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GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 20, 91 - 106, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Otizm spektrum bozukluğuna sahip bireyler yüz ifadeleriyle ortaya konan duyguları anlamakta zorluk yaşamaktadırlar. Özellikle korku ve öfke gibi bilgilendirici yüz bölgesinin gözler olduğu duyguları tanımakta nörotipik bireylere kıyasla zorluk göstermektedirler. Tipik gelişim gösteren ancak klinik seviyeye ulaşmamış düzeyde çeşitli otizm benzeri özellikleri farklı derecelerde ortaya koyan bireyler genel otizm fenotipi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tipik gelişim gösteren bireylerin yüz ifadelerinden duygu tanıma becerilerini genel otizm fenotipi kapsamında incelemiştir. Otizm katsayılarına göre düşük ve yüksek olarak gruplandırılmış katılımcılara duygusal yüz ifadeleri sergileyen modellerin fotoğraflarının gösterildiği duygu sınıflandırma ödevi verilmiştir ve katılımcılardan duyguları sınıflandırmaları istenirken tepki süreleri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar otizm katsayısı yüksek olan grubun duygu tanımlama becerilerinin bozulmamış olduğunu ancak tanımlayıcı yüz bölgesi gözler olan öfke ve korku duygularını anlayabilmek için otizm katsayısı düşük olan gruba kıyasla daha fazla zamana ihtiyaç duyduklarını ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum göreceli olarak daha fazla otizm özellikleri gösteren nörotipik bireylerde duyguları tanıma performansı ve bu performans için harcanan süre arasında bilişsel bir ödün verme davranışı olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

References

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  • Bar-Haim, Y., Shulman, C., Lamy, D., & Reuveni, A. (2006). Attention to eyes and mouth in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0046-1
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005653411471
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  • Bolte, S., & Poustka, F. (2003). The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 33(5), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703007438
  • Boraston, Z., & Blakemore, S. J. (2007). The application of eye-tracking technology in the study of autism. The Journal of Physiology, 581(Pt3), 893-898. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133587
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  • Kliemann, D., Dziobek, I., Hatri, A., Steimke, R., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Atypical reflexive gaze patterns on emotional faces in autism spectrum disorders. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(37), 12281-12287. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0688-10.2010
  • Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809
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  • Law Smith, M. J., Montagne, B., Perrett, D. I., Gill, M., & Gallagher, L. (2010). Detecting subtle facial emotion recognition deficits in high-functioning autism using dynamic stimuli of varying intensities. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2777-2781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.008
  • Messinger, D. S., Mahoor, M. H., Chow, S. M., & Cohn, J. F. (2009). Automated measurement of facial expression in infant–mother interaction: A pilot study. Infancy, 14(3), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15250000902839963
  • Nation, P., & Penny, S. (2008). Sensitivity to eye gaze in autism: Is it normal? Is it automatic? Is it social?. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 77-97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000047
  • Neumann, D., Spezio, M. L., Piven, J., & Adolphs, R. (2006). Looking you in the mouth: abnormal gaze in autism resulting from impaired top-down modulation of visual attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsl030
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  • Pellicano, E., & Macrae, C. N. (2009). Mutual eye gaze facilitates person categorization for typically developing children, but not for children with autism. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(6), 1094-1099. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.6.1094
  • Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016374617369
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  • Rice, K., Moriuchi, J. M., Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2012). Parsing heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: visual scanning of dynamic social scenes in school-aged children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(3), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.017
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  • Sasson, N. J., Lam, K. S., Parlier, M., Daniels, J. L., & Piven, J. (2013). Autism and the broad autism phenotype: familial patterns and intergenerational transmission. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-5-11
  • Schyns, P. G., Petro, L. S., & Smith, M. L. (2009). Transmission of facial expressions of emotion co-evolved with their efficient decoding in the brain: behavioral and brain evidence. PLoS One, 4(5), e5625. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005625
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  • Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., McMahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007). Face processing in children with autism Effects of stimulus contents and type. Autism: the international journal of research and practice, 11(3), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307076925
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INVESTIGATION OF EMOTION RECOGNITION ABILITIES FROM FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN BROADER AUTISM PHENOTYPE

