Dijital Çağda E-Öğrenme Ortamlarının Kalitesini Artırmaya Yönelik Gerçekleştirilen Uluslararası Çalışmalar

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 165 - 182, 01.06.2019

Mesut Ünlü

Abstract

Bu çalışma, dijital çağda e-öğrenme ortamlarının kalitesini arttırmaya yönelik gerçekleştirilen uluslararası çalışmaları ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bilgi iletişim ortamlarında yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler ile dünyayı dijital ortamlarda algılayan ve davranışsal olarak önceki nesillerden farklı özelliklere sahip yeni bir neslin ortaya çıkışı, eğitim-öğretim süreçlerinin e-öğrenme ortamlarına taşınmasına neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle, eğitimde e-öğrenme süreçlerinin kalitesinin arttırılması ve güvence altına alınması için ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmaların yapılması önem kazanmıştır. Literatür alanyazın taraması sonucunda elde edilen belgelerin doküman analiz edildiği bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde yapılan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. Eğitimde ve özellikle e-öğrenmede kalitenin gelişimi Avrupa’da önemi giderek artan bir gündem haline gelmiştir. Avrupa’da e-öğrenmede kaliteye ulaşmak için yürütülen çalışmaların en önemli aktörlerinin Avrupa Komisyonu ile Avrupa Yüksek Öğretimde Kalite Güvencesi Derneği’nin olduğu söylenebilir. Amerika’da yürütülen Quality Matters Programı, çevrimiçi derslerin kalitesini belgelendirmek için rubrikler oluşturmuş ve bu çalışmalar ulusal kalite süreçleri haline gelmiştir. Diğer taraftan, eöğrenmede kaliteyi sağlamak için farklı kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından farklı yaklaşımlar ve standartlar geliştirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, e-öğrenmede kaliteye ulaşmak için dijital çağdaki yeni teknolojiler ile öğrencilerin özellikleri ve ihtiyaçları göz önüne alınmalı, özellikle bilginin tek yönlü iletişim kanalı üzerinden aktarılmasını hedefleyen geleneksel kampüs temelli öğretim dijital boyutta yeniden tasarlanmalıdır

Keywords

dijital çağ, e-öğrenme, e-öğrenme teknolojileri, kalite

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ON IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF E-LEARNING ENVİRONMENTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Abstract

This study has been carried out in order to reveal the international studies carried out in order to improve the quality of e-learning environments in the digital age. The emergence of the technological developments in information communication environments and existence of a new generation that perceives the world in digital environments and has behaviorally different characteristics than previous generations has led to the transfer of education and training processes to e-learning environments. For this reason, it has become important to carry out national and international studies in order to improve and assure the quality of e-learning processes in education. This study including studies carried out in the European Union countries and the United States of America was based on document analysis gathered from literature review. It can be said that the most important actors of the studies carried out to achieve quality in e-learning in Europe are the European Commission and the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. The Quality Matters Program in the United States has created rubrics with national criteria to document the quality of online courses and online components, and these studies have become nationally recognized for faculty-centered quality processes. On the other hand, it has been concluded that different approaches and standards have been developed by different institutions and organizations to ensure quality in elearning. As a result, in order to achieve quality in e-learning, new technologies in the digital age should be taken into consideration with the characteristics and needs of students, and the traditional campusbased teaching aiming at the transmission of information through one-way communication channel should be redesigned in digital dimension.

