Plastik Atıkların ve Yapıda Kullanım Olanaklarının İncelenmesi

Öz

Plastikler dayanıklı, yalıtkan ve hafif malzemelerdir. Şekil verilebilme özelliği yüksek, esnek veya rijit olarak üretilebildikleri için kullanım alanı da geniştir. Plastiklerin günümüzden her sektöründe kullanılması, atık miktarının da her geçen gün kaçınılmaz olarak artması anlamına gelmektedir. Plastik atıklarının azaltımına yönelik en önemli çözüm, kaynakta azaltma yöntemi olup, sonrasında ise yeniden kullanım ve geri dönüşümdür. Mümkün olduğunca düşük tüketim sonrasında kullanım ömrünü tamamlayan plastik atıkların yeniden kullanılması ya da yapıda veya çeşitli sektörlerde farklı işlevlerde geri dönüşümü, atık azaltımını güçlendiren yöntemler arasında görülmektedir. Plastik tüketiminin azaltılması, kullanılmış plastik ürünlerin sektöre döndürülmesi atık oranının azaltılmasının yanı sıra ülke ekonomisi bağlamında da büyük önem arz etmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de plastik kullanımının niceliği ve atık plastiklerin azaltılmasına yönelik yöntemlere yer verilirken, plastik atıkların azaltılmasına yönelik atık plastik kullanılarak üretilen kompozit malzeme çalışmaları ve yapıda kullanım olanakları detaylı bir literatür çalışması ile ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Plastik atıklar
• atık azaltımı
• atık plastiklerin yapıda kullanımı

Investigation of Plastic Wastes and Possibilities for Use in Construction

Öz

Plastics are durable, insulating and lightweight materials. Since they can be produced with high shapeability, flexible or rigid usage area is also wide. The use of plastics in every sector of today means that the amount of waste inevitably increases with each passing day.The most important solution for the reduction of plastic wastes is the method of reduction at the source, and then reuse and recycling. Reuse of plastic wastes that have completed their lifetime after consumption as low as possible, or recycling in different functions in the building or in various sectors, are among the methods that strengthen waste reduction. Reducing plastic consumption, returning used plastic products to the industry is of great importance in the context of the country's economy as well as reducing the waste rate. In this study, the quantity of plastic used in Turkey and the methods for the reduction of waste plastic were evaluated. Then composite material studies using waste plastic to reduce plastic wastes and usage possibilities in the building are discussed with a detailed literature study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Waste plastics
• waste reduction
• use of waste plastics in the construction

Kaynakça

1. [1] Akyüz, M., 1997, Endüstriyel Atıkların Çevre Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler. III. Ulusal Ekoloji ve Çevre Kongresi, 3-5 Eylül, Kırşehir, 1-8.
2. [2] Edwards, D. W., and Schelling, J., 1999, Municipal waste life cycle assessment: Part 2: transport analysis and glass case study. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 77(5), 259-274.
3. [3] PAGÇEV. URL(2020): http://www.pagcev.org/yonetmelikler
4. [4] Yapı malzemeleri yönetmeliği, 2013, (305/2011/AB), Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Türkiye.
5. [5] Ryan, P.G., 2015, A brief history of marine litter research. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., Klages, M. (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Springer, Cham, pp. 1–25. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1.
6. [6] PLASFED, Demirci, B. (2014). Plastik Sanayicileri Federasyonu, Türkiye Plastik Sektör İzleme Raporu.
7. [7] PAGEV. URL: https://www.pagev.org/upload/files/Hammadde%20Yeni%20Tebli%C4%9F%20Bilg.%203/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Plastik%20Sekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%202016.pdf
8. [8] PETKİM (2014) Faaliyet Raporu. URL: http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petkim.com.tr%2FSayfa%2F1%2F176%2FYATIRIMCI-ILISKILERI-OPERASYONEL-VE-FINANSAL-VERILER-FAALIYET-RAPORLARI.aspx+&date=2016-05-05, Son Erişim tarihi: 07.03.2016.

