Bir Yabancılaşma Düşünürü Olarak Kierkegaard

Abstract

Yabancılaşma, hem Hegel ve Marx ile başlayan 19. yüzyıl felsefî geleneğinde hem de 20. yüzyılın ayrışık varoluşçu düşünce ekolünde kilit bir temadır. Kierkegaard sıklıkla bu düşünce geleneklerinin anlatılarına dahil edilmiş, fakat onun bu konuya esas katkısı tartışmalı olmuştur. Marx veya Sartre gibi figürlerin aksine Kierkegaard, “yabancılaşma” terimini [eserlerinde] neredeyse hiçbir zaman açık bir şekilde kullanmamıştır. O hâlde mesele, bir yorum meselesi hâline gelmektedir: Kierkegaard’taki hangi düşünceler, yabancılaşma kavramına diğer düşünürler ve bu geleneklerde bulunduğu gibi bir aile benzerliği taşıyor? Bu makalede, anlam yüklü bir şekilde yabancılaşma biçimleri olarak adlandırılabileceğine inandığım kavramların tartışıldığı, Kierkegaard’dan üç ayrı metin belirledim: Ya/Ya da’dan “En Mutsuz Olan”, Bir Edebî İnceleme’den “Mevcut Çağ” ve Ölüme Götüren Hastalık’tan farklı umutsuzluk aşamaları. Amaç bu metinleri, tamamıyla Kierkegaard’ın yabancılaşma kavramına ilişkin bir anlayış geliştirmek adına, temel veya başlangıç noktası olarak kullanmaktır. Daha sonra bu, Kierkegaard’ın sırasıyla felsefenin 19. ve 20. yüzyıllardaki gelişimine olan katkısını daha kesin bir biçimde belirlememize de yardımcı olacak.

Keywords

• Ya/Ya da
• Umutsuzluk
• Ölüme Götüren Hastalık
• Hegel
• Mutsuz Bilinç
• Umut

Kierkegaard as a Thinker of Alienation

Abstract

Alienation is a key theme in both the philosophical tradition of the 19th century that begins with Hegel and Marx and in heterogenous school of existentialist thought in the 20th century. Kierkegaard is often included in narratives of these philosophical traditions, but his contribution to this topic is problematic. Unlike figures such as Marx or Sartre, he almost never uses the term “alienation” explicitly. The question then becomes one of interpretation: what ideas in Kierkegaard bear a meaningful family resemblance to the concept as it is found in other thinkers in these traditions? In this article I have identified three different texts from Kierkegaard in which concepts are discussed that I believe can be meaningfully designated as forms of alienation: “The Unhappiest One,” from Either/Or, “The Present Age” from A Literary Review, and the different stages of despair in The Sickness unto Death. The goal is simply to use these texts as the basis or starting point for developing an understanding of Kierkegaard’s concept of alienation. This will then in turn help us to determine more precisely his contribution to the development of philosophy in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Keywords

• Either/Or
• Despair
• The Sickness Unto Death
• Hegel
• The Unhappy Consciousness
• Hope

References

1. Daniel W. Conway. “Modest Expectations: Kierkegaard’s Reflections on the Present Age”. Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook (1999). 21-49. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110244014.21
2. Daniel W. Conway - K. E. Gover (ed.). Social and Political Philosophy: Kierkegaard and the “Present Age”. London - New York: Routledge, 2002.
3. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion. çev. E.B. Speirs - J. Burdon Sanderson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul - New York: The Humanities Press, 1962.
4. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Sämtliche Werke. 22 Cilt. ed. Hermann Glockner Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1928–1941.
5. George Pattison. “The Present Age: the Age of the City”. Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook (1999), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110244014.1
6. Gregor Malantschuk. Nøglebegreber i Søren Kierkegaards tænkning. ed. Grethe Kjær ve Paul Müller. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel, 1993).
7. Frederick Sontag. A Kierkegaard Handbook. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1979.
8. Husain Sarkar. The Toils of Understanding: An Essay on “The Present Age”. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2000.