Keywords

digital age, e-learning, e-learning technologies, quality

References

• Akdal, T. (2019). Seeking Solutions for Enhancing Social Relations and Communication in Media-Dependent Children of the Digital Age. In G. Sarı (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Children's Consumption of Digital Media (pp. 60-71). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5733-3.ch005
• Anderson, T. (Ed.). (2008). The theory and practice of online learning. Athabasca University Press.
• Bates, T. (2015). Teaching in a Digital Age. Open Educational Resources Collection. 6.
• Beck, D., & Hughes, C. (2013). Engaging Adult Learners with Innovative Technologies. In V. Wang (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Technologies for Improving the 21st Century Workforce: Tools for Lifelong Learning (pp. 26-41). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2181-7.ch003
• Buckingham, D. (2013). Making sense of the ‘Digital Generation: Growing up with digital media. Self & Society, 40(3), 7-15.
• California State University. (2019). Rubric for Online Instruction. 01 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://www.csuchico.edu/eoi/rubric.shtml adresinden erişildi.
• Chiparausha, B., & Chigwada, J. P. (2019). Promoting Library Services in a Digital Environment in Zimbabwe. In P. Ngulube (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Advocacy, Promotion, and Public Programming for Memory Institutions (pp. 284-296). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7429-3.ch015
• CommLab India. (2019). Instructional Design 101. 11 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://resources.commlabindia.com/hubfs/elearning-components/ebook/instructional- design-101-commlab.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Dondi, G., & Moretti, M. (2007). Elearning quality in European Universities: Different Approaches for Different Purposes. Retrieved 30 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, https://www.efmd.org/projects-test?download=7:07-elearning-quality-approaches adresinden erişildi.
• Eby, G., & Okur, M.R. (Eds.) (2015). Temel Bilgi Teknolojileri-II. Eskişehir: Web Ofset.
• Ehlers, U. (2003). Quality in E-learning: the learner as a key quality assurance category. 10 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, europa.eu/files/etv/Upload/Information_ resources/Bookshop/349/29_en_Ehlers.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• https://www.cedefop.
• European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice. (2018). The European Higher Education Area in 2018: Bologna Process Implementation Report. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union.
• European Distance & e-Learning Network-EDEN. (2003). The quality dialogue-Integrating quality cultures in flexible, distance and elearning workshop. Proceedings of the 2003 EDEN Annual conference, Rhodes, Greece, 15-18.
• Farmer, L. S. (2019). Globalization and Localization in Online Settings. In L. Kyei-Blankson, J. Blankson, & E. Ntuli (Eds.), Care and Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in Online Settings (pp. 168-191). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7802- 4.ch009
• Foundation Telecom. (2014). Higher Education in the Digital Age Rise of the MOOCs. 07 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://www.imt.fr/higher-education-in-the-digital-age-rise-of- the-moocs-the-new-fondation-telecom-brochure-is-available- now/201411_cpcahierveilleft _en adresinden erişildi.
• Frydenberg,J. (2002). Quality Standard sin E-Learning: A matrix of analysis, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Vol. 3, No. 2.
• Grifoll, E. H., Prades, A., Rodríguez, S., Rubin, Y., Mulder, F., & Ossiannilsson, E. (2009). Quality Assurance of E-learning. https://enqa.eu/index.php/events/enqa-workshop-on-quality-assurance-of-e-learning/ adresinden erişildi.
• Ekim 2019 tarihinde
• Han, H., Dick, G., Case, T., & Van Slyke, C. (2010). Key Capabilities, Components, and Evolutionary Trends in Corporate E-Learning Systems. In H. Song, & T. Kidd (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Human Performance and Instructional Technology (pp. 446-469). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-782-9.ch027
• Helfaya, A., & O'Neill, J. (2019). Staff Reflections on Using E-Assessment Feedback in the Digital Age. In A. Azevedo & J. Azevedo (Eds.), Handbook of Research on E- Assessment in Higher Education (pp. 386-414). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5936-8.ch016
• Johnson L., Smith R., Willis H., Levine A., & Haywood K. (2011) The 2011 Horizon Report. The New Media Consortium, Austin, TX.
• Jung, I., & Latchem, C. (Eds.). (2011). Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Distance Education and e-Learning: Models, Policies and Research (1st Ed.). New York & London: Routledge