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 20, 91 - 106, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders display deficits in recognizing emotions from facial expressions. This is especially pronounced when the informative facial region is the eye area for emotions such as fear and anger. Typically developing individuals with sub-clinical levels of autism-like behaviours in varying degrees are called broader autism phenotype. Current study investigated emotion recognition skills from facial expressions in broader autism phenotype. Participants were grouped based on their autism quotients as high and low and were asked to complete an emotion classification task, where photographs of models displayed emotional facial expressions. Their reaction times were also measured. Results yielded that emotion recognition abilities of individuals with high autism-like behaviours are intact. But these individuals needed more time to recognize emotions like anger and fear, of which informative facial region is the eye area, in comparison to the low autism quotient group. This suggests that there is a cognitive trade-off between the effort for emotion recognition and reaction times in neurotypical individuals with relatively higher autism-like behaviours.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Atkinson, A. P., & Smithson, H. E. (2013). Distinct contributions to facial emotion perception of foveated versus nonfoveated facial features. Emotion Review, 5(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912457226
  • Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolton, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., & Rutter, M. (1995). Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychological medicine, 25(01), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028099
  • Batki, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Connellan, J., & Ahluwalia, J. (2000). Is there an innate gaze module? Evidence from human neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 23(2), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00037-6
  • Bar-Haim, Y., Shulman, C., Lamy, D., & Reuveni, A. (2006). Attention to eyes and mouth in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0046-1
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005653411471
  • Bindemann, M., Scheepers, C., & Burton, A. M. (2009). Viewpoint and center of gravity affect eye movements to human faces. Journal of Vision, 9(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.2.7
  • Bolte, S., & Poustka, F. (2003). The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 33(5), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703007438
  • Boraston, Z., & Blakemore, S. J. (2007). The application of eye-tracking technology in the study of autism. The Journal of Physiology, 581(Pt3), 893-898. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133587
  • Boraston, Z., Blakemore, S. J., Chilvers, R., & Skuse, D. (2007). Impaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism. Neuropsychologia, 45(7), 1501-1510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.010
  • Boucher, J. D., & Ekman, P. (1975). Facial areas and emotional information. Journal of Communication, 25(2), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1975.tb00577.x
  • Buitelaar, J. K., van der Wees, M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., & van der Gaag, R. (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499001947
  • Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025970600181
  • Ekman, P., & Friezer, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
  • Farroni, T., Csibra, G., Simion, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2002). Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(14), 9602-9605. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152159999
  • Hallmayer, J., Cleveland, S., Torres, A., Phillips, J., Cohen, B., Torigoe, T., ... & Risch, N. (2011). Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(11), 1095-1102. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76
  • Hainline, L. (1978). Developmental changes in visual scanning of face and nonface patterns by infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 25(1), 90-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(78)90041-3
  • Izard, C. E. (1994). Innate and universal facial expressions: evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 288-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.288
  • Keltner, D., & Ekman, P. (2000). Facial expression of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.). Handbook of Emotion (p. 236-249). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Kliemann, D., Dziobek. I., Hatri, A., Baudewig, J., & Heekeren, H. R. (2012). The role of the amygdala in atypical gaze on emotional faces in autism spectrum disorders. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(28), 9469-9476. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5294-11.2012
  • Kliemann, D., Dziobek, I., Hatri, A., Steimke, R., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Atypical reflexive gaze patterns on emotional faces in autism spectrum disorders. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(37), 12281-12287. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0688-10.2010
  • Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809
  • Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H., Hawk, S. T., & van Knippenberg, A. (2010). Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition and Emotion, 24(8), 1377-1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903485076
  • Leekam, S. R., Hunnisett, E., & Moore, C. (1998). Targets and Cues: Gaze‐following in Children with Autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,39(7), 951-962. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00398
