Research Article

Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study

Volume: 9 Number: 2 June 29, 2026
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Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study

Abstract

In this study, the Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale (AIVSL) was designed and developed by researchers to analyze individuals' abilities to understand, evaluate, and produce AI-supported visual content in today's digital age. The scale development process was conducted based on classical measurement theory, and validity and reliability analyses were meticulously performed. The study group consisted of 295 students studying in the field of fine arts education at associate, undergraduate, and graduate levels in universities. The "Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire" and the "Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale," developed by the researchers as data collection tools, were administered via online survey. The developed scale was first applied as a pilot study on 55 students, and after the data obtained, it was tested on 295 students. A 5-point Likert-type scale was created to examine the students' AI visual literacy levels. The research method was designed as quantitative. In the validity and reliability tests of the scale items, frequency and percentage calculations were performed using SPSS and SPSS Amos programs, and the obtained data were then included in the research. As a result of the research, it was confirmed that the scale has a 4-dimensional structure explaining 67.984% of the total variance. In the reliability study, the Cronbach Alpha (α) reliability coefficient of the scale as a whole was found to be 0.929, and the indicators for confirmatory factor analysis were found to be above the excellent limit. These results showed that the developed scale is a valid and reliable scale that can be applied in the field of artificial intelligence visual literacy. It is thought that by using the developed scale, the gap in the literature on the evaluation of artificial intelligence visual literacy in Turkey will be filled, the visual literacy levels of individuals regarding artificial intelligence will be better understood, and it will contribute to the conduct of many studies in the future.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-forprofit sector.

Ethical Statement

This research was conducted with permission granted by the Gazi University Ethics Committee's decision number 06, dated 15/04/2025.

Thanks

We would like to thank all the students studying in the fine arts education departments of the faculties, institutes, colleges, and vocational schools of the 44 universities (state/foundation) who contributed to the creation of this research by answering the survey questions during the data collection process.

References

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  3. Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79-86.
  4. Baghestania, A., Ahmadi , F., Tanha, A., & Meshkat, M. (2017). Bayesian critical values for lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 52(1), 1-5.
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  6. Beck, C.T., & Gable, R.K. (2001). Ensuring content validity: An illustration of the process. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 9, 201–215.
  7. Bentler, P.M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 419-456.
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Program Development and Qualifications in Higher Education, Higher Education Studies (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 29, 2026

Submission Date

February 28, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 4, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2

APA
Turkaya, A., Küpeli, A. E., & Kan, A. (2026). Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study. Journal of University Research, 9(2), 225-241. https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP
AMA
1.Turkaya A, Küpeli AE, Kan A. Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study. Journal of University Research. 2026;9(2):225-241. https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP
Chicago
Turkaya, Abdulkerim, Ali Ertuğrul Küpeli, and Adnan Kan. 2026. “Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study”. Journal of University Research 9 (2): 225-41. https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP.
EndNote
Turkaya A, Küpeli AE, Kan A (June 1, 2026) Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study. Journal of University Research 9 2 225–241.
IEEE
[1]A. Turkaya, A. E. Küpeli, and A. Kan, “Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study”, Journal of University Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 225–241, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP
ISNAD
Turkaya, Abdulkerim - Küpeli, Ali Ertuğrul - Kan, Adnan. “Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study”. Journal of University Research 9/2 (June 1, 2026): 225-241. https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP.
JAMA
1.Turkaya A, Küpeli AE, Kan A. Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study. Journal of University Research. 2026;9:225–241.
MLA
Turkaya, Abdulkerim, et al. “Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study”. Journal of University Research, vol. 9, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 225-41, https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP.
Vancouver
1.Abdulkerim Turkaya, Ali Ertuğrul Küpeli, Adnan Kan. Artificial Intelligence Visual Literacy Scale: Scale Development Study. Journal of University Research [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;9(2):225-41. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA56DH54DP