• McGahan, S. J., Jackson, C. M., & Premer, K. (2015). Online Course Quality Assurance: Development of a Quality Checklist. 20 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1074062. pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Mogus, A. M. (2015). The Use of Quality Management Systems for E-Learning. 05 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, http://econference.metropolitan. ac.rs/files/pdf/2015/27-Ana-Mirkovic- Mogus-The-use-of-quality-management-systems-for-e-learning.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Pawlowski, M.J., & Bick, M. (2003). The European Quality Observatory (EQO): Harmonizing Quality Approaches for E-Learning. 03 Ağustos 2019 tarihinde, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4024334_The_European_Quality_Observato ry_EQO_structuring_quality_approaches_for_e-learning adresinden erişildi
• Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. 10 Ağustos 2019 tarihinde, https://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital % 20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Prisacariu, A., & Shah, M. (2016). Defining the quality of higher education around ethics and moral values. Quality in Higher Education, 22(2), 1-15. KAYNAKÇA
• Akdal, T. (2019). Seeking Solutions for Enhancing Social Relations and Communication in Media-Dependent Children of the Digital Age. In G. Sarı (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Children's Consumption of Digital Media (pp. 60-71). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5733-3.ch005
• Anderson, T. (Ed.). (2008). The theory and practice of online learning. Athabasca University Press.
• Bates, T. (2015). Teaching in a Digital Age. Open Educational Resources Collection. 6.
• Beck, D., & Hughes, C. (2013). Engaging Adult Learners with Innovative Technologies. In V. Wang (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Technologies for Improving the 21st Century Workforce: Tools for Lifelong Learning (pp. 26-41). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2181-7.ch003
• Buckingham, D. (2013). Making sense of the ‘Digital Generation: Growing up with digital media. Self & Society, 40(3), 7-15.
• California State University. (2019). Rubric for Online Instruction. 01 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://www.csuchico.edu/eoi/rubric.shtml adresinden erişildi.
• Chiparausha, B., & Chigwada, J. P. (2019). Promoting Library Services in a Digital Environment in Zimbabwe. In P. Ngulube (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Advocacy, Promotion, and Public Programming for Memory Institutions (pp. 284-296). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7429-3.ch015
• CommLab India. (2019). Instructional Design 101. 11 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://resources.commlabindia.com/hubfs/elearning-components/ebook/instructional- design-101-commlab.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Dondi, G., & Moretti, M. (2007). Elearning quality in European Universities: Different Approaches for Different Purposes. Retrieved 30 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, https://www.efmd.org/projects-test?download=7:07-elearning-quality-approaches adresinden erişildi.
• Eby, G., & Okur, M.R. (Eds.) (2015). Temel Bilgi Teknolojileri-II. Eskişehir: Web Ofset.
• Ehlers, U. (2003). Quality in E-learning: the learner as a key quality assurance category. 10 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, europa.eu/files/etv/Upload/Information_ resources/Bookshop/349/29_en_Ehlers.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• https://www.cedefop.
• European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice. (2018). The European Higher Education Area in 2018: Bologna Process Implementation Report. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union.
• European Distance & e-Learning Network-EDEN. (2003). The quality dialogue-Integrating quality cultures in flexible, distance and elearning workshop. Proceedings of the 2003 EDEN Annual conference, Rhodes, Greece, 15-18.
• Farmer, L. S. (2019). Globalization and Localization in Online Settings. In L. Kyei-Blankson, J. Blankson, & E. Ntuli (Eds.), Care and Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in Online Settings (pp. 168-191). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7802- 4.ch009
• Foundation Telecom. (2014). Higher Education in the Digital Age Rise of the MOOCs. 07 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://www.imt.fr/higher-education-in-the-digital-age-rise-of- the-moocs-the-new-fondation-telecom-brochure-is-available- now/201411_cpcahierveilleft _en adresinden erişildi.
• Frydenberg,J. (2002). Quality Standard sin E-Learning: A matrix of analysis, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Vol. 3, No. 2.
