığına karşı duyarlılık denemesinde Stark Crimson, Joremini, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Aztec, Granny Smith, Mondial Gala, Amasya, Golden Reinders ve Pink Lady elma çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Çeşitlerin duyarlılıkları yaprak ve sürgün inokulasyonuna bağlı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çeşitlerin patojene karşı gösterdikleri yaprak reaksiyonu sonucunda bir tanesinin çok duyarlı (Pink Lady), 4 tanesinin duyarlı (Jeromine, Granny Smith, Mondial Gala ve Amasya) ve 6 tanesinin orta derecede duyarlı (Stark Crimson, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Astec ve Golden Reinders) olduğu saptanmıştır. Sürgün reaksiyonu sonucunda elde edilen çeşit duyarlılığına göre 8 çeşit (Stark Crimson, Jeromine, Williams Pride, Red Chief, Scarlet Spur, Fuji Zhen Astec, Granny Smith ve Mondial Gala) az duyarlı, 3 çeşit (Amasya, Golden Reinders ve Pink Lady) orta derecede duyarlı olarak belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Al-Dahmashi, M.S., Khlaif, H., 2004. Fire blight of pome fruits in jordan: disease development and response of different fruit cultivars to the disease. Scientia Horticulturae, 101(1-2): 81-93.
  • Alexandrova, D., Dzhuvinov, V., 2017. First results of five pear cultivars after artificial inoculation with Erwinia amylovora (Burrill). Journal of BioScience and Biotechnology, Special Edition, 31-33.
  • Anonymous, 2010. SPSS 17.0 for windows evaluation version, SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA.
  • Aysan, Y., Tokgönül, S., Çınar, Ö., Küden, A., 1994. Research of resistant reactions of pears against Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. 9th. Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, September 18-24, Kuşadası, Aydın, Türkiye, pp. 311-313.
  • Basım, E., Basım, H., Öztürk, G., 2007. Erwinia amylovora’nın farklı strainlerine karşı Türkiye’deki elma, armut ve ayva gen kaynaklarının dayanıklılıklarının değerlendirilmesi. II. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, 27-29 Ağustos, Isparta, s.105.
  • Baştaş, K.K., Saygılı, H., 2008. Ateş yanıklığı hastalığı, Erwinia amylovora. In: H. Saygılı, F. Şahin ve Y. Aysan (Editörler), Bitki Bakteri Hastalıkları Kitabı, Beta Basım, İzmir, s. 61-68.
  • Beer, S.V., 1991. Fire blight. In: A.L. Jones and H.S. Aldwinckle (Eds.), Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, APS Press, Second Printing, Minnesota, USA, pp. 61-63.
  • Cvjetković, B., Halupecki, E., Špoljarić, J., 1999. The occurence and control of fire bljght in Croatia. Acta Horticulturae, 489: 71-76.
  • Demir, G., Gündoğdu, M., 1993. Fire blight of pome fruit areas in Turkey. Distribution of the disease, chemical control of blossom ınfections and susceptibility of some cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 338: 67-74.
  • Emeriewen, O.F., Wöhner, T., Flachowsky, H., Peil, A., 2019. Malus hosts-Erwinia amylovora interactions: strain pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 551.
  • Erfani-Moghadam, J., Zarei, A., 2022. Differential responses of pear cultivars to Erwinia amylovora infection; evidences of involvement the hypersensitivity response in pear resistance to fire blight. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 162(4): 927-943.
  • Evrenosoğlu, Y., Mısırlı, A., Aysan, Y., Saygılı, H., Boztepe, Ö., Horuz, S., Acarsoy Bilgin, N., Bilen, E., Baykul, A., 2017. Evaluation of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) diseasee action of pear hybrid combinations. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 23: 177-184.
  • Fischer, T.C., Gosch, C., Pfeiffer, J., Thilo, C., Gosch, C., Pfeiffer, J., Halbwirth, H., Halle, C., Stich, K., Forkmann, G., 2007. Flavonoid genes of pear (Pyrus communis). Trees, 21: 521-529.
  • Fried, A., Schell, E., Moltman, E., Wensing, A., 2014. Control of fire blight in Baden-Württenberg at the end of the Streptomycin Era. Acta Horticulturae, 1056: 55-56.
  • Geramini, E., Hassanzadeh, N., Abdollahi, H., Ghasemi A., Heydari, A., 2013. Evaluation of some bacterial antagonists for biological control of fire blight disease. Journal of Plant Pathology, 95(1): 127-134.
  • Hevesi, M., Göndör, M., Kasa, K., Honty, K., Toth, M.G., 2004. Traditional and commercial apple and pear cultivars as sources of resistance to fire blight. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin, 34(3): 377-380.
  • Korba, J., Sillerova, J., Kudela, V., 2008. Resistance of apple varieties and selections to Erwinia amylovora in the Czech Republic. Plant Protection Science, 44(3): 91-96.
  • Korba, J., Sillerova, J., Paprstein, F., Sedlak, J., Prokinova, E., Hoskova, P., 2013. Evaluation of susceptibility level of pear cultivars to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in the Czech Republic. Horticultural Science, 40(2): 58-64.
  • Lelliot, R.A., Stead, D.E., 1987. Methods for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Lespinasse, Y., Aldwinckle, H.S., 2000. Breeding for resistance to fire blight. In: J.L. Vanneste (Ed.), Fire Blight: The Disease and its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 253-273.
  • Longstroth, M., 2001. The 2000 fire blight epidemic in southwest Michigan apple orchards. Compact Fruit Tree, 34(1): 16-19.
  • Mazzucchi, A., Brunelli, A., 2008. Resistance to Erwinia amylovora in immature pears induced by acibenzolar-s-methyl in the orchard. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 47(3): 272-276.
  • Mertoğlu, K., Evrenosoğlu, Y., 2017. Ateş yanıklığı (Erwinia amylovora) hastalığına dayanıklılık ıslahında, hastalığa karşı testlenmiş F1 melez armut popülasyonunun fenolojik ve meyve özellikleri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3): 104-115.
  • Mikicinski, A., Sobiczewski, P., Puławska, J., Maciorowski, R., 2016. Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) by a novel strain 49M of Pseudomonas graminis from the phyllosphere of apple (Malus spp.). European Journal Plant Pathology, 145: 265-276.
  • Milcevicova, R., Gosch, C., Halbwirth, H., Stich, K., Hanke, M. V., Peil, A., Flachowsky, H., Rozhon, W., Jonak, C., Oufir, M., Hausman, J.F., 2010. Erwinia amylovora-induced defense mechanisms of two apple species that differ in susceptibility to fire blight. Plant Science, 179(1-2): 60-67.
  • Mirik, M., 2000. Amasya ve Tokat illerinde yumuşak çekirdekli meyve ağaçlarındaki ateş yanıklığı (Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.) hastalığının oranı, duyarlı ve dayanıklı çeşitlerin tespiti. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Edirne.
  • Momol, M.T., Yeğen, O., Basım, H., Rudolp, K., Zachowski, M.A., 1991. Batı Akdenizde Erwinia amylovora’nın neden olduğu ateş yanıklığının epidemisi ve mücadelesi. VI. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi, Türkiye Fitopatoloji Derneği yayınları, Sayı 6, 7-11 Ekim, İzmir, s. 301-305.
  • Sasser, M., 1990. Identification of Bacteria by Gas Chromatography of Cellular Fatty Acids. MIDI, Technical Note, 101: 1-6.
  • Severin, V., Constantinescu, F., Jianu F., 1999. Appearance, expansion and chemical control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in Romania. Acta Horticulturae, 489: 79-84.
  • Sharifazizi, M., Harighi, B., Sadeghi, A., 2017. Evaluation of biological control of Erwinia amylovora, causal agent of fire blight disease of pear by antagonistic bacteria. Biological Control, 104: 28-34.
  • Silva, K.J.P., Singh, J., Bednarek, R., Fei, Z., Khan, A., 2019. Differential gene regülatory pathways and co-expression networks associated with fire blight infection in apple (Malus domestica). Horticulture Research, 35(6): 1-13.
  • Skłodowska, M., Mikiciński, A., Wielanek, M., Kuźniak, E., Sobiczewski, P., 2018. Phenolic profiles in apple leaves and the efficacy of selected phenols against fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). European Journal of PlantPathology, 151: 213-228.
  • Sobiczewski, P., Deckers, T., Pulawska, J., 1997. Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora): Some Aspects of Epidemiology and Control. Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice, Poland.
  • Sobiczewski, P., Peil, A., Mikiciński, A., Richter, K., Lewandowski, M., Żurawicz, E., Kellerhals, M., 2015. Susceptibility of apple genotypes from european genetic resources to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). European Journal of PlantPathology, 141: 51-62.
  • Thibault, B., Lecomte, P., Hermann, L., Belouin, A., 1986. Assessment of the susceptibility to Erwinia amylovora of 90 varieties or selections of pear. Acta Horticulturae, 217: 305-310.
  • Thomson, S.V., 2000. Epidemiology of fire blight. In: J.L. Vanneste (Ed.), Fire Blight: The Disease and Its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora, Department of Biology Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA, pp. 9-36.
  • Tsiantos, J., Psallidas, P., 2004. Fire blight resistance in various loquat, apple and pear cultivars and selections in Greece. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86(3): 227-232.
  • Van der Zwet, T., Orolaza-Halbrendt, N., Zeller, W., 2012. Fire Blight: History, Biology, and Management. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA.
  • Wöhner, T.W., Richter, K., Sundin, G.W., Zhao, Y., Stockwell, V.O., Sellmann, J., Flachowskya, H., Hankea, M.V., Peil, A., 2018. Inoculation of Malus genotypes with a set of Erwinia amylovora strains indicates a gene‐for‐gene relationship between the effector gene eop1 and both Malus floribunda 821 and Malus ‘Evereste’. Plant Pathology, 67(4): 938-947.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aydın Kaya 0000-0002-5004-1455