9. James L. Marsh. “Marx and Kierkegaard on Alienation”. Two Ages: Present Age and the Age of Revolution, A Literary Review. ed.
10. Robert L. Perkins. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1984. International Kierkegaard Commentary 14/155–174.
11. John R.Wilson. “ ‘Signs of the Times’ and ‘The Present Age’: Essays of Crisis”. Western Humanities Review 26 (1972), 369‐374.
12. Jon Stewart. “Kierkegaard’s Phenomenology of Despair in The Sickness unto Death”. Kierkegaard’s Relations to Hegel Reconsidered. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 550–595.
13. Jørgen Hass. “Entfremdung und Freiheit bei Hegel und Kierkegaard”. Kierkegaard und die deutsche Philosophie seiner Zeit: Vorträge des Kolloquiums am 5. und 6. November 1979. ed. Heinrich Anz vd. Copenhagen: Text und Kontext - Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1980, 7/62–83.
14. Julia Watkin. Historical Dictionary of Kierkegaard’s Philosophy. Lanham, Maryland - London: Scarecrow Press, 2001.
15. Liesbet Samyn. “How to Cure Despair: On Irony and the Unhappy Consciousness”. Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook (2009), 317–351.
16. Liesbet Samyn. “Yearning for the Grave: The Unhappy Consciousness in Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ and in Kierkegaard’s Either/Or”. Geist? Zweiter Teil. ed. Andreas Arndt. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011, 255–261.
17. Lore Hühn. “Selbstentfremdung und Gefährdung menschlichen Selbstseins. Zu einer Schlüsselfigur bei Schelling und Kierkegaard”. “Alle Pers nlichkeit ruht ätauf einem dunkeln Grunde”: Schellings Philosophie der Personalität. ed. Thomas Buchheim - Friedrich Hermanni. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 2004.
18. Marie Mikulov Thulstrup (ed.). Bibliotheca Kierkegaardiana Volume 3: Concepts and Alternatives in Kierkegaard. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel, 1980.
19. Niels Thulstrup - Marie Mikulov Thulstrup (ed.). Bibliotheca Kierkegaardiana Volume 5: Theological Concepts in Kierkegaard. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel, 1980.
20. Marie Mikulová Thulstrup (ed.). Bibliotheca Kierkegaardiana Volume 16: Some of Kierkegaard’s Main Categories. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel, 1988.
21. Martina Pavlíáková. “Despair and Alienation of Modern Man in Society”. European Journal of Science and Theology 11/3 (2015), 191–200.
22. Matthew Edgar. “Deer Park or the Monastery? Kierkegaard and Hegel on Unhappy Consciousness, Renunciation, and Worldliness”. Philosophy Today 46 (2002), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday200246335
23. Milan Petkanič. “Passion and Age: Kierkegaard’s Diagnosis of the Present Age”. Human Affairs: A Postdisciplinary Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences 14/2 (2004), 165–182.
24. Niels Jørgen Cappelørn vd. (ed.). Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter. 55 Cilt. Copenhagen: Gad Publishers, 1997-2013.
25. Patricia C. Dip. “Angustia y alienación: Kierkegaard y Marx”. Mirada kierkegaardiana 1 (2009), 39–47.
26. Peter A. Heiberg vd. (ed.). Søren Kierkegaards Papirer. 20 Cilt. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1909-48.
27. Ronald L. Hall. “The Origin of Alienation: Some Kierkegaardian Reflections on Merleau‐Ponty’s Phenomenology of the Body”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 12 (1981), 111‐122.
28. Søren Kierkegaard. Either/Or. çev. Howard V. Hong – Edna H. Hong. 2 Cilt. (Princeton, New Jersey, 1987), 1/217–230.
29. Søren Kierkegaard. Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age. çev. Howard V. Hong – Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey, 1978.
30. Søren Kierkegaard. The Sickness unto Death. çev. Howard V. Hong – Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey, 1980.
31. Steven M. Emmanuel vd. (ed.). Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources Volume 15, Tomes I-VI: Kierkegaard’s Concepts. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2013–15.
32. W. Richard Comstock. “Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx on ‘The Unhappy Consciousness’ ”. Internationales Jahrbuch für Wissens- und Religionssoziologie 11 (1978), 91‐119.
33. Zachary Price. “On Young Lukács on Kierkegaard: Hermeneutic Utopianism and the Problem of Alienation”. Philosophy and Social Criticism 25/6 (1999), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/019145379902500603