  • Law Smith, M. J., Montagne, B., Perrett, D. I., Gill, M., & Gallagher, L. (2010). Detecting subtle facial emotion recognition deficits in high-functioning autism using dynamic stimuli of varying intensities. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2777-2781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.008
  • Messinger, D. S., Mahoor, M. H., Chow, S. M., & Cohn, J. F. (2009). Automated measurement of facial expression in infant–mother interaction: A pilot study. Infancy, 14(3), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15250000902839963
  • Nation, P., & Penny, S. (2008). Sensitivity to eye gaze in autism: Is it normal? Is it automatic? Is it social?. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 77-97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000047
  • Neumann, D., Spezio, M. L., Piven, J., & Adolphs, R. (2006). Looking you in the mouth: abnormal gaze in autism resulting from impaired top-down modulation of visual attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsl030
  • Osterling, J., & Dawson, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: A study of first birthday home videotapes tapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172225
  • Pellicano, E., & Macrae, C. N. (2009). Mutual eye gaze facilitates person categorization for typically developing children, but not for children with autism. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(6), 1094-1099. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.6.1094
  • Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016374617369
  • Philip, R. C. M., Whalley, H. C., Stanfield, A. C., Sprengelmeyer, R., Santos, I. M., Young, A. W., ... & Hall, J. (2010). Deficits in facial, body movement and vocal emotional processing in autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1919-1929. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992364
  • Piven, J., Palmer, P., Jacobi, D., Childress, D., & Arndt., S. (1997). Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(2), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.2.185
  • Poljac, E., Poljac, E., & Wagemans, J. (2012). Reduced accuracy and sensitivity in the perception of emotional facial expressions in individuals with high autism spectrum traits. Autism: the international journal of research and practice, 17(6), 668–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312455703
  • Rice, K., Moriuchi, J. M., Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2012). Parsing heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: visual scanning of dynamic social scenes in school-aged children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(3), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.017
  • Ronald. A., Happe, F., Bolton, P., Butcher, L.M., Price, T. S., Wheelwright, S., … & Plomin, R. (2006). Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: A twin study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(6), 691-699. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000215325.13058.9d
  • Rutherford, M. D., Clements, K. A., & Sekuler, A. B. (2007). Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 47(15), 2099-2110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2007.01.029
  • Sasson, N. J., Lam, K. S., Parlier, M., Daniels, J. L., & Piven, J. (2013). Autism and the broad autism phenotype: familial patterns and intergenerational transmission. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-5-11
  • Schyns, P. G., Petro, L. S., & Smith, M. L. (2009). Transmission of facial expressions of emotion co-evolved with their efficient decoding in the brain: behavioral and brain evidence. PLoS One, 4(5), e5625. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005625
  • Silverman, J. M., Smith, C. J., Schmeidler, J., Hollander, E., Lawlor, B. A., Fitzgerald, M., ... & Galvin, P. (2002). Symptom domains in autism and related conditions: evidence for familiality. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.10048
  • Smith, M. L., Cottrell, G. W., Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P. G. (2005). Transmitting and decoding facial expressions. Psychological Science, 16(3), 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00801.x
  • Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., McMahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007). Face processing in children with autism Effects of stimulus contents and type. Autism: the international journal of research and practice, 11(3), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307076925
  • Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S., & Piven, J. (2007). Abnormal use of facial information in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 929-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0232-9
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İlayda Türk Höl 0000-0002-9276-167X

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date October 12, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Türk Höl, İ. (2021). GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(20), 91-106.
AMA Türk Höl İ. GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. December 2021;10(20):91-106.
Chicago Türk Höl, İlayda. “GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10, no. 20 (December 2021): 91-106.
EndNote Türk Höl İ (December 1, 2021) GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10 20 91–106.
IEEE İ. Türk Höl, “GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”, Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 91–106, 2021.
ISNAD Türk Höl, İlayda. “GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10/20 (December 2021), 91-106.
JAMA Türk Höl İ. GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021;10:91–106.
MLA Türk Höl, İlayda. “GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 20, 2021, pp. 91-106.
Vancouver Türk Höl İ. GENEL OTİZM FENOTİPİNDE YÜZ İFADELERİNDEN DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021;10(20):91-106.