Latin Amerika’da Bölgeselleşme Pratikleri: Bir Entegrasyon Hayali?

Year 2025, , 1 - 23

Hazal Melike Çoban , José Duarte Ribeiro

https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1587808

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Latin Amerika’da bölgesel entegrasyon girişimlerinin neden sürdürülebilir olamadığını ve bölgesel liderlik iddiası taşıyan ülkelerin bu süreçteki rolünü anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada ilk olarak uluslararası sistemin dönüşümü çerçevesinde, bölgeselleşme fikrinin tarihsel gelişimi incelenecektir. Sonrasında, bölgesel liderliğin entegrasyon girişimleri üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilecektir. Bu bağlamda, özellikle Güney Amerika alt bölgesinde ABD dışında liderlik iddiası olan iki ülkenin, farklı devlet başkanları yönetimindeki Brezilya ve Hugo Chávez dönemindeki Venezuela’nın bölgesel iş birliği ve entegrasyon girişimlerindeki rolü, otonomi teorisi çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır. Son olarak, bölgeselciliğin krizine yol açan dinamikler ve bu krizin entegrasyon süreçlerine olan etkisi bölgenin dönüşen iç dinamikleri ışığında ortaya konulacaktır.

Keywords

Latin Amerika , bölgeselleşme , bölgesel örgütler , hegemonya , otonomi

Regionalization Practices in Latin America: A Dream of Integration?

Abstract

This study aims to understand why regional integration initiatives in Latin America have not been sustainable and the role of countries with regional leadership ambitions in this process. First, the historical development of the idea of regionalism will be examined within the framework of the transformation of the international system. Subsequently, the impact of regional leadership on integration efforts will be analyzed. In this context, the role of two countries with leadership aspirations outside the United States in the South American subregion—Brazil under various presidents and Venezuela during the Hugo Chávez era—will be explored through the lens of autonomy theory. Finally, the dynamics leading to the crisis of regionalism and the impact of this crisis on integration processes will be analyzed in light of the region's evolving internal dynamics.

