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PRE-COLONIAL ANXIETIES: REASSESSING ORIENTALISM IN OTHELLO AND ANTHONY AND CLEOPATRA

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 863 - 872, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.37999/udekad.1675556

Abstract

This study offers a critical reassessment of Edward Said’s Orientalism by examining William Shakespeare’s Othello and Antony and Cleopatra. It challenges Said’s assertion that early modern Western representations of the East uniformly served to construct the Orient as irrational, inferior, and uncultured in contrast to a rational and superior Occident. Instead, this study argues that such a binary does not adequately account for England’s pre-colonial encounter with the powerful Ottoman Empire. During this period, English portrayals of the East were marked more by anxiety, fascination, and perceived vulnerability than by imperial dominance. In Othello, the protagonist’s racial and cultural ambiguity reflects English fears of “turning Turk”—the conversion to Islam and betrayal of Christian identity. In Antony and Cleopatra, Cleopatra embodies the destabilizing allure of the East, threatening Roman masculinity and imperial order. Antony’s symbolic “going native” and feminization express contemporary fears of cultural absorption. Moreover, Cleopatra subverts Orientalist stereotypes through her strategic manipulation of exoticism, overturning patriarchal hierarchies. By contextualizing both plays within early modern geopolitical tensions, this study argues for a more complex reading of Shakespeare’s representations of the East—one informed by ambivalence, awe, and political unease rather than simplistic notions of Western superiority.

Ethical Statement

This study is under the category of studies that do not require ethics committee approval.

Supporting Institution

None

Thanks

None

References

  • Aldemir, N. (2025). In-between resilience of Self: Chaos within/without in Zadie Smith’s On Beauty. Bingöl University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 29, 427–439. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1634249
  • Belsey, C. (1985). Cleopatra’s Seduction. In T. Hawkes (Ed.), Alternative Shakespeares, 2 (pp. 38–62). Psychology Press, Routledge. Ben Zid, M., & Al-Amri, H. (2019). A fresh look at Shakespeare’s dramaturgy: Towards an Orientalist approach to Othello. European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 7(5), 15–30.
  • Burton, J. (2005). Traffic and Turning: Islam and English Drama, 1579–1624. University of Delaware Press.
  • Fadaei Heidari, N. (2019). Re-visiting Orientalism in Antony and Cleopatra. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS), 4(1), 158–162.
  • Konstam, A. (2016). The Barbary Pirates: 15th–17th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.
  • Loomba, A. (1998). Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Routledge.
  • Loomba, A. (2002). Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism. Oxford University Press.
  • Matar, N. (1999). Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/1261900
  • Osmond, S. (2020). Colonial whiteness, Orientalism and representations of Cleopatra on the Australian stage. Studies in Costume & Performance, 5(1), 25–40.
  • Panda, E. S., & Samantaray, R. N. (2022). Othello: A postcolonial play. PARIPEX – Indian Journal of Research, 11(5), 45–47.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
  • Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. Knopf.
  • Shakespeare, W. (1603). Othello. ICON Group International.
  • Shakespeare, W. (1606). Antony and Cleopatra. ICON Group International.
  • Turgut, F. (2016). Orientalism and unfavourable positioning in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. Humanitas – International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(7), 229–250.
  • Vitkus, D. J. (2003). Turning Turk: English Theatre and the Multicultural Mediterranean, 1570–1630. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05292-6

SÖMÜRGECİLİK ÖNCESİ KAYGILAR: OTHELLO VE ANTONY VE CLEOPATRA’DA ORYANTALİZMİN YENİDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 863 - 872, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.37999/udekad.1675556