9. [9] PAGEV. URL: https://www.pagev.org/upload/files/Plastik%20%20Sekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%202019%20Mart%20%283%29.pdf
10. [10] Saçak, M., 2005, Polimer Teknolojisi, Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi, 1-3, 7
11. [11] Lesko, J., 1998, Industrial Design Materials and Manufacturing, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
12. [12] Rubin, I., 1990, Handbook of Plastic Materials and Technology, Wiley,New York.
13. [13] Vatan, C., 2002, Plastik Malzemelerin Geri Dönüşümü: Otomotiv Endüstrisinden Örnekler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik üniversitesi, İstanbul
14. [14] Lansink, J., 1976, URL:http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.+nl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLadder_van_Lansink+&date=2016-05-05, Son Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2016.
15. [15] McDonough, W., Braungart, M., 2002, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, New York: North Point Press., 56-57.
16. [16] Thornton Kay, Salvo in Germany, 1994, Reiner Pilz, SalvoNEWS, 99, 14.
17. [17] Demirbas, A., 2011, Waste management, waste resource facilities and waste conversion processes. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(2), 1280-1287.
18. [18] European Commission, 2008, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), European Commission.
19. [19] Stein, von L.E., 1993, Construction and demolition debris, book section of recycling handbook, USA: McGraw Hill, 20,14.
20. [20] Vefago, L. H. M., & Avellaneda, J., 2013, Recycling concepts and the index of recyclability for building materials. Resources, conservation and recycling, 72, 127-135.
21. [21] Wu, Z., Yu, T.W., Shen, L., and Liu, G., 2014, Quantifying construction and demolition waste: An analytical review. Waste Management, 34, 1683–1692
22. [22] Hendriks, C. F., and Pietersen, H. S., 2000, Report 22: Sustainable raw materials: construction and demolition waste–state-of-the-art report of RILEM technical committee 165-SRM (Vol. 22). RILEM publications.
23. [23] Güler, Ç., & Çobanoğlu, Z., 1997, Toprak kirliliği. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Çevre Sağlığı Temel Kaynak Dizisi, 40.
24. [24] Furukawa, T., 1998, Plastic as Ironmaking Fuel at NKK, New Steel, 5
25. [25] Tukker, A., Groot, H., Simons, L., and Wiegersma, S., 1999, Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC And Other Resins) TNO Report STB-99-55 Final, TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy, Netherlands.
26. [26] Ogaki, Y., Tomioka, K., Watanabe, A., Arita, K., Kuriyama, I., and Sugayoshi, T., 2001, Recycling of waste plastic packaging in a blast furnace system. NKK Technical Review, 84, 1-7.
27. [27] Sarıdede, M. N., 2004, Yüksek Fırında Atık Plastik Kullanımı, Metalurji Dergisi, 138, 58-63.
28. [28]Tam, V. W., Tam, C. M., 2006, A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 47(3), 209-221.
29. [29]Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L., 2017. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 3 (7), e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
30. [30] Bajracharya, R. M., Manalo, A. C., Karunasena, W., and Lau, K. (2014). An overview of mechanical properties and durability of glass-fibre reinforced recycled mixed plastic waste composites, Materials and Design, 62, 98–112.
31. [31]Eurostat (2020) URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/4187653/9451024/Recycling_rate_of_plastic_2019_3/3d36f6f7-6662-c70a-b29d-55f1f0cfa10c?t=1572896410205
32. [32] Eurostat (2020) URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20191105-2
33. [33] Fareed, M., Asif, A.K., and Abbas, H. (2007). Physiochemical properties of polymer mortar composites using resins derived from post-consumer PET bottles. Cement &Concrete Composites, 29, 241–248.
34. [34] Urreaga, J. M., González-Sánchez, C., Martínez-Aguirre, A., Fonseca-Valero, C., Acosta, J. and de la Orden, M. U., 2015, Sustainable eco-composites obtained from agricultural and urban waste plastic blends and residual cellulose fibers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 377-384.
35. [35] González-Sánchez, C., Martínez-Aguirre, A., Pérez-García, B., Martínez-Urreaga, J., María, U., & Fonseca-Valero, C., 2014, Use of residual agricultural plastics and cellulose fibers for obtaining sustainable eco-composites prevents waste generation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, 228-237.
36. [36] La Mantia, F. P., Morreale, M., 2006, Mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene ecocomposites filled with natural organic fillers. Polymer Engineering & Science, 46(9), 1131-1139.
37. [37] De la Orden, M. U., Sánchez, C. G., Quesada, M. G., and Urreaga, J. M., 2007, Novel polypropylene–cellulose composites using polyethylenimine as coupling agent. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(9), 2005-2012.
38. [38] Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H. P., and Sain, M., 2012, Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Progress in Polymer Science, 37(11), 1552-1596
