Research Article

An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11

Volume: 38 Number: 3 December 27, 2025
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An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11

Abstract

Many countries have structured their educational systems based on Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. However, Piaget also emphasized that development is influenced by culture and that the age ranges for cognitive stages may vary across different cultural contexts. Therefore, it is essential to understand the developmental stages of children within a specific country before designing educational levels, developing instructional materials, or implementing teacher training programs. Otherwise, the quality and effectiveness of a country's educational system may be compromised. This study investigated the cognitive development stages and scientific reasoning characteristics of children aged 7 to 11. The sample consisted of 45 students, divided into five age groups. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observation forms. The interview questions were based on two thought experiments from the social sciences. A total of 90 interviews were conducted, and 765 responses were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis program. The results indicated that all age groups exhibited the four types of scientific reasoning—abductive, inductive, deductive, and hypothetico-deductive—in varying frequencies and proportions. Additionally, the preoperational stage was found to persist until age 9, and the absence of clear indicators of the concrete operational stage suggests that it may begin around that age. Based on these results, recommendations are provided for the structuring of educational practices.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Learning Theories, Psychological Foundations of Education, Child Development Education

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

October 16, 2025

Publication Date

December 27, 2025

Submission Date

December 2, 2024

Acceptance Date

June 18, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 38 Number: 3

APA
Tunalı, Ö., & Aktürkoğlu, B. (2025). An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, 38(3), 593-624. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.1595025
AMA
1.Tunalı Ö, Aktürkoğlu B. An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education. 2025;38(3):593-624. doi:10.19171/uefad.1595025
Chicago
Tunalı, Öznur, and Banu Aktürkoğlu. 2025. “An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11”. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education 38 (3): 593-624. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.1595025.
EndNote
Tunalı Ö, Aktürkoğlu B (December 1, 2025) An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education 38 3 593–624.
IEEE
[1]Ö. Tunalı and B. Aktürkoğlu, “An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11”, Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 593–624, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.19171/uefad.1595025.
ISNAD
Tunalı, Öznur - Aktürkoğlu, Banu. “An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11”. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education 38/3 (December 1, 2025): 593-624. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.1595025.
JAMA
1.Tunalı Ö, Aktürkoğlu B. An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education. 2025;38:593–624.
MLA
Tunalı, Öznur, and Banu Aktürkoğlu. “An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11”. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, vol. 38, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 593-24, doi:10.19171/uefad.1595025.
Vancouver
1.Öznur Tunalı, Banu Aktürkoğlu. An Investigation into the Cognitive Developmental Stages and Scientific Reasoning Characteristics of Children Aged 7-11. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education. 2025 Dec. 1;38(3):593-624. doi:10.19171/uefad.1595025


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