• Grifoll, E. H., Prades, A., Rodríguez, S., Rubin, Y., Mulder, F., & Ossiannilsson, E. (2009). Quality Assurance of E-learning. https://enqa.eu/index.php/events/enqa-workshop-on-quality-assurance-of-e-learning/ adresinden erişildi.
• Ekim 2019 tarihinde
• Han, H., Dick, G., Case, T., & Van Slyke, C. (2010). Key Capabilities, Components, and Evolutionary Trends in Corporate E-Learning Systems. In H. Song, & T. Kidd (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Human Performance and Instructional Technology (pp. 446-469). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-782-9.ch027
• Helfaya, A., & O'Neill, J. (2019). Staff Reflections on Using E-Assessment Feedback in the Digital Age. In A. Azevedo & J. Azevedo (Eds.), Handbook of Research on E- Assessment in Higher Education (pp. 386-414). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5936-8.ch016
• Johnson L., Smith R., Willis H., Levine A., & Haywood K. (2011) The 2011 Horizon Report. The New Media Consortium, Austin, TX.
• Jung, I., & Latchem, C. (Eds.). (2011). Quality Assurance and Accreditation in Distance Education and e-Learning: Models, Policies and Research (1st Ed.). New York & London: Routledge
• McGahan, S. J., Jackson, C. M., & Premer, K. (2015). Online Course Quality Assurance: Development of a Quality Checklist. 20 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1074062. pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Mogus, A. M. (2015). The Use of Quality Management Systems for E-Learning. 05 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, http://econference.metropolitan. ac.rs/files/pdf/2015/27-Ana-Mirkovic- Mogus-The-use-of-quality-management-systems-for-e-learning.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Pawlowski, M.J., & Bick, M. (2003). The European Quality Observatory (EQO): Harmonizing Quality Approaches for E-Learning. 03 Ağustos 2019 tarihinde, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4024334_The_European_Quality_Observato ry_EQO_structuring_quality_approaches_for_e-learning adresinden erişildi
• Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. 10 Ağustos 2019 tarihinde, https://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital % 20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Prisacariu, A., & Shah, M. (2016). Defining the quality of higher education around ethics and moral values. Quality in Higher Education, 22(2), 1-15.
• Seaman, J. E., Allen, E., & Seaman, J. (2018). Grade Increase: Tracking Distance Education in The United States. Babson Survey Research Group
• Schindler, L., Puls-Elvidge, S., Welzant, H., & Crawford, L. (2015). Definitions of quality in higher education: A synthesis of the literature. Higher Learning Research Communications, 5(3), 3-13.
• Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. New York: Crown Publising
• Teodora, V., Mioara, U., & Magdalena, N. (2013). Quality through E-Learning and Quality for E-Learning. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 3(1).
• The Government of Japan. (2019). Realizing Society 5.0. 11 Haziran 2019 tarihinde, https://www.japan.go.jp/abenomics/_userdata/ abenomics/pdf/ society_5.0.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Universal Standards for Quality in Education. (2017). Universal Standards for Quality in Education. To enable the delivery of Sustainable Development Goals 2030. 01 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde, https://www.thecommonwealth-educationhub.net/wp-content/uploads/ 2016/05 /Quality_Standards_Education_2017_07.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Uvalić-Trumbić, S., & Daniel, S.J. (2012). A Guide to Quality in Online Learning. Academic Partnership. 11 Eylül 2019 tarihinde, https://www.academicpartnerships.com/ Resource/documents/A-Guide-to- Quality-in-Online-Learning.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• WEF (World Economic Forum). (2019). Civil Society in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Preparation and Response. World Economic Forum Publish. 29 Ekim 2019 tarihinde, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Civil_Society_in_the_Fourth_Industrial_Revol ution_Response_and_Innovation.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Wang, V. X., & Torrisi-Steele, R. (2016). Reflective Learning in the Digital Age: Insights from Confucius and Mezirow. In V. Wang (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Learning Outcomes and Opportunities in the Digital Age (pp. 421-440). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9577-1.ch019
• Wright, J. (2015). Changing Expectations of Academic Libraries. In M. Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition (pp. 4846- 4852). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch476
• Yeung, D. (2002). Toward an effective quality assurance model of Web-based learning: The perspective of academic staff. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 4 (2), 1-17.