Keywords

Latin America , regionalism , regional organizations , hegemony , autonomy

References

• Acharya, Amitav (2014). "Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds", International Studies Quarterly, 58 (4): 647-659.
• Acharya, Amitav (2007). "The Emerging Regional Architecture of World Politics", World Politics 59 (4): 629-652.
• Agência Senado (2024). "Rotas Da Integração Sul-Americana Podem Operar Já Em 2028, Diz Simone Tebet", https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2024/07/02/rotas-da-integracao-sul-americana-podem-operar-ja-em-2028-diz-simone-tebet (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2024).
• Barros, Pedro S., ve Julia D. Gonçalves (2021). "Crisis in South American regionalism and Brazilian protagonism in Unasur, the Lima Group and Prosur”, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 64 (2). doi:10.1590/0034-7329202100209.
• Bekerman, Marta, ve Cecilia Rikap (2010). "Regional integration and export diversification in MERCOSUR: The case of Argentina and Brazil”, CEPAL Review, 100: 165-187.
• Breitegger, Melina S. (2020). "Meddling by consent? Brazil’s strategy of democracy promotion through UNASUR”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Stellenbosch University., https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/10019.1/109184/1/breitegger_meddling_2020.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2023).
• Briceño Ruiz, José (2017). "Venezuela and the Rise of Brazil: Convergence and Divergence in the Chávez Era”, Gian L. Gardini ve Maria Hermínia T. de Almeida (Eds.), Foreign Policy Responses to the Rise of Brazil: Balancing Power in Emerging States (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 160-176.
• Briceño Ruiz, José (2018). "Times of Change in Latin American Regionalism”, Contexto Internacional 40(3): 573-594.
• Burges, Sean W. (2008). "Consensual Hegemony: Theorizing Brazilian Foreign Policy after the Cold War”, International Relations 22(1): 65-84.
• Dabène, Olivier (2012). "Explaining Latin America’s fourth way of regionalism Regional integration of a third kind”, Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Kongresinde sunulan bildiri (San Francisco).
• Destradi, Sandra. (2010). "Regional powers and their strategies: empire, hegemony, and leadership”, Review of International Studies 36 (4): 903-930.
• Erol, Ertan (2020). "Latin Amerika’da Bölgesel Örgütler ve Bölgeselleşme", Esra Akgemci ve Kazım Ateş (Ed.) Dünyanın Ters Köşesi: Latin Amerika: Tarih, Toplum, Kültür (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları): 103-114.
• Fawcett, Louise (2005). "The Origins and Development of Regional Ideas in the Americas”, Louise Fawcett ve Mónica Serrano (eds.), Regionalism and Governance in the Americas: Continental Drift (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 27-51.
• Gardini, Gian L. (2015). "Towards modular regionalism: the proliferation of Latin American cooperation”, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 58(1): 210-229.
• Garzón, Jorge F. (2015). Multipolarity and the Future of Regionalism: Latin America and Beyond, GIGA Working Papers No. 264. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2567234.
• Giordano, Paolo, ve Robert Devlin (2011). "Regional Integration”, José A. Ocampo ve Jaime Ros (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics (New York: Oxford University Press): 341–367.
• González, Germán H., Juan D. García-González, José S. Gómez-Medina, ve Virginia I. Corbella (2023). "Regionalization of Latin America based on asymmetries in the absorptive capacity of countries”, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 27. doi:10.1016/j.jeca.2023.e00291.
• Gómez-Mera, Maria L. (2013). Power and Regionalism in Latin America: The Politics of MERCOSUR (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press).
• Jaguaribe, Helio (1979). "Autonomía periférica y hegemonía céntrica", Estudios Internacionales, 12 (46): 91–130.
• Jaguaribe, Helio, Ferrer, Aldo, Wionczet, Miguel S., ve Santos, Theotonio D. (1969). La dependencia político- económica de América Latina (México: Siglo XXI Editores).
• Kacowicz, Arie M., ve Wajner, Daniel F. (2022). "Alternative World Orders in an Age of Globalization: Latin American Scenarios and Responses", Melisa Deciancio, Amitav Acharya, ve Diana Tussie (Eds.), Latin America in Global International Relations (Routledge): 11-30.
• Kleinschmidt, Jochen, ve Pablo Gallego Pérez (2017). "Differentiation theory and the ontologies of regionalism in Latin America”, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 60 (1). doi:10.1590/0034-73292017001018.
• Lima, Maria Regina S. (2008). "Liderazgo regional en América del Sur: ¿tiene Brasil un papel a jugar?", Ricardo L. Escobar (eds.), América Latina: ¿integración o fragmentación? (Buenos Aires: Fundacion Grupo Mayan): 89-114.
• Malamud, Andrés (2016). "Latin American Regionalism Faces the Rise of Brazil", Gian L. Gardini ve Maria Hermínia T. Almeida (eds.), Foreign Policy Responses to the Rise of Brazil: Balancing Power in Emerging States (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 214-226.
• Malamud, Andrés (2013). Overlapping Regionalism, No Integration: Conceptual Issues and the Latin American Experiences. EUI RSCAS, 2013/20, Global Governance Programme-42. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/26336.
• Malamud, Andrés, ve Gian L. Gardini (2012). "Has Regionalism Peaked? The Latin American Quagmire and its Lessons”, The International Spectator 47 (1): 116-133.
• Malnight, Joshua, ve Etel Solingen (2015). "Turning Inward: Ruling Coalitions and Mercosur’s Retrenchment", Jorge I. Dominguez ve Ana Covarrubias (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin America in the World (London: Routledge): 281-297.
• Merke, Federico, Oliver Stuenkel, ve Andreas E. Feldmann (2021). Reimagining Regional Governance in Latin America, (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/files/Merke_Stuenkel_and_Feldman_Latin_America.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2024).
• Mijares, Víctor, ve Detlef Nolte (2022). "UNASUR: An Eclectic Analytical Perspective of its Disintegration”, Colombia Internacional 111 (3): 83-109.
• Nery, Tiago (2016). "UNASUL: a dimensão política do novo regionalismo sul-americano”, Caderno CRH 29 (3): 59-75.
• Nolte, Detlef (2016). "Regional Governance from a Comparative Perspective." Víctor M. González-Sánchez (eds.), Economy, Politics and Governance Challenges for the 21st Century (Nova Science Publishers): 1-16.
• Nolte, Detlef (2021). "From the summits to the plains: The crisis of Latin American Regionalism”, Latin American Policy 12 (1): 181-192.
• Nolte, Detlef, ve Luis L. Schenoni (2024). "To lead or not to lead: regional powers and regional leadership”, International Politics 61 (1): 40-59.
• Quiliconi, Cintia, ve Raúl S. Espinoza (2017). "Latin American Integration: Regionalism àla Carte in a Multipolar World?" Colombia Internacional 92 (4): 15-41.
• Puig, Juan C. (1980). Doctrinas internacionales y autonomía latinoamericana. Universidad Simón Bolívar Instituto de Altos Estudios de América Latina Fundación Bicentenario de Simón Bolívar.
• Riggirozzi, Pía (2012). "Region, Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a New Synthesis”, New Political Economy 17 (4): 421-443.
• Riggirozzi, Pía, ve Diana Tussie (2021). “Post-Hegemonic Regionalism”, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies (Oxford University Press). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.657.
• Russell, Roberto, ve Juan G. Tokatlian (2015). "Grand Strategy", Jorge I. Dominguez ve Ana Covarrubias (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin America in the World (London: Routledge): 58-73.
• Sanahuja, Jose A. (2012). Post-liberal Regionalism in South America: the Case of UNASUR, EUI RSCAS, Global Governance Programme-13. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/20394.
• Sanahuja, José A. (2008). "Del 'regionalismo abierto' al regionalismo post-liberal: Crisis y cambio en la integración regional en América Latina y el Caribe", Martínez A. Laneydi, Lázaro Peña ve Mariana Vazquez (eds.), Anuario de la integración regional de América Latina y el Gran Caribe 2008-2009 (Buenos Aires: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales).
• Sanjuán, Ana M. (2008). "América Latina y el bolivarianismo del siglo XXI: Alcances y desafíos de la política venezolana hacia la región", Ricardo L. Escobar (eds.), América Latina: ¿integración o fragmentación? (Buenos Aires: Fundacion Grupo Mayan): 145-178.
• Torres del Sel, María M. (2013). "Las políticas regionales de México, Brasil y Venezuela con respecto a la integración de América Latina”, Invenio 16 (30): 29-46. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=87726343003 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2024).
• Van Klaveren, Alberto (2017). Regionalism in Latin America Navigating in the Fog, SECO/WTI Academic Cooperation Project Working Paper Series 2017/25, https://www.wti.org/media/filer_public/58/1a/581af31d-f1b6-43d6-9ec2-418c06fc9ea5/working20paper20no2025_201720van20klaveren.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2024).
• Williams, Mark E. (2015). "The United States and Latin America", Jorge I. Dominguez ve Ana Covarrubias (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin America in the World (London: Routledge): 199-210.
• Ziccardi, Natalia S. (2015). "Regional Multilateralism in Latin America: UNASUR, ALBA and CELAC", Jorge I. Dominguez ve Ana Covarrubias (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin America in the World (London: Routledge): 298-310.