Abstract

Bu çalışma, William Shakespeare’in Othello ve Antony and Cleopatra adlı oyunlarını inceleyerek Edward Said’in Oryantalizm kuramına eleştirel bir yeniden değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Said’in erken modern dönemde Batı’nın Doğu’yu evrensel olarak irrasyonel, aşağı ve kültürsüz bir yapı olarak tasvir ederek kendini akılcı ve üstün bir konumda kurduğu yönündeki iddiasına karşı çıkılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu ikiliğin, İngiltere’nin sömürgecilik öncesi dönemde güçlü Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile yaşadığı karşılaşmayı yeterince açıklayamadığını savunur. Bu dönemde İngilizlerin Doğu tasvirleri, emperyal üstünlükten ziyade kaygı, hayranlık ve kırılganlık hissiyle şekillenmiştir. Othello oyununda başkahramanın ırksal ve kültürel belirsizliği, İngilizlerin “Türkleşme”ye—yani İslam’a geçiş ve Hristiyan kimliğini terk etme korkusuna—yansıyan endişelerini ortaya koyar. Antony and Cleopatra oyununda ise Kleopatra, Doğu’nun istikrarsızlaştırıcı cazibesini temsil ederek Roma erkekliği ve imparatorluk düzeni için tehdit oluşturur. Antonius’un sembolik olarak “yerelleşmesi” ve eril kimliğini yitirmesi, dönemin kültürel emilme korkularını dışa vurur. Ayrıca, Kleopatra, egzotizmi stratejik biçimde kullanarak Oryantalist kalıpları altüst eder ve ataerkil hiyerarşileri tersine çevirir. Bu çalışma, her iki oyunu da erken modern dönemdeki jeopolitik gerilimler bağlamında ele alarak, Shakespeare’in Doğu tasvirlerinin Batı üstünlüğü fikrinden çok, ikirciklilik, hayranlık ve politik huzursuzlukla şekillendiğini savunur.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma, etik kurul onayı gerektirmeyen çalışmalar kategorisine girmektedir.

Supporting Institution

yoktur

Thanks

yoktur

References

  • Aldemir, N. (2025). In-between resilience of Self: Chaos within/without in Zadie Smith’s On Beauty. Bingöl University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 29, 427–439. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1634249
  • Belsey, C. (1985). Cleopatra’s Seduction. In T. Hawkes (Ed.), Alternative Shakespeares, 2 (pp. 38–62). Psychology Press, Routledge. Ben Zid, M., & Al-Amri, H. (2019). A fresh look at Shakespeare’s dramaturgy: Towards an Orientalist approach to Othello. European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 7(5), 15–30.
  • Burton, J. (2005). Traffic and Turning: Islam and English Drama, 1579–1624. University of Delaware Press.
  • Fadaei Heidari, N. (2019). Re-visiting Orientalism in Antony and Cleopatra. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS), 4(1), 158–162.
  • Konstam, A. (2016). The Barbary Pirates: 15th–17th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.
  • Loomba, A. (1998). Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Routledge.
  • Loomba, A. (2002). Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism. Oxford University Press.
  • Matar, N. (1999). Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/1261900
  • Osmond, S. (2020). Colonial whiteness, Orientalism and representations of Cleopatra on the Australian stage. Studies in Costume & Performance, 5(1), 25–40.
  • Panda, E. S., & Samantaray, R. N. (2022). Othello: A postcolonial play. PARIPEX – Indian Journal of Research, 11(5), 45–47.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
  • Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. Knopf.
  • Shakespeare, W. (1603). Othello. ICON Group International.
  • Shakespeare, W. (1606). Antony and Cleopatra. ICON Group International.
  • Turgut, F. (2016). Orientalism and unfavourable positioning in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. Humanitas – International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(7), 229–250.
  • Vitkus, D. J. (2003). Turning Turk: English Theatre and the Multicultural Mediterranean, 1570–1630. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05292-6
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medieval Literature, Comparative and Transnational Literature
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fikret Güven 0000-0002-9313-7166

Early Pub Date June 28, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date April 14, 2025
Acceptance Date June 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güven, F. (2025). PRE-COLONIAL ANXIETIES: REASSESSING ORIENTALISM IN OTHELLO AND ANTHONY AND CLEOPATRA. Uluslararası Dil Edebiyat Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 863-872. https://doi.org/10.37999/udekad.1675556

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