Mesude Figen Yeşildağ 0000-0002-7992-8252

İrfan Çoruh 0000-0002-6569-6163

Publication Date April 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaya, A., Yeşildağ, M. F., & Çoruh, İ. (2023). Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1239169
AMA Kaya A, Yeşildağ MF, Çoruh İ. Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. TÜTAD. April 2023;10(1):91-100. doi:10.19159/tutad.1239169
Chicago Kaya, Aydın, Mesude Figen Yeşildağ, and İrfan Çoruh. “Elma (Malus Domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10, no. 1 (April 2023): 91-100. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1239169.
EndNote Kaya A, Yeşildağ MF, Çoruh İ (April 1, 2023) Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 1 91–100.
IEEE A. Kaya, M. F. Yeşildağ, and İ. Çoruh, “Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması”, TÜTAD, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 91–100, 2023, doi: 10.19159/tutad.1239169.
ISNAD Kaya, Aydın et al. “Elma (Malus Domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10/1 (April 2023), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1239169.
JAMA Kaya A, Yeşildağ MF, Çoruh İ. Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. TÜTAD. 2023;10:91–100.
MLA Kaya, Aydın et al. “Elma (Malus Domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023, pp. 91-100, doi:10.19159/tutad.1239169.
Vancouver Kaya A, Yeşildağ MF, Çoruh İ. Elma (Malus domestica L.) Çeşitlerinin Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Karşı Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. TÜTAD. 2023;10(1):91-100.

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