39. [39] Kazemi, N. S., 2013, Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites-a review. Waste management, 33(9), 1898-1905.
40. [40] Koronis, G., Silva, A., and Fontul, M., 2013, Green composites: a review of adequate materials for automotive applications. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44(1), 120-127
41. [41] Al-Oqla, F. M., Sapuan, S. M., 2014, Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 347-354.
42. [42] Bilici, İ., 2012, Atık plastiklerden kompozit malzeme üretimi ve karakterizasyonu, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 87.
43. [43] Sommerhuber, P. F. , Welling, J., and Krause, A., 2015, Substitution potentials of recycled HDPE and wood particles from post-consumer packaging waste in Wood–Plastic Composites, Waste Management, 46, 76–85.
44. [44] Boeglin, N., Triboulot, P., and Masson, D., 1997, A feasibility study on boards from wood and plastic waste: bending properties, dimensional stability and recycling of the board. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 55(1), 13-16.
45. [45] Balasuriya, P. W., Ye, L., and Mai, Y. W., 2003, Morphology and mechanical properties of reconstituted wood board waste-polyethylene composites. Composite Interfaces, 10(2-3), 319-341.
46. [46] Chen, H. C., Chen, T. Y., and Hsu, C. H., 2006, Effects of wood particle size and mixing ratios of HDPE on the properties of the composites. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 64(3), 172-177.
47. [47] Adhikary, K. B., Pang, S., and Staiger, M. P. (2008). Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood–plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Composites Part B: Engineering, 39(5), 807-815.
48. [48] Migneault, S., Koubaa, A., and Perré, P., 2014, Effect of fiber origin, proportion, and chemical composition on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 34(4), 241-261.
49. [49] Gozdecki, C., Wilczyński, A., Kociszewski, M., and Zajchowski, S., 2015, Properties of wood–plastic composites made of milled particleboard and polypropylene. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73(1), 87-95.
50. [50] Hu, B., Serranti, S., Fraunholcz, N., Di Maio, F., and Bonifazi, G., 2013, Recycling-oriented characterization of polyolefin packaging waste, Waste Management, 33 (3), 574–584.
51. [51] Yam, K. L., Gogoi, B. K., Lai, C. C., and Selke, S. E., 1990, Composites from compounding wood fibers with recycled high density polyethylene. Polymer Engineering & Science, 30(11), 693-699.
52. [52] Selke, S. E., Wichman, I., 2004, Wood fiber/polyolefin composites. Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, 35(3), 321-326.
53. [53] Najafi, S. K., Hamidinia, E., and Tajvidi, M., 2006, Mechanical properties of composites from sawdust and recycled plastics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100(5), 3641-3645.
54. [54] Adhikary, K. B., Pang, S., and Staiger, M. P., 2008, Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood–plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Composites Part B: Engineering, 39(5), 807-815.
55. [55] Cui, Y., Lee, S., Noruziaan, B., Cheung, M., & Tao, J., 2008, Fabrication and interfacial modification of wood/recycled plastic composite materials. Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, 39(4), 655-661.
56. [56] Cui, Y. H., Tao, J., Noruziaan, B., Cheung, M., & Lee, S., 2010, DSC Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Wood—Plastic Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 29(2), 278-289.
57. [57] Mitchell, J., Vandeperre, L., Dvorak, R., Kosior, E., Tarverdi, K., and Cheeseman, C., 2014, Recycling disposable cups into paper plastic composites, Waste Management, 34, 2113–2119.
58. [58] Rebeiz, K. S., Fowler, D. W. and Paul, D. R., 1993, Recycling plastics in polymer concrete for construction applications. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 5(2), 237-248.
59. [59] Sivakumar Babu, G. L., Chouksey, S. K., 2011, Analytical model for stress-strain response of plastic waste mixed soil. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 16(3), 219-228.
60. [60] Tuna Kayılı, M., 2016, Yüksek fırın baca tozu ve atık polietilen kullanılarak üretilen kompozit malzemenin yapıda kullanılabilirliğinin saptanması, Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara
61. [61] Tuna Kayılı, M., Çelebi, G., and Güldaş, A., 2018, Sürdürülebilir Yapı Malzemesi Hedefiyle Demir Çelik ve Plastik Endüstrisi Atıklarının Geri Kazanımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 33-44.
62. [62] Tuna Kayılı, M., Çelebi, G., and Güldaş, A., 2020, Morphological, Mechanical, Thermal and Tribological Properties of Environmentally Friendly Construction Materials: Recycled LDPE Composites Filled by Blast Furnace Dust, Journal of Green Building, 15 (3), [Baskıda].
63. [63] Chandra, V., Kim., 2011, World's First Recycled Plastic Bridges, The International Conference on Sustainable Design and Construction 2011: ICSDC 2011: Integrating Sustainability Practices in the Construction Industry, 23-25 March, Kansas City MO.
64. [64] POLLI-BRICK (2020) URL: https://www.miniwiz.com/solution_detail.php?id=5